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Preventing depression and anxiety in young people: a review of the joint efficacy of universal, selective and indicated prevention
Open accessAbstract
Depression and anxiety (internalizing disorders) are the largest contributors to the non-fatal health burden among young people. This is the first meta-analysis to examine the joint efficacy of universal, selective, and indicated preventive interventions upon both depression and anxiety among children and adolescents (5–18 years) while accounting for their co-morbidity. We conducted a systematic review of reviews in Medline, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, from 1980 to August 2014. Multivariate meta-analysis examined the efficacy of preventive interventions on depression and anxiety outcomes separately, and the joint efficacy on both disorders combined. Meta-regressions examined heterogeneity of effect according to a range of study variables. Outcomes were relative risks (RR) for disorder, and standardized mean differences (Cohen's d ) for symptoms. One hundred and forty-six randomized controlled trials (46 072 participants) evaluated universal (children with no identified risk, n = 54) selective (population subgroups of children who have an increased risk of developing internalizing disorders due to shared risk factors, n = 45) and indicated prevention (children with minimal but detectable symptoms of an internalizing disorder, n = 47), mostly using psychological-only strategies ( n = 105). Reductions in internalizing disorder onset occurred up to 9 months post-intervention, whether universal [RR 0.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37–0.60], selective (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.43–0.85) or indicated (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29–0.78). Reductions in internalizing symptoms occurred up to 12 months post-intervention for universal prevention; however, reductions only occurred in the shorter term for selective and indicated prevention. Universal, selective and indicated prevention interventions are efficacious in reducing internalizing disorders and symptoms in the short term. They might be considered as repeated exposures in school settings across childhood and adolescence. (PROSPERO registration: CRD42014013990.)
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“Indeed, the booster session contributed to maintaining longterm effects, highlighting the relevant role of the booster session for the transdiagnostic treatment in the maintenance of effects over time, which is consistent with reports from other studies (Loevaas et al., 2020;Rasing et al., 2017;Stockings et al., 2016).”
From Effectiveness of a transdiagnostic indicated preventive intervention for adolescents at high risk for anxiety and depressive disorders (2024) · cites this paper as Stockings et al., 2016
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“However, most of the studies have found relatively small or modest effects in the short term, with many findings dissipating over the long term, which suggests the need for booster sessions to maintain the effects of such indicated programs over time (Rasing et al., 2017;Stockings et al., 2016).”
From Effectiveness of a transdiagnostic indicated preventive intervention for adolescents at high risk for anxiety and depressive disorders (2024) · cites this paper as Stockings et al., 2016
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“Another explanation is that booster sessions may have reduced the likelihood of the onset of clinical disorders in both conditions, as authors have argued that booster sessions could maintain the effects of interventions over time (Rasing et al., 2017;Stockings et al., 2016).”
From Effectiveness of a transdiagnostic indicated preventive intervention for adolescents at high risk for anxiety and depressive disorders (2024) · cites this paper as Stockings et al., 2016
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“The universal prevention for mental health also has an advantage in its less stigmatizing nature28.”
From Effect of smartphone-based stress management programs on depression and anxiety of hospital nurses in Vietnam: a three-arm randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
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Cited by
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Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing
Patton, G. C., Sawyer, S. M., Santelli, J. S., Ross, D. A., Afifi, R., Allen, N. B., Arora, M., Azzopardi, P., Baldwin, W., Bonell, C., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00579-1 · Cited by 3,785
Self-citationThe social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations
Kirkbride, J. B., Anglin, D. M., Colman, I., Dykxhoorn, J. L., Jones, P. B., Patalay, P., Pitman, A., Soneson, E., Steare, T., Wright, T., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21160 · Cited by 1,619
“Relevantly, a 2016 review estimated that universal prevention programs of depression and anxiety delivered in schools (mostly CBTbased) prevented 50% of cases of a diagnosable internalizing disorder in the following 6 to 9 months 345 .”
