Reciprocal effects of stable and temporary components of neuroticism and affective disorders: results of a longitudinal cohort study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional studies show that neuroticism is strongly associated with affective disorders. We investigated whether neuroticism and affective disorders mutually reinforce each other over time, setting off a potential downward spiral. METHOD: A total of 2981 adults aged 18-65 years, consisting of healthy controls, persons with a prior history of affective disorders and persons with a current affective disorder were assessed at baseline (T1) and 2 (T2) and 4 years (T3) later. At each wave, affective disorders according to DSM-IV criteria were assessed with the Composite Interview Diagnostic Instrument (CIDI) version 2.1 and neuroticism with the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). RESULTS: Using structural equation models the association of distress disorders (i.e. dysthymia, depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder) and fear disorders (i.e. social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia without panic) with neuroticism could be attributed to three components: (a) a strong correlation of the stable components of distress and fear disorders with the stable trait component of neuroticism; (b) a modest contemporaneous association of change in distress and fear disorders with change in neuroticism; (c) a small to modest delayed effect of change in distress and fear disorders on change in neuroticism. Moreover, neuroticism scores in participants newly affected at T2 but remitted at T3 did not differ from their pre-morbid scores at T1. CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not support a positive feedback cycle of changes in psychopathology and changes in neuroticism. In the context of a relative stability of neuroticism and affective disorders, only modest contemporaneous and small to modest delayed effects of psychopathology on neuroticism were observed.
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The UP is a cognitive-behavioral intervention designed to address neuroticism, which has been considered a predictor of depressive and anxiety disorders.
“The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP)26 is a cognitive-behavioral intervention designed to address neuroticism, which has been considered a predictor of depressive and anxiety disorders.27-30”
From Improved quality of life and reduced depressive symptoms in medical students after a single-session intervention (2020) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Spinhoven, P., Penelo, E., de Rooij, M., Penninx, B. W., & Ormel, J.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Spinhoven, P.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013-04-22
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 337-348
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2117290554
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 4.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- ddd.uab.cat
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- GGZ Drenthe
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- neuroticism, mood disorders, reciprocal effects, trait stability, fear disorders, dysthymia, depressive disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, downward spiral, longitudinal cohort
- MeSH terms
- Neuroticism, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Personality, Severity of Illness Index, Comorbidity, Mood Disorders, Young Adult
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