The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 17 of the 27 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study
Open accessAbstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic and climate change are both significant and pressing global challenges, posing threats to public health and wellbeing. Young people are particularly vulnerable to the distress both crises can cause, but understanding of the varied psychological responses to both issues is poor. We aimed to investigate these responses and their links with mental health conditions and feelings of agency. Methods We conducted an online survey between Aug 5 and Oct 26, 2020, targeting a diverse sample of young people (aged 16–24 years, n=530) in the UK. The survey was distributed using a combination of a survey panel (panel sample) and direct approaches to youth groups and schools who shared the survey with young people in their networks (community sample). We collected data on respondents' psychological responses to both climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, their sense of agency to respond to each crisis, and the range of impacts on their lives. We also collected demographics data and screened for mental health and wellbeing indicators. We used non-parametric tests for most statistical comparisons. For paired samples, we used Wilcoxon's signed-rank test, and used Mann-Whitney U-tests or Kruskal-Wallis tests for two or more independent samples. Summed scale scores were considered as interval-level data and analysed with Student's t tests and ANOVAs. Effect sizes are reported as Cohen's d and partial eta-squared (η· 2 p ), respectively. Findings After excluding 18 suspected bots and 94 incomplete responses, 530 responses were retained for analysis. Of the 518 respondents who provided demographic data, 63% were female, 71·4% were White, and the mean family affluence score was 8·22 (SD 2·29). Most participants (n=343; 70%) did not report a history of diagnosis or treatment for a mental health disorder, but mental health scores indicated a common experience of (relatively mild) symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress. Although UK youth reported more life disruption and concern for their future due to the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change was associated with significantly greater distress overall, particularly for individuals with low levels of generalised anxiety. The COVID-19 pandemic was more associated with feelings of anxiety, isolation, disconnection, and frustration; distress around loss and grief; and effects on quality of life. Climate change was more likely to evoke emotions such as interest and engagement, guilt, shame, anger, and disgust. The greater distress attributed to climate change overall was due, in particular, to higher levels of guilt, sense of personal responsibility, and greater distress triggered by upsetting media coverage. Agency to address climate change was associated with greater climate distress, but pandemic-related distress and agency were unrelated. Interpretation The COVID-19 pandemic and climate change are affecting the wellbeing of UK young people in distinct ways, with implications for health service, policy, and research responses. There is a need for mental health practitioners, policy makers, and other societal actors to account for the complex relationship between climate agency, distress, and mental wellbeing in young people. Funding Imperial College London.
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TL;DR
In an online survey of 530 UK young people aged 16–24, climate change elicited significantly greater overall distress than the COVID-19 pandemic, even though the pandemic caused more reported disruption to daily life. Climate distress was associated with greater sense of agency, whereas pandemic-related distress and agency were unrelated.
Key findings
- Climate distress was slightly but significantly higher than pandemic distress (mean 13·08, SD 6·60 vs 11·55, SD 5·85; t(523)=–6·27, p<0·0001, d=0·27), despite the pandemic having greater perceived negative impact (77% at least moderate vs 64% reporting no/a little for climate; Z –13·821, p<0·0001, r=0·60).
- The crises evoked distinct emotional patterns: the pandemic was more associated with anxiety, isolation, disconnection, and frustration; climate change was more associated with interest/engagement, guilt, shame, anger, and disgust.
- Climate distress was linked to guilt, personal responsibility, and distress from upsetting media coverage; pandemic distress was linked to loss/grief and quality-of-life concerns.
- High climate agency was associated with higher climate distress (13·79, SD 6·29 vs 9·43, SD 6·97; t(523)=–5·854, p<0·0001, d=0·68), while pandemic distress did not differ by pandemic-related agency (11·59 vs 11·11; p=0·534, d=0·08).
Methods
- Online survey conducted Aug 5–Oct 26, 2020, targeting UK residents aged 16–24 years; 530 responses retained after excluding 18 suspected bots and 94 incomplete responses. Recruitment combined a Prolific survey panel and direct approaches to youth groups and schools.
