New insights into nutrition and cognitive neuroscience: Symposium on ‘Early nutrition and later disease: current concepts, research and implications’
Open accessAbstract
Nutrition can affect the brain throughout the life cycle, with profound implications for mental health and degenerative disease. Many aspects of nutrition, from entire diets to specific nutrients, affect brain structure and function. The present short review focuses on recent insights into the role of nutrition in cognition and mental health and is divided into four main sections. First, the importance of nutritional balance and nutrient interactions to brain health are considered by reference to the Mediterranean diet, energy balance, fatty acids and trace elements. Many factors modulate the effects of nutrition on brain health and inconsistencies between studies can be explained in part by differences in early environment and genetic variability. Thus, these two factors are considered in the second and third parts of the present review. Finally, recent findings on mechanisms underlying the actions of nutrition on the brain are considered. These mechanisms involve changes in neurotrophic factors, neural pathways and brain plasticity. Advances in understanding the critical role of nutrition in brain health will help to fulfil the potential of nutrition to optimise brain function, prevent dysfunction and treat disease.
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ω-3 fatty acids have benefits for central functioning ranging from enhanced memory, mood, attention, and cognitive performance to a reduced risk of developing depression and regulation of stress sensitivity.
“The benefits of ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids for central functioning range from enhanced memory, mood, attention, and cognitive performance to a reduced risk of developing depression and regulation of stress sensitivity (131-138).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [131]
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Vassiloudis, I., Yiannakouris, N., Panagiotakos, D. B., Apostolopoulos, K., & Costarelli, V. (2014) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2013.11.001 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Role of physical activity and diet on mood, behavior, and cognition
Strasser, B., & Fuchs, D. (2015) · Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.npbr.2015.07.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Likewise other factors that are independent of diet, such as age, genetics, and the level of physical activity, are likely to influence the effect of nutrition on health (Dauncey, 2009).”
BackgroundEarly Life Nutrition and Mental Health: The Role of DNA Methylation
Bekdash, R. A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13093111 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Thompson, L. A., & Oehlert, J. (2009) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.11.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are relatively new fields of study with a great deal of potential for understanding behavioral outcomes (Dauncey, 2009).”
BackgroundGray Matter Volumetric Abnormalities Associated with the Onset of Psychosis
Jung, W. H., Borgwardt, S., Fusar‐Poli, P., & Kwon, J. S. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00101 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Nutrition affects the brain throughout life (Bourre, 2006a,b; Dauncey, 2009).”
BackgroundDotan, I., Alper, A., Rachmilewitz, D., Israeli, E., Odes, S., Chermesh, I., Naftali, T., FRASER, G. M., Shitrit, A. B., Peles, V., et al. (2012) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2012.08.012 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Alzheimer's Disease—Current Status and Future Directions
Bhardwaj, D., Mitra, C., Narasimhulu, C. A., Riad, A., Doomra, M., & Parthasarathy, S. (2017) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2017.0093 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Apart from these factors, absence of certain nutrients plays significant role in reducing AD risk.(26) For example, deficiency or lower intake of docosahexaenoic acid, vitamin B, and certain antioxidant nutrients (vitamin E and C, carotenoids, flavonoids, and enzymatic factors) displayed increased risk for AD and lowe…”
Nutritional Strategies for Successful Aging
Woo, J. (2011) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2011.02.009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rawat, P., Sehar, U., Bisht, J., Reddy, A., & Reddy, P. H. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.102178 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Nutrition and brain aging: how can we move ahead?
Barberger‐Gateau, P. (2014) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.177 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
McEvoy, C. T., Leng, Y., Peeters, G. M. E. E., Kaup, A. R., Allen, I. E., & Yaffe, K. S. (2019) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2019.02.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“310 Experimental studies have shown direct effects of diet on neuronal cell signaling [42], neuronal 311 membrane integrity [43] and inflammation [44] and diet can have an indirect impact on brain 312 health by modulating cardio-metabolic risk.”
BackgroundPrimary Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease: Is It an Attainable Goal?
Han, J.-Y., & Han, S.-H. (2014) · Journal of Korean medical science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2014.29.7.886 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“886 Nutritional approaches Among other factors, ample evidence suggests that cognitive function is influenced by nutrition (46).”
BackgroundYon, M. A., Mauger, S. L., & Pickavance, L. C. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711451200579x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“It has been suggested that this can occur through the stimulation of neurogenesis (123,126,127) . n -3 Fatty acid effects on non-mammalian neurogenesis EPA was first shown to up-regulate neurogenesis in a non-mammalian species, the lobster (128) .”
