Effects of a high walnut and high cashew nut diet on selected markers of the metabolic syndrome: a controlled feeding trial
Open accessAbstract
We investigated the effects of a high walnut diet and a high unsalted cashew nut diet on selected markers of the metabolic syndrome. In a randomized, parallel, controlled study design, sixty-four subjects having the metabolic syndrome (twenty-nine men, thirty-five women) with a mean age of 45 (sd 10) years and who met the selection criteria were all fed a 3-week run-in control diet. Hereafter, participants were grouped according to gender and age and then randomized into three groups receiving a controlled feeding diet including walnuts, or unsalted cashew nuts or no nuts for 8 weeks. Subjects were required to have lunch at the metabolic ward of the Nutrition Department of the North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus). Both the walnut and the unsalted cashew nut intervention diets had no significant effect on the HDL-cholesterol, TAG, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, serum fructosamine, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, blood pressure and serum uric acid concentrations when compared to the control diet. Low baseline LDL-cholesterol concentrations in the cashew nut group may have masked a possible nut-related benefit. Plasma glucose concentrations increased significantly (P = 0.04) in the cashew nut group compared to the control group. By contrast, serum fructosamine was unchanged in the cashew nut group while the control group had significantly increased (P = 0.04) concentrations of this short-term marker of glycaemic control. Subjects displayed no improvement in the markers of the metabolic syndrome after following a walnut diet or a cashew nut diet compared to a control diet while maintaining body weight.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Pre-adipocytes exert macrophage-like effects when exposed to strong pro-inflammatory environments.
“Pre-adipocytes exert 'macrophage-like' effects when exposed to strong pro-inflammatory environments (73,74) .”
From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [73]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011 · see citing works
Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H., & Dietz, W. H. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.3.356 · Cited by 6,698 · see citing works
International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002,
Foster-Powell, K., Holt, S. H., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.5 · Cited by 3,080 · see citing works
Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications
Nijveldt, R. J., van Nood, E., van Hoorn, D. E. C., Boelens, P. G., van Norren, K., & van Leeuwen, P. A. M. (2001) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/74.4.418 · Cited by 3,074 · see citing works
Esposito, K., Marfella, R., Ciotola, M., Di Palo, C., Giugliano, F., Giugliano, G., D'Armiento, M., D'Andrea, F., & Giugliano, D. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.12.1440 · Cited by 2,126 · see citing works
Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials
Mensink, R. P., & Katan, M. B. (1992) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis: A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.12.8.911 · Cited by 1,477 · see citing works
A Systematic Screening of Total Antioxidants in Dietary Plants
Halvorsen, B. L., Holte, K., Myhrstad, M. C. W., Barikmo, I., Hvattum, E., Remberg, S. F., Wold, A.-B., Haffner, K., Baugerød, H., Andersen, L. F., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.3.461 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
McKeown, N. M., Meigs, J. B., Liu, S., Saltzman, E., Wilson, P. W. F., & Jacques, P. F. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2.538 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Dietary fat, insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome
Riccardi, G., Giacco, R., & Rivellese, A. A. (2004) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2004.02.006 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Zhao, G., Etherton, T. D., Martin, K. R., West, S. G., Gillies, P. J., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.11.2991 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Briefel, R., Sempos, C., McDowell, M., Chien, S., & Alaimo, K. (1997) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.4.1203s · Cited by 516 · see citing works
A Walnut Diet Improves Endothelial Function in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects
Ros, E., Núñez, I., Pérez-Heras, A., Serra, M., Gilabert, R., Casals, E., & Deulofeu, R. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000124477.91474.ff · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Effects of Walnuts on Serum Lipid Levels and Blood Pressure in Normal Men
Sabaté, J., Fraser, G. E., Burke, K. I., Knutsen, S. F., Bennett, H., & Lindsted, K. D. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199303043280902 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Jenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Marchie, A., Parker, T. L., Connelly, P. W., Qian, W., Haight, J. S. J., Faulkner, D. A., Vidgen, E., Lapsley, K. G., et al. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000028421.91733.20 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Magnesium Intake and Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Young Adults
He, K., Liu, K., Daviglus, M. L., Morris, S. J., Loria, C. M., Horn, L. V., Jacobs, D. R., & Savage, P. J. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.588327 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Giacco, R., Parillo, M., Rivellese, A. A., Lasorella, G., Giacco, A., d'Episcopo, L., & Riccardi, G. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.10.1461 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Zambón, D., Sabaté, J., Muñoz, S., Campero, B., Casals, E., Merlos, M., Laguna, J. C., & Ros, E. (2000) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-132-7-200004040-00005 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Olive Oil and Reduced Need for Antihypertensive Medications