- Measures included demographics, Family Affluence Scale-III, GAD-7, PHQ-9, Perceived Stress Scale-4, life satisfaction, adapted COVID-19 and climate impact questionnaires, climate/pandemic distress scales, emotion items, and agency/activism items.
- Analyses used non-parametric tests for ordinal data (Wilcoxon signed-rank, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis) and t tests/ANOVAs for summed scale scores, with Bonferroni corrections and effect sizes reported as r, ε², Cohen’s d, and partial eta-squared.
Limitations
- The paper states the study is a single-country UK snapshot from the early pandemic period, so results might not generalise outside the UK and may vary with pandemic severity, duration, and restrictions.
- The paper states the sample was modest and partly recruited through convenience sampling, with possible self-selection bias; a larger representative study is needed to examine demographic groups and intersecting vulnerabilities.
- The paper notes that interference with daily life was probed with a single question, and future research should use multidimensional assessments; the text also makes evident that the cross-sectional design cannot establish causal or directional relationships, and the analyses were exploratory and not formally preregistered.
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Claims the paper makes
68 Own result · 15 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given · 12 Own method · 8 Supported · 6 Partly supported · 4 Sources not found · 3 No full text of the sources · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“By contrast to the finite pool of worry hypothesis, as public worry about COVID-19 increased and the media paid less attention to climate change, people's concern over the climate did not appear to abate.9”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] Sisco, 2020, A finite pool of worry or a finite pool of attention? Evidence and qualifications, Res Sq source
The Additional information section states that as attention to and worry about COVID-19 increased, attention to climate change decreased but worry about it did not. Figure 1 also describes COVID-19 news-media attention crowding out attention to climate change. These passages support the cited contrast with the finite-pool-of-worry hypothesis. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The consensus among mental health professionals is that most of these feelings and experiences represent adaptive responses and do not constitute a mental illness in themselves, although they might constitute a stressor that worsens mental health, and evidence published in 2021 links negative climate emotions to worsened mental health.16”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] Ogunbode, 2021, Negative emotions about climate change are related to insomnia symptoms and mental health: cross-sectional evidence from 25 countries, Curr Psychol source
The Conclusions report that negative climate-related emotions are associated with self-rated mental health, and the Implications say the data suggest these emotions may undermine mental health. This supports a link, though the cross-sectional findings do not establish that the emotions caused mental health to worsen. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, they feel less capable of taking action and less convinced their actions would be efficacious.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, young people feel more guilty about climate change than the COVID-19 pandemic, but also reported significantly lower overall agency to address the climate crisis versus the COVID-19 crisis.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We report that moderate levels of distress about both crises are widespread, with young people more distressed by the climate crisis than the pandemic, despite the pandemic having a greater impact on their daily life.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The adapted pandemic distress scale is equivalent to the climate change distress scale.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The greater distress attributed to climate change overall was due, in particular, to higher levels of guilt, sense of personal responsibility, and greater distress triggered by upsetting media coverage.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Abstract > Findings
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The adapted pandemic distress scale is equivalent to the climate change distress scale.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, young people feel more guilty about climate change than the COVID-19 pandemic, but also reported significantly lower overall agency to address the climate crisis versus the COVID-19 crisis.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall extent of perceived positive impact was greater for the COVID-19 pandemic than for climate change (Z –8·350, p<0·0001, r=0·36, n=526, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test).”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
plainn = 526- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Agency to address climate change was associated with greater climate distress, but pandemic-related distress and agency were unrelated.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Abstract > Findings
plainn = 518- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater negative pandemic-related impacts were associated with a reduced experience of positive impacts (r=–0·287, p<0·0001, n=526).”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
plainstates an associationn = 526- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 41
- Probably not a substantial claim. 35
- The quote only partly states this claim. 7
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“At the same time, evidence is mounting of potentially long-lasting consequences of the pandemic on mental health, with young people identified as particularly vulnerable—although the evidence is still not definitive.2, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [2] Xiong, 2020, Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review, J Affect Disord sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section identifies younger adults (≤40 years) and students as groups reporting more adverse psychiatric symptoms during the pandemic. The Discussion says follow-up studies may be needed to assess long-term impacts; it does not establish mounting evidence that those impacts will be long-lasting. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [21] Ford, 2021, Mental health of children and young people during pandemic, BMJ source
