Randomized controlled trial of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy for depressive symptoms: effectiveness and costs of a workplace intervention

Phillips, R.; Schneider, J.; Molosankwe, I.; Leese, M.; Foroushani, P. Sarrami; Grime, P.; McCrone, P.; Morriss, R.; Thornicroft, G.

doi:10.1017/s0033291713001323

Cited by 110Digital Mental Health InterventionsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesWorkplace Health and Well-being

Randomized controlled trial of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy for depressive symptoms: effectiveness and costs of a workplace intervention

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Phillips, R., Schneider, J., Molosankwe, I., Leese, M., Foroushani, P. Sarrami, Grime, P., McCrone, P., Morriss, R. +1 more·2014·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291713001323PMC PMC3898729

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Abstract

Background: Depression and anxiety are major causes of absence from work and underperformance in the workplace. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can be effective in treating such problems and online versions offer many practical advantages. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of a computerized CBT intervention (MoodGYM) in a workplace context. Method: The study was a phase III two-arm, parallel randomized controlled trial whose main outcome was total score on the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS). Depression, anxiety, psychological functioning, costs and acceptability of the online process were also measured. Most data were collected online for 637 participants at baseline, 359 at 6 weeks marking the end of the intervention and 251 participants at 12 weeks post-baseline. Results: In both experimental and control groups depression scores improved over 6 weeks but attrition was high. There was no evidence for a difference in the average treatment effect of MoodGYM on the WSAS, nor for a difference in any of the secondary outcomes. Conclusions: This study found no evidence that MoodGYM was superior to informational websites in terms of psychological outcomes or service use, although improvement to subthreshold levels of depression was seen in nearly half the patients in both groups.

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Evidence for online psychological interventions delivered in workplace settings is less convincing than evidence from clinical or community settings.
“but this evidence does not translate to online CBT-based stress management programmes delivered within a workplace context”
From Increasing engagement with, and effectiveness of, an online CBT-based stress management intervention for employees through the use of an online facilitated bulletin board: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [15]
The large improvements on depressive symptoms in the CAU group were also found in 2 studies with comparable target groups of non-sick-listed employees.
“The large improvements on depressive symptoms in the CAU group were also found in 2 studies with comparable target groups of non-sick-listed employees [28,66].”
From Long-Term Results of a Web-Based Guided Self-Help Intervention for Employees With Depressive Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [66]
Two published studies on Web-based interventions in a workplace context with long-term follow-up and comparable target group of non-sick-listed employees with mild to moderate depressive symptoms both tested unguided interventions and did not report significant effects in favor of the intervention at follow-up (3 or 6 months).
“Both studies did not report significant effects in favor of the intervention at follow-up (either 3 or 6 months) and showed the same pattern of improvement as was found in this study: substantial improvements between baseline and posttreatment which sustained at follow-up in both groups.”
From Long-Term Results of a Web-Based Guided Self-Help Intervention for Employees With Depressive Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [66]
One study of web-based CBT reported no significant improvement compared with controls on scores of health, quality of life, or subjective work-related performance.
“One study of web-based CBT52) reported no significant improvement compared with controls on scores of health, quality of life, or subjective work-related performance.”
From Web-based interventions for the management of stress in the workplace: Focus, form, and efficacy (2017) · cites this paper as [52]

