Dietary nutrient profiles of wild wolves: insights for optimal dog nutrition?
Open accessAbstract
Domestic dogs diverged from grey wolves between 13 000 and 17 000 years ago when food waste from human settlements provided a new niche. Compared to the carnivorous cat, modern-day dogs differ in several digestive and metabolic traits that appear to be more associated with omnivorous such as man, pigs and rats. This has led to the classification of dogs as omnivores, but the origin of these ‘omnivorous’ traits has, hitherto, been left unexplained. We discuss the foraging ecology of wild wolves and calculate the nutrient profiles of fifty diets reported in the literature. Data on the feeding ecology of wolves indicate that wolves are true carnivores consuming a negligible amount of vegetal matter. Wolves can experience prolonged times of famine during low prey availability while, after a successful hunt, the intake of foods and nutrients can be excessive. As a result of a ‘feast and famine’ lifestyle, wolves need to cope with a highly variable nutrient intake requiring an adaptable metabolism, which is still functional in our modern-day dogs. The nutritive characteristics of commercial foods differ in several aspects from the dog's closest free-living ancestor in terms of dietary nutrient profile and this may pose physiological and metabolic challenges. The present study provides new insights into dog nutrition and contributes to the ongoing optimisation of foods for pet dogs.
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Based on tolerance towards carbohydrates, mammalian predators can be aligned along a carnivore-omnivore continuum from obligate carnivores such as wolves to poorly specialized ursids.
“The few available studies16 suggest that, based on their tolerance towards carbohydrates, mammalian predators can be aligned along a carnivore–omnivore continuum, ranging from obligate carnivores, such as wolves (Canis lupus)17 to poorly specialized ursids18.”
From Nutritional ecology of a prototypical generalist predator, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
The section ‘Dietary and nutrient profiles consumed by wolves’ describes wolves as ‘true carnivores’ whose diet contains negligible vegetal matter. But the paper does not establish that wolves are obligate carnivores on the basis of carbohydrate tolerance; ‘Fluctuating food availability’ suggests they were likely capable of using plant starch. The citation supports wolves as an example of carnivorous predators, not the stronger characterization. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOn average, the protein requirements of the red fox are typical of strict carnivores such as wolves (54%) or domestic and feral cats (52%).
“Notwithstanding, the analysis of available studies providing a volumetric or biomass estimate of the importance of the food resources used by foxes throughout its European range revealed that, on average, the protein requirements of the fox are typical of strict carnivores such as wolves (54%)17 or domestic and feral cats (52%)34,35.”
From Nutritional ecology of a prototypical generalist predator, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
In “Dietary and nutrient profiles consumed by wolves” (page unavailable), the paper reports that protein supplies 54% of energy in its calculated wolf dietary profile, supporting the wolf comparison. It describes a dietary profile, not a physiological protein requirement, and does not establish the red fox’s protein requirement. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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“17 or domestic and feral cats (52”
MethodDigestive anatomy and diet of free-ranging maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
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- Authors
- Bosch, G., Hagen-Plantinga, E. A., & Hendriks, W. H.
- Affiliations
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bosch, Guido
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-11-21
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S40-S54
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2001233621
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 5.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiteit Utrecht
- Wageningen University and Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Keywords
- canine nutrition, carnivory, feast and famine, dog domestication, commercial dog food, wolf diet
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Welfare, Animals, Wild, Cats, Diet, Dogs, Humans, Models, Biological, Social Environment, Species Specificity, Wolves, Felidae, Pets
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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