In “Mental health of children and young people during pandemic” (page not available), the paper reports concerning signals of effects on young people's mental health and warns that this generation could be disproportionately disadvantaged. It explicitly says the long-term effects remain uncertain, matching the claim's qualification rather than asserting that lasting harm is established. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [24] Cullen, 2020, Mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic, QJM sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper anticipates anxiety, depression and possible later post-traumatic stress disorder during COVID-19, while framing these effects as hypotheses rather than definitive findings. It does not identify young people as particularly vulnerable to COVID-19’s mental-health effects; its discussion of children concerns a study of the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The consensus among mental health professionals is that most of these feelings and experiences represent adaptive responses and do not constitute a mental illness in themselves, although they might constitute a stressor that worsens mental health, and evidence published in 2021 links negative climate emotions to worsened mental health.16”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] Ogunbode, 2021, Negative emotions about climate change are related to insomnia symptoms and mental health: cross-sectional evidence from 25 countries, Curr Psychol source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A 2021 large global survey revealed widespread anxiety and dissatisfaction with government responses to climate change and highlighted that these feelings were impacting young people's daily functioning.23”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] Hickman, 2021, Climate anxiety in children and young people and their beliefs about government responses to climate change: a global survey, Lancet Planet Health source
The Summary (p. 2) describes a 2021 survey of 10,000 young people in ten countries. It reports widespread climate anxiety and dissatisfaction with government responses, and says that more than 45% reported a negative effect on daily life and functioning. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A 2022 meta-analysis28 showed that the proportion of individuals with onset of any mental disorders before the age of 25 was 62·5%, supporting the idea that adolescence and young adulthood might be a key period of vulnerability to psychological impacts.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [28] Solmi, 2022, Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies, Mol Psychiatry source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We used the six-item Family Affluence Scale-III,33 which assesses common material assets or activities, to estimate the relative socioeconomic position of respondents in society (appendix p 5).”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Methods > Questions and scales
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [33] Hartley, 2016, A new version of the HBSC Family Affluence Scale–FAS III: Scottish qualitative findings from the International FAS Development Study, Child Indic Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes FAS as a measure of material resources, consumption and purchasing power, and the FAS III Development and Validation Study section says the revised scale was intended to compare relative inequalities between groups of children. The paper therefore supports using FAS III as a proxy for socioeconomic position, but the passages found do not establish that the version used was a six-item scale. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Both crises bring uncertainty, loss, and change, and induce grief, anxiety, and distress.8”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Grupe, 2013, Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective, Nat Rev Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s ‘Uncertainty, unpredictability, and uncontrollability’ section links uncertainty to anxiety, and ‘Inflated estimates of threat cost and probability’ links uncertain negative outcomes to anticipatory distress (page numbers unavailable). It does not establish that the two crises involve loss and change or induce grief. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A 2020 systematic review has identified an urgent need for approaches that are more participatory, interdisciplinary, creative, and affect-driven, to involve young people actively in climate solutions.50”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [50] Rousell, 2020, A systematic review of climate change education: giving children and young people a ‘voice’ and a ‘hand’ in redressing climate change, Child Geogr source
The Discussion calls for participatory and creative approaches from multiple disciplines, while the Conclusion calls for affective engagement. The Conclusion also identifies a pressing need to give young people a hand and a voice in addressing climate change in their communities. These passages support the citing sentence’s paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“research indicates that climate-related distress is very much a global issue.23”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] Hickman, 2021, Climate anxiety in children and young people and their beliefs about government responses to climate change: a global survey, Lancet Planet Health source
The Discussion (p. 9) explicitly describes the distress reported by children and young people as extensive and global. The Summary (p. 2) also reports climate worry and distress among respondents across all surveyed countries, supporting the citing sentence's broad characterization. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The finding of higher levels of distress for climate change aligns with previous observations that, contrary to the finite pool of worry hypothesis, concern about the pandemic does not necessarily diminish climate concern.9”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] Sisco, 2020, A finite pool of worry or a finite pool of attention? Evidence and qualifications, Res Sq source