Lee, S. E., West, K. P., Cole, R. N., Schulze, K. J., Wu, L. S., Yager, J. D., Groopman, J. D., & Christian, P. S. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.023 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“In addition, the plasma proteome contains proteins whose expression are influenced by genetics, age, gender and nutritional and health status that are known to be underlying contributing factors of brain function (Dauncey, 2009).”
BackgroundModulation of miRNA expression in aged rat hippocampus by buttermilk and krill oil
Crespo, M. C., Tomé‐Carneiro, J., Gómez‐Coronado, D., Burgos‐Ramos, E., García-Serrano, A. M., Martín‐Hernández, R., Baliyan, S., Fontecha, J., Venero, C., Dávalos, A., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22148-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Diet, nutrients and metabolism: cogs in the wheel driving Alzheimer's disease pathology?
Creegan, R., Hunt, W., McManus, A., & Rainey‐Smith, S. R. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515000926 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Specific nutrient deficiencies in the elderly may exacerbate existing pathology in the brain, particularly in the presence of other risk factors((115)).”
Nutraceutical regulation of miRNAs involved in neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers
Ghosh, S., Kumar, V., Mukherjee, H., Debrupa Lahiri, A., & Roy, P. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07262 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Throughout life, brain health, to some extent, is maintained by numerous diets, food and nutrition (Christian et al., 2009; Dauncey, 2009; Gomez-Pinilla and Nguyen, 2012; Maher, 2000; Milte et al., 2012; Sinn et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDalkner, N., Platzer, M., Bengesser, S., Birner, A., Fellendorf, F. T., Queissner, R., Painold, A., Mangge, H., Fuchs, D., Reininghaus, B., et al. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.024 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Perinatal nutrition in maternal mental health and child development: Birth of a pregnancy cohort
Leung, B. M. Y., Giesbrecht, G. F., Letourneau, N. L., Field, C. J., Bell, R. C., & Dewey, D. (2015) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.11.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Maternal nutrition and child development The effect of nutrition on neural development and function is critical throughout the life cycle, from childhood to adolescence and adulthood [14,15].”
BackgroundUse of vitamin and mineral supplements in long-term care home residents
Viveky, N., Toffelmire, L., Thorpe, L. U., Billinsky, J. L., Alcorn, J., Hadjistavropoulos, T., & Whiting, S. J. (2012) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h11-141 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Recent reviews have noted that various other measures of mental health and cognitive performance may also be influenced by nutritional status (Dauncey 2009).”
BackgroundChen, J., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Zhu, H., Fu, J., Li, C., Zhang, Q., Xia, X., Ma, H., Liu, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2025.1543501 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Adequate nutrition, including sufficient intake of essential nutrients and calories, is crucial to maintain cognitive function and may help buffer against age-related cognitive impairment (Dauncey, 2009).”
Mental incapacity in hospitalised patients undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion
Rahman, M., Evans, K., Arif, N., & Gorard, S. A. C. (2011) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.10.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Salama, R. M., Eissa, N., Doghish, A., Abulsoud, A., Abdelmaksoud, N. M., Mohammed, O. A., Mageed, S. S. A., & Darwish, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2024.1373741 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…NF-κ B, nuclear factor kappa beta; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SIRT1, sirtuin 1. whatweeataffectsneurondevelopment,regeneration,function,andthe maintenance of neural networks (Maher, 2000; Dauncey, 2009; Nurk et al., 2009; Gomez-Pinilla and Nguyen, 2012; Milte et al., 2012; Sinn et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBiochemical and Neuropharmacology of Psychiatric Disorders
Ghallab, Y. K., & Elassal, O. S. (2024) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2681-3_2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Schättin, A., Gennaro, F., Egloff, M., Vogt, S., & de Bruin, E. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00242 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Collet, O. A., Heude, B., Forhan, A., Delcourt, C., Orri, M., van der Waerden, J. E. B., Melchior, M., Côté, S. M., Lioret, S., de Lauzon‐Guillain, B., et al. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa343 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Key, M. N., Zwilling, C. E., Talukdar, T., & Barbey, A. K. (2019) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201801048 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Altered one-carbon metabolism in posttraumatic stress disorder
de Vries, G., Lok, A., Mocking, R. J. T., Assies, J., Schene, A. H., & Olff, M. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.062 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nutrigenomics and Trace Elements: Hopes and Hypes for Parkinson’s Treatment
Wadan, A.-H. S., & Mohamed, W. M. Y. (2023) · Nutritional neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1513-2_3 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mediterranean diet related metabolite profiles and cognitive performance
Papandreou, C., Papagiannopoulos, C. K., Koutsonida, M., Kanellopoulou, A., Markozannes, G., Polychronidis, G., Tzakos, A. G., Fragkiadakis, G. A., Εvangelou, Ε., Ntzani, E., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.12.012 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Woodhouse, A., & Lamport, M. A. (2012) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Vassiloudis, I., Yiannakouris, N., Panagiotakos, D. B., Apostolopoulos, K., & Costarelli, V. (2017) · Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.3233/mnm-16133 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The great majority of the nutritional studies on academic performance to date have mainly focused on the effect of hunger, malnutrition, and specific micronutrient deficiencies [22–24].”