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A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
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Cost–Utility of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Unipolar Depression: A Markov Model Simulation
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“The fourth study, also from the UK [30] reported no significant difference in the clinical effectiveness, service use, or costs of an unguided ICBT compared to a website providing information on mental health problems.”
Background
Remote delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy to patients with functional neurological disorders: Promise and challenges
Lin, A., & Espay, A. J. (2021) · Epilepsy & Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ebr.2021.100469 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Nine of the 13 trials reported significant improvement of depression and anxiety symptoms with iCBT compared to control groups, which included waitlist [27–32], treatment as usual [28,33–37], psychoeducation [38], and ‘‘attention placebo,” which consisted of weekly contact with a lay interviewer to discuss lifestyle f…”
Background
Wirksamkeit in Deutschland verfügbarer internetbasierter Interventionen für Depressionen – ein systematisches Review mit Metaanalyse
Haaf, R., Vock, P., Wächtershäuser, N., Correll, C. U., Köhler, S., & Klein, J. P. (2024) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-023-01587-0 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A review of web-based support systems for students in higher education
Παπαδάτου-Παστού, Μ., Goozée, R., Payne, E., Barrable, A., & Tzotzoli, P. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-017-0165-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“However, others have reported no benefit when secondary outcomes were examined, perhaps due to low uptake [65] or when compared with the use of informational websites [66].”
Background
Computer-based versus in-person interventions for preventing and reducing stress in workers
Kuster, A. T., Dalsbø, T. K., Luong Thanh, B. Y., Agarwal, A., Durand-Moreau, Q. V., & Kirkehei, I. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011899.pub2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Guided or self-guided internet-based cognitive–behavioural therapy (iCBT) for depression? Study protocol of an individual participant data network meta-analysis
Karyotaki, E., Furukawa, T., Efthimiou, O., Riper, H., & Cuijpers, P. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026820 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Computer-Assisted CBT and Mobile Apps for Depression: Assessment and Integration Into Clinical Care
Wright, J. H., & Mishkind, M. C. (2020) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20190044 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Integrated mental health care and vocational rehabilitation to improve return to work rates for people on sick leave because of depression and anxiety (the Danish IBBIS trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Poulsen, R. M., Hoff, A., Fisker, J. P., Hjorthøj, C. R., & Eplov, L. F. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2272-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression: Implementation Cost-Effectiveness Study
Piera-Jiménez, J., Etzelmueller, A., Kolovos, S., Folkvord, F., & Lupiáñez‐Villanueva, F. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/27410 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…in the lower zone of the wide range of values reported for guided interventions (ie, €19,616 [54] to €157,900 [55]; approximately US $19,616 and $189,825, respectively) and below that of unguided interventions (ie, €40,412 [56] to €178,700 [57]; approximately US $48,583 and $214,831, respectively).”
Health economic evaluation of an internet intervention for depression (deprexis), a randomized controlled trial
Gräfe, V., Moritz, S., & Greiner, W. (2020) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/s13561-020-00273-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Facilitating stress prevention in micro and small-sized enterprises: protocol for a mixed method study to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation process of targeted web-based interventions
Engels, M., Boß, L., Engels, J., Kuhlmann, R., Kuske, J., Lepper, S., Lesener, L., Pavlista, V., Diebig, M., Lunau, T., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12921-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“sensitive to changes in mental health in clinical and nonclinical samples [52, 53].”
Background
How can we estimate QALYs based on PHQ-9 scores? Equipercentile linking analysis of PHQ-9 and EQ-5D
Furukawa, T. A., Levine, S. Z., Buntrock, C., Ebert, D. D., Gilbody, S. M., Brabyn, S., Kessler, D. S., Björkelund, C., Eriksson, M. C. M., Kleiboer, A. M., et al. (2021) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmental-2020-300240 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
An Unguided, Computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention (TreadWill) in a Lower Middle-Income Country: Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Ghosh, A., Cherian, R. J., Wagle, S., Sharma, P., Kannan, K. R., Bajpai, A., & Gupta, N. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/41005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Note that the unguided studies included in the meta-analyses often involved initial contact with humans for diagnostic interviews [24-29], weekly telephone contact support [30,31], or treatment as usual [16,32].”
Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a stress management training for leaders of small and medium sized enterprises – study protocol for a randomized controlled-trial
Lehmann, J., Schwarz, E., Azad, Z. R., Gritzka, S., Seifried-Dübon, T., Diebig, M., Gast, M., Kilian, R., Nater, U. M., Jarczok, M. N., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10398-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Acceptability and Effectiveness of NHS-Recommended e-Therapies for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: Meta-Analysis