Ferrara, L. A., Raimondi, A. S., d'Episcopo, L., Guida, L., Russo, A. D., & Marotta, T. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.6.837 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Tapsell, L. C., Gillen, L. J., Patch, C. S., Batterham, M. J., Owen, A. J., Baré, M., & Kennedy, M. A. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.12.2777 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Limitations of the Various Methods for Collecting Dietary Intake Data
Bingham, S. A. (1991) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000177635 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Wirfält, E., Hedblad, B., Gullberg, B., Mattisson, I., Andren, C., Rosander, U., Janzon, L., & Berglund, G. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/154.12.1150 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons
P�rez-Jim�nez, F., L�pez-Miranda, J., Pinillos, M. D., Paz-Rojas, E., Montilla, P., Mar�n, C., Velasco, M. J., Blanco-Molina, A., Jim�nez Perep�rez, J. A., G�mez, P., et al. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250100009 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Almonds vs complex carbohydrates in a weight reduction program
Wien, M., Sabaté, J., Iklé, D. N., Cole, S., & KANDEEL, F. R. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802411 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Lovejoy, J. C., Most, M. M., LeFevre, M. L., Greenway, F. L., & Rood, J. C. (2002) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.5.1000 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Effects of Nuts on Blood Lipid Profiles in Humans
Mukuddem-Petersen, J., Stonehouse, W., & Jerling, J. C. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.9.2082 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationNuts and Plasma Lipids: An Almond-Based Diet Lowers LDL-C while Preserving HDL-C
Spiller, G. A., Jenkins, D. J. A., Bosello, O., Gates, J. E., Cragen, L. N., & Bruce, B. (1998) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1998.10718761 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Diet, blood pressure and hypertension
Hermansen, K. (2000) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114500001045 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Sabaté, J., Haddad, E. H., Tanzman, J. S., Jambazian, P., & Rajaram, S. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1379 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Dietary Fat Is Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Brazilians
Freire, R. D., Cardoso, M. A., Gimeno, S. G. A., Ferreira, S. R. G., & for the Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study Group (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.7.1779 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The Traditional and Emerging Role of Nuts in Healthful Diets
Dreher, M. L., Maher, C. V., & Kearney, P. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03941.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Luscombe, N., Noakes, M., & Clifton, P. (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600779 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Michalsen, A., Lehmann, N., Pithan, C., Knoblauch, N. T. M., Moebus, S., Kannenberg, F., Binder, L., Budde, T., & Dobos, G. (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602340 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Obesity as the core of the metabolic syndrome and the management of coronary heart disease
Shirai, K. (2004) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079903125003008 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Roche, H. M., Zampelas, A., Knapper, J. M. E., WEBB, D. H., Brooks, C., Jackson, K. G., Wright, J. W., GOULD, B. J., Kafatos, A., Gibney, M. J., et al. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.3.552 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in US populations
Ford, E. S. (2004) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.004 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Moruisi, K. G., Oosthuizen, W., & Opperman, A. M. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2006.10719513 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The Effects of Grapefruit on Weight and Insulin Resistance: Relationship to the Metabolic Syndrome
Fujioka, K., Greenway, F. L., Sheard, J., & Yu, Y. (2006) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2006.9.49 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Serum lipid profiles in Japanese women and men during consumption of walnuts
Iwamoto, M., Imaizumi, K., Sato, M., Hirooka, Y., Sakai, K., Takeshita, A., & Kono, M. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601400 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Chisholm, A. W., Mann, J. I., Skeaff, M., Frampton, C. M. A., Sutherland, W. H. F., Duncan, A. W., & Tiszavari, S. (1998) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600507 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
n-3 fatty acids from vegetable oils
Hunter, J. (1990) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.5.809 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Morgan, J. M., Horton, K., Reese, D., Carey, C. M., Walker, K., & Capuzzi, D. M. (2002) · International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research · doi:10.1024/0300-9831.72.5.341 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Long-Term Effects of Low-Calorie Diet on the Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Nondiabetic Patients
Muzio, F., Mondazzi, L., Sommariva, D., et al. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.6.1485 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Does nut consumption protect against ischaemic heart disease?
