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Whole-grain wheat breakfast cereal has a prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
Open accessAbstract
Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between dietary intake of whole grains and the risk of chronic disease. This may be related to the ability to mediate a prebiotic modulation of gut microbiota. However, no studies have been conducted on the microbiota modulatory capability of whole-grain (WG) cereals. In the present study, the impact of WG wheat on the human intestinal microbiota compared to wheat bran (WB) was determined. A double-blind, randomised, crossover study was carried out in thirty-one volunteers who were randomised into two groups and consumed daily 48 g breakfast cereals, either WG or WB, in two 3-week study periods, separated by a 2-week washout period. Numbers of faecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli (the target genera for prebiotic intake), were significantly higher upon WG ingestion compared with WB. Ingestion of both breakfast cereals resulted in a significant increase in ferulic acid concentrations in blood but no discernible difference in faeces or urine. No significant differences in faecal SCFA, fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol (TC), TAG or HDL-cholesterol were observed upon ingestion of WG compared with WB. However, a significant reduction in TC was observed in volunteers in the top quartile of TC concentrations upon ingestion of either cereal. No adverse intestinal symptoms were reported and WB ingestion increased stool frequency. Daily consumption of WG wheat exerted a pronounced prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota composition. This prebiotic activity may contribute towards the beneficial physiological effects of WG wheat.
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“Food sources of fibre, such as whole grains, have been suggested to have a prebiotic-like effect on the gut microbiota [60].”
From Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration (2019) · cites this paper as [60]
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Balk, E. M., Couch, E., Mai, H. J., Chen, Y., Adam, G. P., Kanaan, G., Caputo, E. L., Trikalinos, T. A., Williams, G. M., Duncanson, K., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101212 · Cited by 2
The role and possible mechanism of intestinal fungi in the progression of chronic liver diseases
Hu, Y. H., Yang, Y., Wang, S., & Chu, H. (2026) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-026-00961-5 · Cited by 4
“In contrast, diets rich in indigestible carbohydrates (such as dietary fi bers) signi fi cantly increase the levels of Bi fi dobacteria and Lactobacilli in the gut 187,188 .”
Penton, C. R., & Vadakattu, G. (2026) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag132 · Cited by 1
“However, these effects can be overridden by dietary differences (108 – 111), even with small changes in diet over short periods (112).”
Abolarinwa, E. O., Thierry, E. A. A., Abubakar, A. N., Muhammad, H. L., & Makun, H. A. (2026) · Nutrire · doi:10.1186/s41110-026-00464-5 · Cited by 1
“…barley, sorghum, millet, maize, oats, and rice indicates consistent stimulation of beneficial taxa such as Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Faecalibacterium, alongside suppression of pathogenic bacteria and improved antioxidant activity [9, 35, 37, 40, 68, 107, 122, 125, 139–141,”
Modification of Gut Microbiome by Cereal and Pseudocereal Consumption: A Systematic Review
Gönen, B., Turan-Demirci, B., & Büyüktuncer, Z. (2026) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuag078 · Cited by 1
Post-Genomics Approaches towards Monitoring Changes within the Microbial Ecology of the Gut
Tuohy, K. M., Abecia, L., Deaville, E. R., Fava, F., Klinder, A., & Shen, Q. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79058-9_3 · Cited by 1
Self-citationChapter 2 Dietary carbohydrates and type 2 diabetes
de Koning, L., Malik, V., & Hu, F. B. (2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15389-3 · Cited by 1
Bread Intake and Abdominal Fat
Bautista-Castaño, I., Sánchez‐Villegas, A., & Serra‐Majem, L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407869-7.00025-8 · Cited by 1
Tuohy, K. M., Brown, D. T., Klinder, A., Costabile, A., & Fava, F. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407825-3.00005-8 · Cited by 2
Self-citationMicrobiome-mediated T cell regulation, inflammation, and disease
Singh, A. R., Prasad, S., & Singh, G. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99336-4.00018-5 · Cited by 1
Zabolotneva, A. A., Itov, A., Grigorieva, T. V., Vasiliev, I. Y., Roumiantsev, S. A., Михайлович, Г. А., & Shestopalov, A. V. (2023) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s002209302304004x · Cited by 1
“These findings are consistent with the results of a study of the anti obesity effects of prebiotics in humans and ani mals [18].”