Simmonds‐Buckley, M., Bennion, M. R., Kellett, S., Millings, A., Hardy, G. E., & Moore, R. K. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17049 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Details of the included studies can be found in Multimedia Appendix 2[32-55].”
Time-Dependent Changes in Depressive Symptoms Among Control Participants in Digital-Based Psychological Intervention Studies: Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Tong, A. C. Y., Ho, F. S., Chu, O. H., & Mak, W. W. S. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/39029 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Adherence to Established Treatment Guidelines Among Unguided Digital Interventions for Depression: Quality Evaluation of 28 Web-Based Programs and Mobile Apps
Bubolz, S., Mayer, G., Gronewold, N., Hilbel, T., & Schultz, J. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16136 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Another problem that many web-based interventions face is a high attrition rate because many users drop out after a few days or weeks of using the intervention [43,44].”
From neuroscience to evidence based psychological treatments – The promise and the challenge, ECNP March 2016, Nice, France
Goodwin, G. M., Holmes, E. A., Andersson, E., Browning, M. D., Jones, A., Lass‐Hennemann, J., Månsson, K. N. T., Moessnang, C., Salemink, E., Sánchez-López, Á., et al. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.10.036 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Two recent trials in the UK did not find incremental effects of iCBT compared to treatment as usual (Gilbody et al., 2015; Phillips et al., 2014); suboptimal therapist support and high participant attrition was notable.”
Background
Economic Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression: A Systematic Review
Li, M., Bai, F., Yao, L., Yu, Q., Chen, K., Xin, T., Ma, X., Ma, Y., Zhou, Y., Dai, H., et al. (2022) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2021.11.1379 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Detailed statistical analysis plan for the short-term versus long-term mentalisation-based therapy for outpatients with subthreshold or diagnosed borderline personality disorder randomised clinical trial (MBT-RCT)
Juul, S., Simonsen, S., Poulsen, S., Lunn, S., Sørensen, P. S., BATEMAN, A. W., & Jakobsen, J. C. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05450-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Accessibility and Applicability of Currently Available e-Mental Health Programs for Depression for People With Poststroke Aphasia: Scoping Review
Clunne, S. J., Ryan, B., Hill, A. J., Brandenburg, C., & Kneebone, I. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9864 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“There was, however, an exception to this, whereby an RCT evaluating Moodgym was reviewed despite there being a meta-analysis available for this program, as the RCT included participants with stroke [56].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Optimizing Workplace Digital Mental Health Interventions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Stratton, E., Morris, R. W., Milton, A. C., Deady, M., Choi, I., & Glozier, N. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/71253 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effectiveness of a Guided Web-Based Intervention to Reduce Depressive Symptoms before Outpatient Psychotherapy: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Krämer, L. V., Grünzig, S.-D., Baumeister, H., Ebert, D. D., & Bengel, J. (2021) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000515625 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Health economic evaluation of a web-based intervention for depression: the EVIDENT-trial, a randomized controlled study
Gräfe, V., Berger, T., Hautzinger, M., Hohagen, F., Lutz, W., Meyer, B., Moritz, S., Rose, M., Schröder, J., Späth, C., et al. (2019) · Health Economics Review · doi:10.1186/s13561-019-0233-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A community-based peer-support group intervention “Paths to EvERyday life” (PEER) added to service as usual for adults with vulnerability to mental health difficulties – a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Poulsen, C. H., Egmose, C. H., Ebersbach, B. K., Hjorthøj, C. R., & Eplov, L. F. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06670-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A systematic realist synthesis of digital interventions for enhancing mental health at work: contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes
Zuberbühler, J. P., Pietrantoni, L., Mazzetti, G., Angelis, M. D., Giusino, D., Román-Niaves, M. S., Guglielmi, D., & Salanova, M. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-024-00655-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Digital Psychotherapies for Adults Experiencing Depressive Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Omylinska‐Thurston, J., Aithal, S., Liverpool, S., Clark, R. D., Moula, Z., Wood, J., Viliardos, L., Rodríguez-Dorans, E., Farish-Edwards, F., Parsons, A. S., et al. (2024) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/55500 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Integrated mental health care and vocational rehabilitation to improve return to work rates for people on sick leave because of exhaustion disorder, adjustment disorder, and distress (the Danish IBBIS trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Poulsen, R. M., Fisker, J. P., Hoff, A., Hjorthøj, C. R., & Eplov, L. F. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2273-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for employees with depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiong, J., Wen, J. L., Pei, G., Han, X., & He, D. Q. (2022) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2022.2043647 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“, 2014 [55] UK A total of 355 participants was required Depression(PHQ-9) RCT Baseline 6 weeks 12 weeks MoodGYM Active control MoodGYM is a freely available course developed at Australia National University (ANU) that allows participants to proceed at their own pace over five, usually taken weekly”