Sabaté, J. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Thomsen, C. E., Rasmussen, O., Christiansen, C. B., Pedersen, E., Vesterlund, M., Storm, H., Ingerslev, J., & Hermansen, K. (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600855 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Walnut Consumption in Hyperlipidemic Patients
Zibaeenezhad, M. J., Shamsnia, S. J., & khorasani, M. A. (2005) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/000331970505600509 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
van Jaarsveld, P. J., Smuts, C. M., Tichelaar, H. Y., et al. (2000) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/096374800111120 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Rodrı́guez-Villar, C., Manzanares, J. M., Casals, E., Pérez-Heras, A., Zambón, D., Gomis, R., & Ros, E. (2000) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2000.18573 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ayers, K. M., & Jones, S. R. (1978) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-9942-4_1 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Impact of urbanisation on serum lipid profiles--the THUSA survey.
Oosthuizen, W., Vorster, H. H., Kruger, A., et al. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 25 · see citing works
APPLICATION OF GLYCAEMIC INDEX TO MIXED MEALS
Wolever, T. S., & Jenkins, D. A. (1985) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)90872-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pieters, M., Stonehouse, W., Jerling, J. C., Loots, D. T., Mukuddem-Petersen, J., & Hanekom, S. M. (2005) · Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis · doi:10.1097/01.mbc.0000174966.86549.27 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationLow-carbohydrate or low-fat diets for the metabolic syndrome?
Dansinger, M. L., & Schaefer, E. J. (2006) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-006-0053-4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gibney, M. J., Macdonald, I. A., & Roche, H. M. (2003) · Nutrition & Metabolism · Cited by 13 · see citing works
[Effect of low glycemic index diets in hyperlipidemia].
Jiménez–Cruz, A., Seimandi-Mora, H., & Bacardí‐Gascón, M. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Laker, M. F. (2002) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-200206000-00013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- American Association of Clinical Chemistry (2003) Abstracts of the 55th Annual Meeting of the AACC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, July 20-24. Clin Chem 20 (49), A2 -A182.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity
Calder, P. C., Ahluwalia, N., Brouns, F., Buetler, T., Clement, K., Cunningham, K., Esposito, K., Jönsson, L. S., Kolb, H., Lansink, M., et al. (2011) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511005460 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
Nut Consumption and Blood Lipid Levels: A Pooled Analysis of 25 Intervention Trials
Sabaté, J. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.79 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Banel, D. K., & Hu, F. B. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27457 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Nuts and novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease
Ros, E. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736r · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Nut intake and adiposity: meta-analysis of clinical trials
Flores-Mateo, G., Rojas-Rueda, D., Basora, J., Ros, E., & Salas-Salvadó, J. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.031484 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Blanco Mejia, S., Kendall, C. W. C., Viguiliouk, E., Augustin, L. S., Ha, V., Cozma, A. I., Mirrahimi, A., Maroleanu, A., Chiavaroli, L., Leiter, L. A., et al. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004660 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Guasch-Ferré, M., Li, J., Hu, F. B., Salas-Salvadó, J., & Tobias, D. K. (2018) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy091 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Nuts, metabolic syndrome and diabetes
Kendall, C. W. C., Josse, A. R., Esfahani, A., & Jenkins, D. J. A. (2010) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510001546 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Flock, M. R., Green, M. H., & Kris-Etherton, P. M. (2011) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.111.000422 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Kendall, C. W. C., Josse, A. R., Esfahani, A., & Jenkins, D. J. A. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.12 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mukuddem-Petersen, J., Stonehouse (Oosthuizen), W., Jerling, J. C., Hanekom, S. M., & White, Z.
- Affiliations
- North-West University (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Mukuddem-Petersen, Janine
- Venue
- British Journal Of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2007-06
- Volume
- 97
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1144-1153
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2121519950
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nuts composition and effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- Juglans regia, Anacardium occidentale, metabolic syndrome, dietary intervention, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, serum fructosamine, C-reactive protein, serum uric acid, blood pressure, plasma glucose, glycemic control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, C-Reactive Protein, Diet, Female, Humans, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Nuts, Patient Compliance, Uric Acid, Biomarkers, Fructosamine, Metabolic Syndrome, Anacardium, Juglans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
