Sources of covariation among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct Disorder:The importance of shared environment
Abstract
Research has documented high levels of covariation among childhood externalizing disorders, but the etiology of this covariation is unclear. To unravel the sources of covariation among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD), the authors studied 11-year-old twins (N = 1,506) from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Symptom counts for each of these disorders were obtained from interviews administered to the twins and their mothers. A model was fit that allowed the parsing of genetic, shared environmental (factors that make family members similar to each other), and nonshared environmental (factors that make family members different from each other) contributions to covariation. The results revealed that although each disorder was influenced by genetic and environmental factors, a single shared environmental factor made the largest contribution to the covariation among ADHD, ODD, and CD.
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An estimated covariance of 1.0 between each pair of ADHD, CD, and ODD indicates that the same shared environmental factor influences the development of each disorder.
“An estimated covariance of 1.0 between each pair of disorders indicates that the same-shared environmental factor in fl uences the development of each disorder”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Burt et al., 2001
ADHD, CD, and ODD have mostly a genetic covariation, even if they can also be influenced by the environment.
“these three disorders have mostly a genetic covariation, even if they can also be in fl uenced by the environment”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Burt et al., 2001
The covariance between ADHD, CD, and ODD seems to come from a single common environmental factor.
“the covariance between ADHD, CD, and ODD seems to come from a single common environmental factor”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Burt, Krueger, McGue, & Iacono, 2001
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Mann, F. D., Patterson, M. W., Grotzinger, A. D., Kretsch, N., Tackett, J. L., Tucker–Drob, E. M., & Harden, K. P. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000160 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Interplay Among Preschool Child and Family Factors and the Development of ODD Symptoms
Harvey, E. A., & Metcalfe, L. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.673161 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Research suggests that environments (Burt, Krueger, McGue, & Iocono, 2001 ) and biological factors, including genetics and prenatal and perinatal complications (Brennan, Grekin, & Mednick, 2003 ), play a role in the development of ODD.”
BackgroundRowe, R., Rijsdijk, F. V., Maughan, B., Eley, T. C., Hosang, G. M., & Eley, T. C. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01834.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Atherton, O. E., Ferrer, E., & Robins, R. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000489 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bornovalova, M. A., Verhulst, B., Webber, T., McGue, M. K., Iacono, W. G., & Hicks, B. M. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000463 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationTully, E. C., & Iacono, W. G. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.20 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationADHD, ODD, and CD: Do They Belong to a Common Psychopathological Spectrum? A Case Series
Ghosh, S., & Sinha, M. (2012) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2012/520689 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bornovalova, M., Blazei, R. W., Malone, S., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. (2012) · Personality disorders · doi:10.1037/a0028607 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Because the three DBDs have been reported to reflect an underlying externalizing (EXT) dimension (Burt et al., 2001), an EXT variable was created by taking the first principal component of the symptoms of the three DBDs.”
MethodSelf-citationClassification of Psychopathology
Acton, G., & Zodda, J. J. (2005) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354305053220 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Liontou, T. (2019) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2019.1581403 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…fi c task, make careless mistakes, struggle to follow instructions and complete tasks on time, keep fi dgeting and squirming in their seat and give the impression of daydreaming and “ tuning out ’ when not interested in the lesson (Taylor 2017; Burt et al. 2001; Lock, Worley, and Worlaich 2008).”
BackgroundBarker, E. D., Walton, E., Cecil, C. A. M., Rowe, R., Jaffee, S. R., Maughan, B., O’Connor, T. G., Stringaris, A. K., Meehan, A. J., McArdle, W. L., et al. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12957 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research
Iacono, W., McGue, M., & Krueger, R. F. (2006) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.9.6.978 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“We have also found that the covariance among conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and ADHD was due to common environments (Burt et al., 2001), with a third of the covariation among these disruptive disorders accounted for by parent–child conflict acting via both genetic and environmental paths, suggesting…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTaylor, J. E., Allan, N. P., Mikolajewski, A. J., & Hart, S. A. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02621.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In addition, future studies should build on the work of Burt et al. (2003) in identifying what measurable variables comprise the shared environmental effects on the latent Externalizing factor in children. Parent-child conflict within the family appears to be one such variable (Burt et al.), and future work could buil…”
BackgroundInfluentialYoon, H. H., Iacono, W. G., Malone, S. M., Bernat, E. M., & McGue, M. K. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.08.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…probable (one symptom short of the eight needed for a definite diagnosis) or definite (all diagnostic criteria satisfied) levels of certainty using a best-estimate approach that combined mother and child reports and that has demonstrated construct validity in this sample (e.g., Burt et al., 2001).”
Self-citationBurcusa, S. L., Iacono, W., & McGue, M. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00184 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevention of serious conduct problems in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Villodas, M. T., Pfiffner, L. J., & McBurnett, K. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.119 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Testing Multiple Conceptualizations of Oppositional Defiant Disorder in Youth
Ollendick, T., Booker, J., Ryan, S. M., & Greene, R. W. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1286594 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Genetics of ADHD, Hyperactivity, and Attention Problems
Derks, E., Hudziak, J., & Boomsma, D. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76727-7_25 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
de Zeeuw, E. L., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Lubke, G. H., Glasner, T. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2015) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-015-9712-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The finding of common environmental effects is consistent with earlier studies of ODD behavior using parental ratings (Burt et al. 2001; Tuvblad et al. 2009).”
ResultDiversidade de resultados no estudo do transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade
Oliveira, C., & Albuquerque, P. (2009) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s0102-37722009000100011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
McKinney, C., & Renk, K. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100811 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“To make this determination, Slutske and colleagues (2003) examined results from two twin studies (Burt et al., 2001; Eaves et al., 2001).”
Frick, M. A., & Brocki, K. (2019) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2019.1641185 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…the symptoms are dimensional traits found also in the general population, and that these traits phenotypically and genetically represent the same phenomena as a diagnosis (Burt et al., 2001; Frick & Nigg, 2012; Martin, Hamshere, Stergiakouli, O’Donovan, & Thapar, 2014; Middeldorp et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSellers, R., Harold, G. T., Thapar, A., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ganiban, J. M., Reiss, D., Shaw, D. S., Natsuaki, M. N., & Leve, L. D. (2020) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-020-10006-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Burt, S. A., Krueger, R. F., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 516-525
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2066945802
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1k02aa000175-01)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA-00175, AA-09367)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH017069, 2T32 MH17069-18)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-05147)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, externalizing disorders, shared environment, nonshared environment, genetic factors, twin studies, Minnesota Twin Family Study, child psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Environment, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Sex Factors, Twins, Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
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