The Mediterranean Diet and Healthy Brain Aging
Zamroziewicz, M. K., & Barbey, A. K. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811959-4.00002-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Schulz, C., Weinhold, L., Schmid, M. C., Nöthen, M. M., & Nöthlings, U. (2022) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-022-02976-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kelly, M. E., Loughrey, D. G., Power, J. M., McEvoy, C. T., Sheerin, C., & Pennie, B. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-019-00143-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Furthermore, experimental data shows direct beneficial effects of MedDiet on the integrity of neuronal cells that contribute to brain health (Dauncey 2009; Bourre 2006).”
BackgroundPacheco, N., Mollayeva, S., Jacob, B. J., Colantonio, A., & Mollayeva, T. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1644380 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nutrition, Overweight, and Cognition in Euthymic Bipolar Individuals Compared to Healthy Controls
Reininghaus, B., Dalkner, N., Schörkhuber, C., Fleischmann, E., Fellendorf, F. T., Ratzenhofer, M., Maget, A., Platzer, M., Bengesser, S., Tmava‐Berisha, A., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14061176 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In particular, Mediterranean diet/variety [23,27–29], intake of omega-3 fatty acids [20,23,30], and B vitamins [31,32] seem to be beneficial for cognitive function.”
BackgroundYi, Q., Wang, W., Qi, Y., Yang, C., Sui, M., Meng, K., & Zhao, S. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.19588 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mohamed-Moosa, Z., Daniels, W. M. U., & Mabandla, M. V. (2013) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-013-9465-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Copper, zinc and manganese are essential elements in normal brain development (Feng et al. 2004; Dauncey 2009; Milatovic et al. 2009).”
BackgroundNutrition and Cognition in the Context of Ageing: Role of Dietary Patterns
Andreeva, V. A., & Kesse‐Guyot, E. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18563-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A Research on the Level of Zinc and Copper in the Hair of Students with Lower IQ
Meghrazi, K., Sabet, M. S., Kheradmand, F., & Akhgar, M. (2017) · Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.5812/zjrms.11332 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Cognition refers to the mental processes which are involved in knowledge acquisition and their integration into responses such as learning, attention, memory, IQ and consciousness [4].”
BackgroundSalter, D., Gupta, S. V. B., Sairam, B., Gupta, A. K., & Maurya, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1695341 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…(4, 5, 7), but a growing body of research suggests that plant-based diets or diets enriched with bioactive plant-based components can benefit cognitive function (8, 9, 50), possibly by decreasing inflammation, improving neurogenesis, and improving neuronal and synaptic connectivity (51–53).”
Fan, M., Yuan, J., Zhang, S., Yao, Q., Fu, Q., Wang, Q., Xie, H., & Gao, H. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26185-y · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Obese individuals have better nutritional reserves and energy supply, which helps to protect against neurodegenerative processes [46].”
Nutrition, Genes, and Neuroscience
Dauncey, M. J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118840634.ch1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Fan, J., Cao, S., Peng, H., Zhi, Y., Zhan, S., & Li, R. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02664-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Adequate nutrition, including sufficient intake of essential nutrients and calories, is crucial for maintaining daily functioning in PD patients [65].”