The Additional information section reports that as attention to and worry about COVID-19 increased, attention to climate change decreased but worry about it did not. It concludes that the study found no evidence of a finite pool of worry. The citing paper's finding of higher climate distress is its own finding, not a result attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and observations available in Feb, 2022 (preprint) from young people in 28 countries suggest that engagement with climate issues and negative beliefs about the global future might be related to both climate distress and higher self-efficacy.48”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [48] Ogunbode, 2022, Climate anxiety, pro-environmental action and wellbeing: antecedents and outcomes of negative emotional responses to climate change in 28 countries, OSF Preprints sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Participants and procedure section reports a predominantly young sample from 28 countries, and §4.1.1 links attention to climate-related media with negative climate-related emotions. The paper does not report that negative beliefs about the global future relate to distress or that either factor relates to higher self-efficacy; §4.1.1 offers efficacy only as a possible explanation for a link between media exposure and wellbeing. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This finding suggests that distress responses do not necessarily signal defeat, and some level of worry might facilitate engagement39 and be salutary rather than debilitating.31”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [39] Smith, 2014, The role of emotion in global warming policy support and opposition, Risk Anal source
The Discussion says worry may motivate constructive engagement with climate change and support deliberative action, while extreme worry can be debilitating. This supports the point attached to citation 39: some worry may facilitate engagement rather than signal defeat. The sentence’s separate claim that worry may be salutary is attached to citation 31. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not matchedcites [31] Reser
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although there is conflicting evidence on the association between depression, anxiety, and climate-related anxiety and functional impairment,30, 44, 45, 46”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Clayton, 2020, Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety, J Environ Psychol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Verplanken, 2020, On the nature of eco-anxiety: how constructive or unconstructive is habitual worry about global warming?, J Environ Psychol source
- Partly supportedcites [45] Verplanken, 2013, “My worries are rational, climate change is not”: habitual ecological worrying is an adaptive response, PLoS One sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report a near-zero correlation between habitual ecological worrying and pathological worry, supporting a limited point about climate-related worry and anxiety-related symptoms. The paper does not assess depression or functional impairment, and it does not establish conflicting evidence about their associations with climate-related anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [46] Berry, 2015, Worrying about climate change: is it responsible to promote public debate?, BJPsych Int sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section says the study screened symptoms of anxiety and depression, and the Discussion reports no substantial link between community worry about climate change and population-level psychiatric morbidity. This provides one finding relevant to the claimed association, but the paper does not assess functional impairment or establish that the evidence is conflicting. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate change was more likely to evoke emotions such as interest and engagement, guilt, shame, anger, and disgust.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Abstract > Findings
hedgedstates an associationn = 518- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparing the different contributions to distress assessed by the scale (figure 1 ) shows that loss or grief and concern over effects on quality of life were greater for the COVID-19 pandemic than for climate change; whereas guilt, a sense of responsibility, and low agency were greater for climate change than for the COVID-19 pandemic.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The adapted pandemic distress scale is equivalent to the climate change distress scale.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both crises are associated with distinct patterns of psychological responses, with different contributing sources of distress and emotions.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The adapted pandemic distress scale is equivalent to the climate change distress scale.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mental health scores across the sample indicated a common experience of (relatively mild) symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress—with high correlation between these symptoms and no gender-related differences (appendix pp 9–10).”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
hedgedstates an associationn = 493- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic was more associated with feelings of anxiety, isolation, disconnection, and frustration; distress around loss and grief; and effects on quality of life.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Abstract > Findings
plainstates an associationn = 518- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate distress was associated with greater agency to contribute to addressing the crisis, with no such relationship for the COVID-19 pandemic.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparing the different contributions to distress assessed by the scale (figure 1 ) shows that loss or grief and concern over effects on quality of life were greater for the COVID-19 pandemic than for climate change; whereas guilt, a sense of responsibility, and low agency were greater for climate change than for the COVID-19 pandemic.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The adapted pandemic distress scale is equivalent to the climate change distress scale.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic was more associated with feelings of anxiety, isolation, disconnection, and frustration; distress around loss and grief; and effects on quality of life.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Abstract > Findings
