The preparation and readiness for voluntary movement: a high-field event-related fMRI study of the Bereitschafts-BOLD response
Abstract
Activity within motor areas of the cortex begins to increase 1 to 2 s prior to voluntary self-initiated movement (termed the Bereitschaftspotential or readiness potential). There has been much speculation and debate over the precise source of this early premovement activity as it is important for understanding the roles of higher order motor areas in the preparation and readiness for voluntary movement. In this study, we use high-field (3-T) event-related fMRI with high temporal sampling (partial brain volumes every 250 ms) to specifically examine hemodynamic response time courses during the preparation, readiness, and execution of purely self-initiated voluntary movement. Five right-handed healthy volunteers performed a rapid sequential finger-to-thumb movement performed at self-determined times (12-15 trials). Functional images for each trial were temporally aligned and the averaged time series for each subject was iteratively correlated with a canonical hemodynamic response function progressively shifted in time. This analysis method identified areas of activation without constraining hemodynamic response timing. All subjects showed activation within frontal mesial areas, including supplementary motor area (SMA) and cingulate motor areas, as well as activation in left primary sensorimotor areas. The time courses of hemodynamic responses showed a great deal of variability in shape and timing between subjects; however, four subjects clearly showed earlier relative hemodynami…
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Craving for cigarettes may elicit preparation for action or voluntary movement, goal directed actions (e.g., lighting a cigarette, bringing a cigarette up to the mouth) and/or motor imagery which are linked to the motor system.
“so that craving for cigarettes may elicit preparation for action or voluntary movement, goal directed actions (e.g., lighting a cigarette, bringing a cigarette up to the mouth) and/or motor imagery which are linked to the motor system66, 67.”
From β2-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Availability During Acute and Prolonged Abstinence From Tobacco Smoking (2009) · cites this paper as [67]
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- Authors
- Cunnington, R., Windischberger, C., Deecke, L., & Moser, E.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Vienna General Hospital (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Moser, Ewald
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 404-412
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2055313631
- Cited by
- 233
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Oesterreichische Nationalbank
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- readiness potential, supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area, primary motor cortex, high-field fMRI
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Chemistry, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Evoked Potentials, Female, Fingers, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Cortex, Movement, Oxygen
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