Computer-assisted Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Mobile Apps for Depression and Anxiety: Evidence-based Digital Tools for Clinical Practice
Rajeshkumar, L., Mishkind, M., Coleman, J. J., Pahwa, M., LaPreze, D., Solenske, S., & Wright, J. H. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000815 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Workplace Interventions for Depression in Asia: A Meta-Analysis
Lau, R. W., & Mak, W. (2017) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244017710293 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Randomized controlled trial of online interventions for co-occurring depression and hazardous alcohol consumption: Primary outcome results
Cunningham, J. A., Godinho, A., Hendershot, C. S., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., Neighbors, C., Griffiths, K. M., & Schell, C. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100477 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Participants in the M-only group were provided access to MoodGYM, a popular automated online intervention for depression with multiple trials demonstrating its efficacy (Bennett et al., 2010; Calear et al., 2009; Christensen et al., 2004; Griffiths et al., 2004; Hickie et al., 2010; Hoifodt et al., 2013; Mackinnon et…”
Method
Direct to Public Peer Support and e-Therapy Program Versus Information to Aid Self-Management of Depression and Anxiety: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Kaylor‐Hughes, C., Rawsthorne, M., Coulson, N., Simpson, S., Simons, L., Guo, B., James, M., Moran, P., Simpson, J., Hollis, C. P., et al. (2017) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.8061 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Assuming a 50% loss to follow-up, a total of 1352 participants are required for the RCT [33,34] but typically BWW would be expected to enroll 2200 people in a county the size of Nottinghamshire if the uptake of BWW was consistent with the general pattern seen in similar parts of the country.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Does providing a brief internet intervention for hazardous alcohol use to people seeking online help for depression reduce both alcohol use and depression symptoms among participants with these co-occurring disorders? Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Cunningham, J. A., Hendershot, C. S., KAY‐LAMBKIN, F. J., Neighbors, C., Griffiths, K. M., Bennett, K., Bennett, A., Godinho, A., & Schell, C. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022412 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Depression in the workplace: screening and treatment
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Web-Based Interventions to Help Australian Adults Address Depression, Anxiety, Suicidal Ideation, and General Mental Well-being: Scoping Review
Skaczkowski, G., van der Kruk, S., Loxton, S., Hughes-Barton, D., Howell, C., Turnbull, D., Jensen, N., Smout, M., & Gunn, K. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/31018 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The quality of this evidence is high, with a number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs; eg, the studies by McDermott et al [10], Powell et al [12], and Kiropoulos et al [13]) and systematic reviews (eg, the studies by Renton et al [15] and Ashford et al [16]) illustrating their value.”
BackgroundInfluential
Increasing engagement with, and effectiveness of, an online CBT-based stress management intervention for employees through the use of an online facilitated bulletin board: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial
Carolan, S., Harris, P. R., Greenwood, K., & Cavanagh, K. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1733-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effectiveness of internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy in reducing sickness absence among young employees with depressive symptoms: study protocol for a large-scale pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Kouvonen, A. M., Mänty, M., Harkko, J., Sumanen, H., Konttinen, H. M., Lahti, J., Pietiläinen, O. P. H., Blomgren, J., Tuovinen, E., Ketonen, E.-L., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032119 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Digital Interventions for Deficit-Oriented and Asset-Oriented Psychological Outcomes in the Workplace: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis
Armaou, M., Araviaki, E., Dutta, S., Konstantinidis, S. T., & Blake, H. (2022) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe12100102 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“However, just five studies (3 RCTs and 2 quasi-experimental studies) [63,65,67,71,91] demonstrated a lower proportion of bias than the rest.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Online cognitive behavioral therapy (eCBT) for the management of depression symptoms in unipolar and bipolar spectrum disorders, a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Gutiérrez, G., Gizzarelli, T., Moghimi, E., Vázquez, G. H., & Alavi, N. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.09.005 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Toward Digital Self-Monitoring of Mental Health in the General Population: Scoping Review of Existing Approaches to Self-Report Measurement
Koh, Z. H., Serbetci, D., Skues, J., & Murray, G. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/59351 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Digital transformation of mental health therapy by integrating digitalized cognitive behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Wu, J., Tsai, Y.-Y., Chen, Y.-J., Hsiao, F., Hsu, C., Lin, K., & Liao, L. (2024) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-024-03209-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Clinical research has shown that iCBT significantly improves depression [103–105], anxiety [106, 107], panic disorder [108], and obsessive–compulsive symptoms [109].”