plainstates an associationn = 518- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The greater distress attributed to climate change overall was due, in particular, to higher levels of guilt, sense of personal responsibility, and greater distress triggered by upsetting media coverage.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Abstract > Findings
plainstates a causen = 518- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The adapted pandemic distress scale is equivalent to the climate change distress scale.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The COVID-19 pandemic was more associated with feelings of anxiety, isolation, disconnection, and frustration; distress around loss and grief; and effects on quality of life.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Abstract > Findings
plainstates an associationn = 518- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The greater distress attributed to climate change overall was due, in particular, to higher levels of guilt, sense of personal responsibility, and greater distress triggered by upsetting media coverage.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Abstract > Findings
plainstates a causen = 518- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The adapted pandemic distress scale is equivalent to the climate change distress scale.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reported sense of avoidability of the crisis, control over forces of nature, and influence over others’ behaviour were all low for both crises, although lack of control was less pronounced for the COVID-19 pandemic than for climate change.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate change was more likely to evoke interest and engagement, but also difficult emotions such as guilt, shame, anger, and disgust.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Climate change was perceived as more distressing than the COVID-19 pandemic, and this distress was particularly linked to feeling guilty, responsible, and upset by media coverage.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Feelings of helplessness, sadness, and fear were notable and similar for both crises.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or between those with low (mean score 9·01, SD 5·75) versus high (mean score 7·90, SD 5·43) climate change-related agency (t[523]=1·735, p=0·083, d=0·20), although the latter showed a marginal trend towards higher anxiety levels being associated with low agency.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median scores indicated that interference was typically perceived as moderate for the pandemic, and mild for climate change.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
hedgedn = 448- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although the following agency sub-dimensions were higher for climate change: (1) the ability of humanity to control the crisis, and the perceived ability of one's behaviour to (2) change one's perspective and (3) influence others’ behaviour.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas the pandemic had a larger impact on daily life.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents most strongly reported that they had awareness of and capability to respond to both crises, although at significantly higher levels for the COVID-19 pandemic than for climate change (figure 4 ).”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By comparison, the respondents felt more aware, more capable, and more effective in their actions against the spread of COVID-19.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, although we observed some gender differences with respect to self-reported distress levels”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pandemic-related distress was linked to loss and grief, and diminished quality of life.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents with no or low general anxiety were more distressed by climate change than by the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas respondents with moderate or severe anxiety tended to be equally (and more strongly) concerned with both (figure 3 ; pairwise).”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Distress about the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change was higher for individuals experiencing generalised anxiety, but even those with low generalised anxiety expressed some feelings of distress about climate change.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with the COVID-19 pandemic giving rise to feelings of anxiety, isolation, disconnection, and frustration.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many young people appear to feel responsibility to act on climate change, but are less likely to believe in the value of their actions than for the pandemic.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, young people who were more distressed about climate change were also more likely to report a sense of agency, whereas pandemic-related distress showed no associations with self-reported agency.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relatively low levels of hope and courage were reported for both crises, although courage was slightly higher for climate change than for the pandemic.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The survey was adapted based on a consultation process with the study's Young Persons’ Advisory Group (YPAG) in June–July, 2020.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Methods > Survey sample and procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Young people in the UK care about and are distressed by climate change even when it is not directly affecting their quality of life.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
- Rests on an assumption: The adapted pandemic distress scale is equivalent to the climate change distress scale.
