Association between mobility patterns and COVID-19 transmission in the USA: a mathematical modelling study
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Abstract
Background Within 4 months of COVID-19 first being reported in the USA, it spread to every state and to more than 90% of all counties. During this period, the US COVID-19 response was highly decentralised, with stay-at-home directives issued by state and local officials, subject to varying levels of enforcement. The absence of a centralised policy and timeline combined with the complex dynamics of human mobility and the variable intensity of local outbreaks makes assessing the effect of large-scale social distancing on COVID-19 transmission in the USA a challenge.Methods We used daily mobility data derived from aggregated and anonymised cell (mobile) phone data, provided by Teralytics (Zürich, Switzerland) from Jan 1 to April 20, 2020, to capture real-time trends in movement patterns for each US county, and used these data to generate a social distancing metric. We used epidemiological data to compute the COVID-19 growth rate ratio for a given county on a given day. Using these metrics, we evaluated how social distancing, measured by the relative change in mobility, affected the rate of new infections in the 25 counties in the USA with the highest number of confirmed cases on April 16, 2020, by fitting a statistical model for each county.Findings Our analysis revealed that mobility patterns are strongly correlated with decreased COVID-19 case growth rates for the most affected counties in the USA, with Pearson correlation coefficients above 0·7 for 20 of the 25 counties evaluated. Additionally, the effect of changes in mobility patterns, which dropped by 35-63% relative to the normal conditions, on COVID-19 transmission are not likely to be perceptible for 9-12 days, and potentially up to 3 weeks, which is consistent with the incubation time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 plus additional time for reporting. We also show evidence that behavioural changes were already underway in many US counties days to weeks before state-level or local-level stay-at-home policies were implemented, implying that individuals anticipated public health directives where social distancing was adopted, despite a mixed political message.Interpretation This study strongly supports a role of social distancing as an effective way to mitigate COVID-19 transmission in the USA. Until a COVID-19 vaccine is widely available, social distancing will remain one of the primary measures to combat disease spread, and these findings should serve to support more timely policy making around social distancing in the USA in the future.Funding None.
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Analysing CDR data for the most affected counties in the USA found that decreased mobility strongly correlates (Pearson correlation coefficients above 0.7) with decreased COVID-19 case growth rates.
“CDR data are also useful to draw similar conclusions—analysing the data for the most affected counties in the USA [102] found that the decreased mobility strongly correlates (Pearson correlation coefficients above 0.7) with decreased COVID-19 case growth rates.”
From Human-centred artificial intelligence for mobile health sensing: challenges and opportunities (2023) · cites this paper as [102]
Several studies across different countries have shown lockdowns' effectiveness.
“Several studies across different countries have shown their effectiveness [101,102].”
From Human-centred artificial intelligence for mobile health sensing: challenges and opportunities (2023) · cites this paper as [102]
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- Authors
- Badr, H. S., Du, H., Marshall, M., Dong, E., Squire, M. M., & Gardner, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gardner, Lauren M
- Venue
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1247-1254
- ISSN
- 1473-3099 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7329287
- OpenAlex
- W3039225830
- Cited by
- 851
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 104 · 2022: 185 · 2021: 325 · 2020: 79
- FWCI
- 27.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Data-Driven Disease Surveillance
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2 transmission, human mobility, social distancing, stay-at-home orders, mobile phone data, movement patterns, behavior change, incubation period, non-pharmaceutical interventions, United States counties, SARS-CoV-2
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Health, Quarantine, United States, Models, Statistical, Coronavirus Infections, Government Regulation, Pandemics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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