ResultCalabriso, N., Massaro, M., Scoditti, E., Quarta, S., Laddomada, B., Scarano, A., Palombieri, S., Sestili, F., & Carluccio, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Cereal Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2024.104028 · Cited by 1
Effect of medicinal and aromatic plant phenolics on gut health and gut-brain axis
Aykın‐Dinçer, E., & Dinçer, C. (2024) · Studies in natural products chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22214-6.00002-8 · Cited by 1
Burgos-García, E. G., Mollineda, K. M., Ángulo, D. J. B., Neira, D. J. M., & Peralta-Gamboa, D. A. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22081205 · Cited by 1
“In Japan, Nagao et al. [34], with 304 citations, found that prolonged diacylglycerol intake at breakfast reduces body fat accumulation and weight gain compared to traditional triglycerides, highlighting the role of breakfast composition in obesity prevention.”
Castillo, A., & Jennifer, A. (2014) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 1
Evidence for a Whole Grains and Coronary Heart Disease Health Claim
Susan, E., Elizabeth, D. J. P., & George, A. (2013) · International Food Risk Analysis Journal · doi:10.5772/56209 · Cited by 1
Total Dietary Fiber Intake, Whole Grain Consumption, and Their Biological Effects
Ötleş, S., & Nakilcioğlu, E. (2017) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54528-8_7-1 · Cited by 1
Fiber-Rich Dietary Patterns and Colonic Microbiota in Aging and Disease
Dreher, M. L. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59180-3_4 · Cited by 1
The Intricate Relationship between Diabetes, Diet and the Gut Microbiota
Pîrcălăbioru, G. G., Picu, A. A., Petcu, L. M., Popa, M., & Chifiriuc, M. C. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.70602 · Cited by 1
“Indeed, diets rich in whole grain and wheat bran led to an increase of intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli [80, 81].”
BackgroundPolyphenols and their impacts on the host epigenome and the gut microbiome
Duttaroy, A. K. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822405-2.00002-5 · Cited by 1
Metabolic Effects of Wholegrain Foods in Relation to Composition, Structure and Type of Food
Mykkänen, H. M., Kolehmainen, M., Bondia‐Pons, I., & Poutanen, K. S. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444318456.ch14 · Cited by 1
Role of Carbohydrates in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Wolever, T. M. S. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118528723.ch10 · Cited by 1
The in vitro prebiotic potential and glycaemic index (GI) of wholegrain-oat-based cereals
Connolly, M. L., Lovegrove, J. A., & Tuohy, K. M. (2010) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665109992734 · Cited by 1
Self-citationPatzek, L. J. (2012) · Research Exchange (Washington State University) · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Costabile, A., Klinder, A., Fava, F., Napolitano, A., Fogliano, V., Leonard, C., Gibson, G. R., & Tuohy, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading (GB)
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Costabile, Adele
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2007-08-29
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 110-120
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2165083361
- Semantic Scholar
- 762a3ebdd78c6f878c158e51fbe41b625566d9b0
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Reading
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Keywords
- whole wheat, breakfast cereals, prebiotic activity, gut microbiota, wheat bran, Bifidobacterium, lactobacilli, ferulic acid, short-chain fatty acids, total cholesterol
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Bifidobacterium, Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, Coumaric Acids, Dietary Fiber, DNA Damage, DNA, Bacterial, Double-Blind Method, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Feces, Female, Humans, Insulin, Intestines, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Triglycerides, Triticum, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Cross-Over Studies, HT29 Cells, Foods, Specialized, Comet Assay
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