- Rests on an assumption: The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
- Rests on an assumption: The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We excluded respondents with large amounts of missing data (>50%) from the dataset but retained those with missing data on a pairwise basis.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Methods > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After excluding 18 suspected bots and 94 incomplete responses, 530 responses were retained for analysis.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“After excluding 18 suspected bots and 94 incomplete responses, 530 responses were retained for analysis.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Abstract > Findings
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study protocol was reviewed and received approval from Imperial College London's science, engineering, and technology research ethics committee.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Methods > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although the UK is not one of the countries most exposed to recent extreme weather events associated with climate change,12 81% of UK respondents to an international public opinion poll conducted in late 2020 believed in the existence of a climate emergency, the highest of any of the 50 countries included in the survey.13”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [13] Flynn
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“We used the climate change distress scale, which was developed and validated by Reser and colleagues,31 and adapted this scale to create an equivalent measure of pandemic distress.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Methods > Questions and scales
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] Reser
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analyses were guided by the a priori established research objectives, but the hypotheses and analyses were not formally preregistered.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Methods > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Written informed consent was obtained from all respondents.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Methods > Survey sample and procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We combined Reser and colleagues’ self-efficacy and personal responsibility composite scales31 to measure self-reported agency to respond to climate change, and we adapted this scale to measure self-reported agency regarding the COVID-19 pandemic.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Methods > Questions and scales
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] Reser
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which might suggest that the period of identity formation in early adulthood provides an opportunity for positive psychological adaptation”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, due to the single-country focus, these results might not generalise outside of the UK.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We aimed to mitigate this bias to some extent by recruiting a diverse sample via a variety of community groups and mental health charities, and complemented this with additional responses from a paid survey panel.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Young people's emotional responses and their sense of agency with respect to the two crises differed, potentially reflecting realistic considerations of the greatest threat to their future lives (climate change), even while their current lives are directly impacted (the pandemic).”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The observation that climate distress and agency were positively related suggests an interesting dynamic between emotional engagement and the potential for positive coping that requires further investigation.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compound sources of stress could potentially exacerbate symptoms of poor mental health and wellbeing.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This strategy highlights the importance of perceived controllability of a crisis, opportunities to act, and the power of hope in facilitating constructive behaviour and adaptive coping.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Ojala, 2021, Anxiety, worry, and grief in a time of environmental and climate crisis: a narrative review, Annu Rev Environ Resour source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the other hand, a 2020 study in US adults found that climate anxiety was not correlated with behavioural engagement.30”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Clayton, 2020, Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety, J Environ Psychol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We do note that a single question was used to probe the extent to which climate or pandemic-related distress interfered with daily life.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, our study delivers a snapshot insight of the situation in one specific country (the UK).”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Strong emotional and psychological responses to climate change or the pandemic can be a rational response to the threats posed.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previous work has identified meaning-focused coping—relating to trust in societal actors, acting in line with values, and focusing on hopeful framings—as a strategy that protects mental health and wellbeing in children and young people, while encouraging pro-environmental behaviour.49”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Ojala, 2021, Anxiety, worry, and grief in a time of environmental and climate crisis: a narrative review, Annu Rev Environ Resour source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that the greater interest of study respondents in climate change than the COVID-19 pandemic observed in our sample is driven by self-selection.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, our sample was modest in size, and in part recruited through convenience sampling.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing their participation and sense of agency might promote mental resilience.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to missing values (appendix p 7), and the restricted observed range of the interference scores, results from this analysis should be interpreted with caution.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Young people see potential for change but are perhaps lacking the tools to effect it.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Climate distress was previously found to be strongly and positively correlated with self-efficacy and responsibility—the two metrics we compiled to form our agency scale31”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [31] Reser
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One interpretation is that climate change represents a more enduring existential threat.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that this study was conducted in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (between Aug 5 and Oct 26, 2020) and in the context of a rapidly changing policy landscape, it is likely that psychological responses vary with the severity and duration of the pandemic and government-imposed restrictions.”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Summed scale scores can be treated as interval-level data.
