Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an investigation of age-related differences in behavioural symptoms, neuropsychological function and co-morbidity

Bramham, J.; Murphy, D. G. M.; Xenitidis, K.; Asherson, P.; Hopkin, G.; Young, S.

doi:10.1017/s0033291712000219

Cited by 84Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchDevelopmental and Educational Neuropsychology

Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an investigation of age-related differences in behavioural symptoms, neuropsychological function and co-morbidity

Bramham, J., Murphy, D. G. M., Xenitidis, K., Asherson, P., Hopkin, G., Young, S.·2012·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291712000219

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The outcomes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been studied extensively in the first decades of life, but less is known about ADHD in adulthood. Hence we investigated cross-sectional age-related differences in behavioural symptoms, neuropsychological function and severity of co-morbid disorders within a clinically referred adult ADHD population. METHOD: We subdivided 439 referrals of individuals with ADHD (aged 16-50 years) into four groups based on decade of life and matched for childhood ADHD severity. We compared the groups on measures of self- and informant-rated current behavioural ADHD symptoms, neuropsychological performance, and self-rated co-morbid mood and anxiety symptoms. RESULTS: There was a significant age-related reduction in the severity of all ADHD symptoms based on informant-ratings. In contrast, according to self-ratings, inattentive symptoms increased with age. Neuropsychological function improved across age groups on measures of selective attention and response inhibition. There was a mild correlation between the severity of depression symptoms and increasing age. CONCLUSIONS: This observational study suggests that, in adulthood, ADHD symptoms as measured using informant-ratings and neuropsychological measures continue to improve with increasing age. However the subjective experience of people with ADHD is that their symptoms worsen. This dichotomy may be partially explained by the presence of co-morbid affective symptoms. The main limitation of the study is that it is cross-sectional rather than longitudinal, and the latter design would provide more conclusive evidence regarding age-related changes in an adult ADHD population.

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Authors: Bramham, J., Murphy, D. G. M., Xenitidis, K., Asherson, P., Hopkin, G., & Young, S.
Affiliations: University College Dublin (IE)
King's College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Bramham, J.
ORCID: Bramham, J.
Murphy, D. G. M.
Asherson, P.
Hopkin, G.
Young, S.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2012-02-28
Volume: 42
Issue: 10
Pages: 2225-2234
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291712000219
OpenAlex: W2062577295
Cited by: 84
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 4.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Eli Lilly and Company
National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0606-1045)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Keywords: adult ADHD, age-related changes, behavioural symptoms, neuropsychological performance, selective attention, response inhibition, comorbidities, depression, anxiety, informant ratings, self-reported symptoms, inattentive symptoms
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Affective Symptoms, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Comorbidity, Young Adult

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Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an investigation of age-related differences in behavioural symptoms, neuropsychological function and co-morbidity

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