Effective interventions to reduce sick leave in workers with mental illnesses: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Shiri, R., Varje, P., & Toppinen‐Tanner, S. (2025) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112140 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Exploring the development and maintenance of therapeutic relationships through e-Health support: A narrative analysis of therapist experiences
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Economic evaluations of eHealth interventions targeting mental health problems in the workplace: a systematic review
Peeters, S. B., Hilgersom, M., van Krugten, F. C. W., Olaya, B., Haro, J. M., Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D., & Roijen, L. H. (2024) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2024.2390371 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Digital cognitive behavioural therapy intervention in the workplace: study protocol for a feasibility randomised waitlist-controlled trial to improve employee mental well-being, engagement and productivity
Patel, K., Moukhtarian, T. R., Russell, S., Daly, G. B. J., Walasek, L., Tang, N. K. Y., Toro, C. T., & Meyer, C. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060545 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Psychological workplace interventions to prevent major depression: A model-based economic evaluation
Le, L. K., Lee, Y. Y., Engel, L., Lal, A., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2021) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2021.200209 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Internet‐based cognitive behavioural therapy programme with and without videoconference guidance sessions: A randomized controlled trial to treat work‐related symptoms of anxiety and depression
Elvira, A. C., Santacreu, M., Giráldez, C. A. M., & Shih, P. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2571 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A mixed-method randomised controlled feasibility trial of digital CBT and emotion regulation skills training for employees in the workplace (REST)
Moukhtarian, T. R., Fletcher, S., Walasek, L., Kershaw, C., Patel, K., Hurley-Wallace, A. L., Russell, S., Daly, G. B. J., Tang, N. K. Y., Toro, C. T., et al. (2024) · BMC Digital Health · doi:10.1186/s44247-024-00114-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Implementation of CBT and digital CBT (dCBT) in workplace settings can improve mental health, and reduce incidence of clinical levels of depressive and anxious disorders [12, 13].”
Background
Comparison of Cost-Effectiveness Between Digital Health Interventions and Pharmacotherapy for Depression: Systematic Review
Im, J., Oh, B.-C., Song, H.-J., Choi, J., Yeo, D. H., & Lee, E. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/70248 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“DHIs often exhibited variability in cost definitions and classifications, with intervention costs being frequently undefined or excluded [25,29,33,45,46].”
The Use of Technology to Augment Clinical Care in Depression and Anxiety Disorders: An Evidence Map
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“…Oromendia et al., 2016; Orr and Moscovitch, 2010; Pallavicini et al., 2009; Paxling et al., 2011; Perini, Titov, and Andrews, 2009; Pham et al., 2016; Phillips et al., 2014; Pictet, Jermann, and Ceschi, 2016; Piette et al., 2011; Pinto et al., 2016; Pinto et al., 2013; Pots et al., 2016;…”
Background
How Online Counselling Is Utilised, Evaluated, and Received
Agathokleous, G., & Taiwo, A. O. (2021) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7991-6.ch011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Impact of an automated Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy program on suicide thinking and risk among United States rural adults
Schure, M. B., McCrory, B., Greist, J. H., & Weissman, R. S. (2022) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-022-00030-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A qualitative study investigating fatigue among Indonesian freight-train drivers
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Cost-utility analysis of screening and cognitive behavioral therapy compared to usual care for postpartum depression
Wang, B., Shen, S., Lok, K. Y. W., Lin, J., & Smith, R. D. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07459-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Several studies have assessed the cost-effectiveness of screening and CBT for a wide range of conditions [15–17].”
Cost-Utility and Cost-effectiveness of MoodSwings 2.0, an Internet-Based Self-management Program for Bipolar Disorder: Economic Evaluation Alongside a Randomized Controlled Trial
Chatterton, M. L., Lee, Y. Y., Berk, L., Mohebbi, M., Berk, M., Suppes, T. M., Lauder, S., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2022) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/36496 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Practical Considerations for Emerging Types of Telebehavioral Health Care: Computer-Assisted Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Mobile Applications
Wright, J. H., Chan, S. R., & Mishkind, M. C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11984-2_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Clinical Factor 2014
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“, 79 2007), weekly telephone contact support (Christensen et al., 2004; Phillips et al., 2014), or 80 treatment-as-usual (Gilbody et al.”
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Impact of an Automated Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program on Suicide Thinking and Risk Among US Rural AdultsPreprint
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“Four trials assessing daily functioning/disability found either no signi cant group differences [45, 49] or a moderate effect size [46, 50].”
Background