“Summed scale scores were considered as interval-level data and analysed with Student's t tests and ANOVAs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The adapted pandemic distress scale is equivalent to the climate change distress scale.
“We used the climate change distress scale, which was developed and validated by Reser and colleagues,31 and adapted this scale to create an equivalent measure of pandemic distress.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of UK young people recruited via panel and community sampling is representative of UK young people for the purpose of generalising the findings.
“The survey was distributed using Qualtrics between Aug 5 and Oct 26, 2020, using a combination of a survey panel (panel sample) accessed through Prolific and direct approaches to youth groups and schools who shared the survey with young people in their networks (community sample).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research to date has not yet explored the relationships between specific pandemic-related distress and emotions, a sense of agency to respond to the pandemic, and general mental health.
“Research to date has not yet explored the relationships between specific pandemic-related distress and emotions, a sense of agency to respond to the pandemic, and general mental health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
We do not know how similar or different the psychological responses (thoughts and feelings) are across crises and how they contribute to distress.
“We do not know how similar or different the psychological responses (thoughts and feelings) are across crises and how they contribute to distress.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The link between agency and distress in the context of the pandemic and climate change remains unexplored.
“To our knowledge, the link between agency and distress in the context of the pandemic and climate change remains unexplored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The panel and community samples can be combined and treated as a single sample.
“The survey was distributed using Qualtrics between Aug 5 and Oct 26, 2020, using a combination of a survey panel (panel sample) accessed through Prolific and direct approaches to youth groups and schools who shared the survey with young people in their networks (community sample).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The ANOVA is robust against violations of normality and uneven sample sizes.
“The ANOVA was assumed to be robust against violations of normality and uneven sample sizes (which were n=161, n=171, n=110, n=79, for no, low, moderate, and severe anxiety symptoms, respectively).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“Although 260 respondents (36%) felt less concerned by climate change since the pandemic began and 123 (23%) felt more concerned (n=217 [41%] were unchanged)”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
Reported 36 · recomputed 49.056604
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Results
“lack of control was less pronounced for the COVID-19 pandemic than for climate change”
§ Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study > Discussion
“the following agency sub-dimensions were higher for climate change: (1) the ability of humanity to control the crisis”
Citations
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A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
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Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lawrance, E. L., Thompson, R., Newberry Le Vay, J., Page, L., & Jennings, N. (2022) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2022.2128725 · Cited by 500
Self-citationLewandowski, R. E., Clayton, S., Olbrich, L., Sakshaug, J. W., Wray, B., Schwartz, S. E. O., Augustinavicius, J., Howe, P. D., Parnes, M. F., Wright, S., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00229-8 · Cited by 104
Vercammen, A., Kioupi, V., & Daeninck, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1126031 · Cited by 78
Self-citationNiedzwiedz, C. L., Kankawale, S. M., & Katikireddi, S. V. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00550-z · Cited by 70
The rise of eco-anxiety: scientists wake up to the mental-health toll of climate change
Pearson, H. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-024-00998-6 · Cited by 57
Metadata
- Authors
- Lawrance, E. L., Jennings, N., Kioupi, V., Thompson, R., Diffey, J., & Vercammen, A.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Lawrance, Emma L
- Venue
- The Lancet Planetary Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-09
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e726-e738
- ISSN
- 2542-5196 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9451498
- OpenAlex
- W4295457303
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 3
- FWCI
- 9.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet Planetary Health (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Imperial College London
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Keywords
- climate change, COVID-19 pandemic, youth, mental health, psychological distress, sense of agency, anxiety, depression, stress, loneliness, grief, quality of life, youth well-being, climate anxiety, 2022 Russia-Ukraine war, 2022 floods
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult, Climate Change, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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