DSM-IV defined conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: An investigation of shared liability in female twins
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Background: DSM-IV specifies a hierarchal diagnostic structure such that an oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) diagnosis is applied only if criteria are not met for conduct disorder (CD). Genetic studies of ODD and CD support a combination of shared genetic and environmental influences but largely ignore the imposed diagnostic structure. Method: We examined whether ODD and CD share an underlying etiology while accounting for DSM-IV diagnostic specifications. Data from 1446 female twin pairs, aged 11–19 years, were fitted to two-stage models adhering to the DSM-IV diagnostic hierarchy. Results: The models suggested that DSM-IV ODD–CD covariation is attributed largely to shared genetic influences. Conclusions: This is the first study, to our knowledge, to examine genetic and environmental overlap among these disorders while maintaining a DSM-IV hierarchical structure. The findings reflect primarily shared genetic influences and specific (i.e. uncorrelated) shared/familial environmental effects on these DSM-IV-defined behaviors. These results have implications for how best to define CD and ODD for future genetically informed analyses.
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In ADHD samples, heritability for CD was 0.33 and for ODD was 0.64.
“In ADHD samples, hereditability for CD was 0.33 and for ODD was 0.64”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Knopik et al., 2014
The Results (Genetic analyses) report heritability estimates of 0.33 for CD and 0.64 for ODD once ADHD is controlled for. The paper does not describe these as estimates from an ADHD sample; its Current Study section describes a sample of female twins. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEnvironmental influences are specific to each disorder and seem more pronounced in typical behavior of ODD than of ADHD, where genetic influences seem greater.
“certain studies (e.g., Knopik et al., 2014) argue that they are speci fi c to each disorder, and seem to be more pronounced in typical behavior of ODD than of ADHD, where genetic in fl uences seem to be greater”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Knopik et al., 2014
The Results (Genetic analyses; page unavailable) suggest that shared environmental effects are specific to ODD and CD. The paper does not establish that environmental influences are more pronounced in ODD than in ADHD, or that genetic influences are greater in ADHD; its ADHD-adjusted estimates compare ODD with CD. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is a strong relationship between CD and ODD, which seem to share genetic influences, specifically a unique genetic influence that increases the tendency for externalization in both disorders and most likely in ADHD, although each disorder may also have its own genetic characteristics.
“There is a strong relationship between CD and ODD (Rowe et al., 2002), which seem to share genetic in fl uences (Knopik et al., 2014), speci fi cally an unique genetic in fl uence that increases the tendency for externalization in both disorders (Dick et al., 2005) and, most likely, in ADHD, although each disorder may also have its own genetic characteristics”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Knopik et al., 2014
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAll genetic influences between CD and ODD may be shared, while environmental effects seem specific for each disorder.
“all genetic in fl uences may be shared, while environmental e ff ects seem to be speci fi c for each disorder”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Knopik et al., 2014
The genetic correlation between CD and ODD is 0.52 (95% CI 0.18-1.00), meaning genetic influences in CD represent 27% of the genetic variation in ODD.
“the genetic correlation between the disorders is 0.52 (IC 95% = 0.18 -1.00), which means that genetic in fl uences in CD represent 27% of the genetic variation in ODD”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Knopik et al., 2014
Shared environmental correlation between CD and ODD is 0.28, and nonshared environmental correlation is 0.03.
“Shared environmental correlations obtained a result of 0.28, and nonshared environmental correlations yielded a result of 0.03”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Knopik et al., 2014
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Sorted by citations
ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors
Azeredo, A., Moreira, D., & Barbosa, F. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.12.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Knopik, V. S., Bidwell, L. C., Flessner, C., Nugent, N., Swenson, L., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., & Heath, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Suffolk University (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Knopik, V. S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2013-06-24
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1053-1064
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC4024101
- OpenAlex
- W1991772183
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Cambridge
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA11998, R37AA007728, K05AA017688, R01AA009022, P50AA011998, AA 09022, P60AA011998, R01AA007728, AA017688, AA-07728)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH087240, MH087240)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA023134, DA023134, DA17671, K01DA017671, K23DA033302, DA033302)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD049024, R01HD049024)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, shared liability, genetic factors, family environment, twin studies, adolescent girls, comorbidities, behavioral disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Diseases in Twins, Female, Humans, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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