Physical Activity and Dietary Interventions for Mental Health in Ageing and Longevity
Lakhman, S. S., Murzello, A., & Gueits, P. G. (2024) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68513-2_5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gene Expression of FADS2 mRNA Linked to Intelligence in Exclusively Breast Milk Fed Preterms
Alhusseini, N. F., Ali, A. I., Abul-Fadl, A., Abu-Zied, A. A., & Eltaher, S. M. (2014) · American journal of biochemistry & biotechnology/American journal of biochemistry and biotechnology · doi:10.3844/ajbbsp.2014.267.274 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Other studies have shown an association between the IQ and the genetic variant in FADS2, a gene involved in the genetic control of fatty acid pathway (Dauncey, 2009; Morales et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Diet, Exercise, and Sleep on Brain Metabolism and Function
Farooqui, A. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04111-7_1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fish Oil Supplementation Prevents Age-Related Memory Decline
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The Impact of Low Omega-3 Fatty Acids Diet on the Development of the Visual System
de Velasco, P. C., & Serfaty, C. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-401717-7.00024-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sagaro, G. G., & Tayebati, S. K. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27041892 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Moreover, higher BMI may signify enhanced energy reserves, which can mitigate age-related frailty and neurodegenerative processes [82].”
Integrating the Physical Environment Within a Population Neuroscience Perspective
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The Role of Nutrition in Successful Aging
Lok, K. Y. W., Chan, R., & Woo, J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9331-5_14 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Human Nutritional Neuroscience: Fundamental Issues
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Introductory Chapter: The Chemical Basis of Neural Function and Dysfunction
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“Genetic variability: common gene variants that involve a change of a single nucleotide (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNP) markedly affect cognitive and neural responses to specific nutrients, energy status and aging (Dauncey, 2009, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialBEYİN SAĞLIĞINDA BESLENMENİN ETKİSİ / THE EFFECT OF THE NUTRITION ON THE BRAIN HEALTH
Yıldız, P. A., & Dönderici, Ö. (2016) · OSMANGAZİ JOURNAL OF MEDICINE · doi:10.20515/otd.53465 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Mediterranean style diet and cognition
Hardman, R. J., & Formica, M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818649-7.00039-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cognitive health and nutrition
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Diet and Nutrition, and their Influence on Alzheimer's Disease and other Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Neuroscience and the Food Industry
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TEMPORAL CONNECTIVITY PATTERNS OF THE CORTICO-LIMBIC LEARNING AND REWARDS SYSTEM
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Neurological and Other Disorders
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The effects of early diet on cognition and the brain
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The role of micronutrients in maternal mood and child neurodevelopment
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Lifestyle interventions to improve educational attainment in overweight or obese children
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“Adequate and sufficient healthy intake of food is essential to brain function [32, 33, 34, 35].”
BackgroundMediterranean Diet as a Potential Strategy to Reduce Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Elderly
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Schildberg-Hörisch, H., Thoste, P., & Wagner, V. (2018) · Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung · doi:10.3790/vjh.87.2.109
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Assessment of Intelligence Quotient in School-Aged Children Who Are Breastfed Versus Artificial-Fed
Abdel-Hameed, H. S., Rasheed, E. M., & Yousef, S. A. A. (2020) · The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.21608/ejhm.2020.97057
Питание студентов (реалии через призму принципов)
Семенова, В. Н., Степанова, А. Э., Бакаев, А. Х., Galuzo, N., Никифорова, Н. Н., Федянина, Н. С., Федянин, А. П., & Кириллова, Р. В. (2021) · doi:10.17513/np.495
Neuroscience and the Food Industry
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The Impact of Low Omega-3 Fatty Acids Diet on the Development of the Visual System
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“Table (2): Comparison between the case group and the control group regarding consanguinity.”
BackgroundInfluentialMediterranean diet related metabolite profiles and cognitive performance in a Greek populationPreprint
Papandreou, C., Papagiannopoulos, C. K., Koutsonida, M., Kanellopoulou, A., Markozannes, G., Polychronidis, G., Tzakos, A. G., Fragkiadakis, G. A., Εvangelou, Ε., Ntzani, E., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.09.29.22280504
“The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), characterized by high consumption of olive oil, vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, legumes, moderate intake of fish and wine, and low intake of red/processed meats, saturated fat, and sugar [1], may reduce oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular risk factors and thus delay age-rel…”
BackgroundGrowth Mindset Theories According to Students’ Nutritional Behaviors
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- Authors
- Dauncey, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dauncey, M. J.
- Venue
- Proceedings of The Nutrition Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2009-08-24
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 408-415
- ISSN
- 0029-6651 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2719
- OpenAlex
- W1989255487
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of The Nutrition Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Southampton
- Wolfson College, University of Cambridge
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- nutrition and brain health, cognition, mental health, Mediterranean diet, energy balance, fatty acids, trace elements, nutrient interactions, early life environment, genetic variation, neurotrophic factors, neuroplasticity, neural pathways, degenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cognition, Diet, Environment, Humans, Mental Health, Nerve Growth Factors, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Neuronal Plasticity, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Genetic Variation, Epigenesis, Genetic
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