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Whole-grain wheat breakfast cereal has a prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
Open accessAbstract
Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between dietary intake of whole grains and the risk of chronic disease. This may be related to the ability to mediate a prebiotic modulation of gut microbiota. However, no studies have been conducted on the microbiota modulatory capability of whole-grain (WG) cereals. In the present study, the impact of WG wheat on the human intestinal microbiota compared to wheat bran (WB) was determined. A double-blind, randomised, crossover study was carried out in thirty-one volunteers who were randomised into two groups and consumed daily 48 g breakfast cereals, either WG or WB, in two 3-week study periods, separated by a 2-week washout period. Numbers of faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli (the target genera for prebiotic intake), were significantly higher upon WG ingestion compared with WB. Ingestion of both breakfast cereals resulted in a significant increase in ferulic acid concentrations in blood but no discernible difference in faeces or urine. No significant differences in faecal SCFA, fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), TAG or HDL-cholesterol were observed upon ingestion of WG compared with WB. However, a significant reduction in TC was observed in volunteers in the top quartile of TC concentrations upon ingestion of either cereal. No adverse intestinal symptoms were reported and WB ingestion increased stool frequency. Daily consumption of WG wheat exerted a pronounced prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota composition. This prebiotic activity may contribute towards the beneficial physiological effects of WG wheat.
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“Food sources of fibre, such as whole grains, have been suggested to have a prebiotic-like effect on the gut microbiota [60].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [60]
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BackgroundDietary Habits of 2- to 9-Year-Old American Children Are Associated with Gut Microbiome Composition
Herman, D. R., Rhoades, N., Mercado, J., Argueta, P., Lopez, U., & Flores, G. E. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2019.07.024 · Cited by 50
Regulation of gut microbiota-bile acids axis by probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease
Li, L., Liu, T., Gu, Y., Wang, X., Xie, R., Sun, Y., Wang, B., & Cao, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.974305 · Cited by 52
“Certain BAs may be more easily excreted from individuals, and BA neo-synthesis may be strengthened (35, 36).”
BackgroundGut-liver axis: Pathophysiological concepts and medical perspective in chronic liver diseases
Rodrigues, S. G., der Merwe, V., Krag, A. A., & Wiest, R. (2024) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2023.101859 · Cited by 51
Health Benefits of Fiber Fermentation
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Blueberry phenolics are associated with cognitive enhancement in supplemented healthy older adults
Rutledge, G. A., Sandhu, A. K., Miller, M. G., Edirisinghe, I., Burton‐Freeman, B. M., & Shukitt‐Hale, B. (2020) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo02125c · Cited by 51
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“based RTE cereals for 3 weeks, resulted in more than 2-fold increases in fasting plasma ferulic acid, which was attributed to the colonic absorption of ferulic acid released through microbial metabolism((52)).”
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Navigating the gluten-free boom
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“Diets enriched in wheat bran and whole grains act as a prebiotic that may result in significantly increased fecal abundance of enterococci [142].”
BackgroundEffects of Animal and Vegetable Proteins on Gut Microbiota in Subjects with Overweight or Obesity
Rosa, C. D., Francesco, L. D., Spiezia, C., & Khazrai, Y. M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15122675 · Cited by 54
“The result was that the WG group showed a higher amount of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli and, in contrast, no differences in the amount of SCFA between the two groups [55].”
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“Although whole grain interventions have been shown to have beneficial effects on blood levels of insulin, glucose and LDL-C [1], it is possible that the protective effects are mediated through other mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction [25], or an effect on gut microflora composi…”
Impact of Kamut® Khorasan on gut microbiota and metabolome in healthy volunteers
Saa, D. L. T., Turroni, S., Serrazanetti, D. I., Rampelli, S., Maccaferri, S., Candela, M., Severgnini, M., Simonetti, E., Brigidi, P., & Gianotti, A. (2014) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.04.005 · Cited by 43
Emerging Aspects of Food and Nutrition on Gut Microbiota
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Yellow pea fiber improves glycemia and reduces Clostridium leptum in diet-induced obese rats
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“Other related studies have also found significant lipid changes including reduced total-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol following 2-week consumption of high-protein wheat flakes (21 g dietary fiber/d) in healthy adults [28], reduced total-cholesterol following 3-week consumption of wheat bran (13 g dietary fiber/d) and wh…”
InfluentialEffects of vegetarian diet-associated nutrients on gut microbiota and intestinal physiology
Xiao, W., Zhang, Q., Yu, L., Tian, F., Chen, W., & Zhai, Q. (2021) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2021.11.002 · Cited by 46
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Dietary Composition and Cardiovascular Risk: A Mediator or a Bystander?
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“In another study in obese adults, a diet rich in palmitic acid, compared to a diet rich in oleic acid, decreased the concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1B, IL-10, IL-18, and TNF-α [82].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Costabile, A., Klinder, A., Fava, F., Napolitano, A., Fogliano, V., Leonard, C., Gibson, G. R., & Tuohy, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading (GB)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Costabile, Adele
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2007-08-29
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 110-120
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2165083361
- Semantic Scholar
- 762a3ebdd78c6f878c158e51fbe41b625566d9b0
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Reading
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Keywords
- whole wheat, breakfast cereals, prebiotic activity, gut microbiota, wheat bran, Bifidobacterium, lactobacilli, ferulic acid, short-chain fatty acids, total cholesterol
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Bifidobacterium, Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, Coumaric Acids, Dietary Fiber, DNA Damage, DNA, Bacterial, Double-Blind Method, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Feces, Female, Humans, Insulin, Intestines, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Triglycerides, Triticum, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Cross-Over Studies, HT29 Cells, Foods, Specialized, Comet Assay
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