Outcomes of an online computerized cognitive behavioral treatment program for treating chinese patients with depression: A pilot study
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Web-based Cognitive Behavior Therapy: Analysis of Site Usage and Changes in Depression and Anxiety Scores
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A randomized controlled trial of the computerized CBT programme, MoodGYM, for public mental health service users waiting for interventions
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Authors: Phillips, R., Schneider, J., Molosankwe, I., Leese, M., Foroushani, P. S., Grime, P., McCrone, P., Morriss, R., & Thornicroft, G.
Affiliations: King's College London (GB)
University of Nottingham (GB)
UNSW Sydney (AU)
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Corresponding author: Schneider, J.
ORCID: Phillips, R.
Schneider, J.
McCrone, P.
Morriss, R.
Thornicroft, G.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2013-06-24
Volume: 44
Issue: 4
Pages: 741-752
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001323
PMC: PMC3898729
OpenAlex: W2141180159
Cited by: 110
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 7.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (acceptedVersion)
Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10053, MET-08-08-101)
British Occupational Health Research Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
Keywords: MoodGYM, work-related depression, depressive symptoms, online intervention, Work and Social Adjustment Scale, treatment effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, informational websites, attrition, subthreshold depression, psychological functioning, anxiety, service utilization
MeSH terms: Adult, Costs and Cost Analysis, Depression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Education as Topic, Social Adjustment, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Occupational Health, Treatment Outcome, Workplace, Internet

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Randomized controlled trial of computerized cognitive behavioural therapy for depressive symptoms: effectiveness and costs of a workplace intervention

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