BackgroundThe impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child and adolescent mental health: systematic review
Panchal, U., Salazar de Pablo, G., Franco, M., Moreno, C., Parellada, M., Arango, C., & Fusar-Poli, P. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01856-w · Cited by 1,028
Werner-Seidler, A., Perry, Y., Calear, A. L., Newby, J. M., & Christensen, H. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.005 · Cited by 773
“…conducted on diagnostic outcomes following prevention programs consistently support this assertion, with a recent review showing that preventive programs are associated with a 53% decrease in risk of internalising disorder onset in the 6-9 months following program delivery (Stockings et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPreventive strategies for mental health
Arango, C., Díaz-Caneja, C. M., McGorry, P. D., Rapoport, J., Sommer, I. E., Vorstman, J. A., McDaid, D., Marín, O., Serrano-Drozdowskyj, E., Freedman, R., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30057-9 · Cited by 1,271
“60 Examples of effective indicated interventions supported by meta-analyses include parent management training to prevent externalizing disorders in children with high antisocial behaviour scores, 77 and to prevent depression and anxiety disorders in children showing early manifestations of…”
Penninx, B. W., Pine, D. S., Holmes, E. A., & Reif, A. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00359-7 · Cited by 740
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Jorm, A. F., Patten, S. B., Brugha, T. S., & Mojtabai, R. (2017) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20388 · Cited by 556
Caldwell, D. M., Davies, S. R., Hetrick, S. E., Palmer, J. C., Caro, P., López-López, J. A., Gunnell, D., Kidger, J., Thomas, J., French, C., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30403-1 · Cited by 336
Self-citationTowards a youth mental health paradigm: a perspective and roadmap
Uhlhaas, P. J., Davey, C. G., Mehta, U. M., Shah, J., Torous, J., Allen, N. B., Avenevoli, S., Bella-Awusah, T., Chanen, A., Chen, E. Y. H., et al. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02202-z · Cited by 318
Self-citationWerner‐Seidler, A., Spanos, S., Calear, A. L., Perry, Y., Torok, M. H., O’Dea, B., Christensen, H. M., & Newby, J. M. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102079 · Cited by 364
Topper, M., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Watkins, E., & Ehring, T. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.015 · Cited by 254
“Anxiety disorders and depression are highly prevalent (Kessler, Chiu, Demler,&Walters, 2005), are associated with reduced quality of life for patients (Olatunji, Cisler,& Tolin, 2007; Strine et al., 2009), and enormous economic costs for society (Simon, VonKorff, & Barlow, 1995).”
BackgroundLee, Y. Y., Stockings, E. A., Harris, M. G., Doi, S. A. R., Page, I. S., Davidson, S. K., & Barendregt, J. J. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000557 · Cited by 201
“Indicated prevention interventions that conduct screening and subsequently provide brief psychological therapy to people with subthreshold depression have been shown to be effective in both schools (Merry et al. 2011; Stockings et al. 2016) and primary care clinics (Willemse et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAnxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A summary and overview of the literature
Rapee, R. M., Creswell, C., Kendall, P. C., Pine, D. S., & Waters, A. M. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104376 · Cited by 227
Johnson, C., Burke, C., Brinkman, S., & Wade, T. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.03.002 · Cited by 167
Osborn, T. L., Rodriguez, M., Wasil, A. R., Venturo‐Conerly, K. E., Gan, J. Y., Alemu, R. E. G., Roe, E., Susana Arango, G., Otieno, B. H., Wasanga, C., et al. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000505 · Cited by 181
“Evidence on the effects of universal programs is mixed, but some studies have shown a small to medium short-term reduction in youth depressive and anxiety symptoms (Ahlen, Lenhard, & Ghaderi, 2015; Stockings et al., 2016).”
ResultAssociation Between Disturbed Sleep and Depression in Children and Youths
Marino, C., Andrade, B. F., Campisi, S. C., Wong, M., Zhao, H., Jing, X., Aitken, M., Bonato, S., Haltigan, J. D., Wang, W., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.2373 · Cited by 149
Kumar, M., Huang, K., Othieno, C. J., Wamalwa, D. C., Madeghe, B. A., Osok, J., Njuguna, S., Nato, J., & McKay, M. M. (2017) · Global Social Welfare · doi:10.1007/s40609-017-0102-8 · Cited by 146
“Evaluation studies have noted that very limited interventions have been tested to address adolescent mental health (Jorm 2015; Stockings et al. 2016), and in the few that have been used, their effectiveness for high risk or for differential cultural/socioeconomic contexts has not been demonstrated.”
BackgroundChodkiewicz, A. R., & Boyle, C. (2016) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.3080 · Cited by 151
Moreno-Peral, P., Conejo-Cerón, S., Rubio-Valera, M., Fernández, A., Navas-Campaña, D., Rodríguez-Morejón, A., Motrico, E., Rigabert, A., Luna, J. D. D., Martín-Pérez, C., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2509 · Cited by 115
“Previous systematic reviews ormeta-analyses of the prevention of anxiety have been mainly undertaken in children and/or adolescents.(9-13) In adults, studieshave traditionally focused on specific anxiety disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder.”
MethodResultGirio-Herrera, E. L., Ehrlich, C. J., Danzi, B. A., & Greca, A. M. L. (2019) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.11.004 · Cited by 115
“The findings fit with a recent review of the joint efficacy of universal, selective, and indicated prevention programs for anxiety and depression combined, which only obtained evidence for short-term intervention effects (Stockings et al., 2016).”
ResultLoechner, J., Starman, K., Galuschka, K., Tamm, J., Schulte-Körne, G., Rubel, J., & Platt, B. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.009 · Cited by 96
Ormel (2019) · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000505 · Cited by 102
“Studies including long-term outcomes are rare; most prevention RCTs have short-term outcomes of 24 months at best, and meta-analyses found significant heterogeneity and bias [79,80].”
Schoneveld, E. A., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., & Granic, I. (2018) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-017-0843-8 · Cited by 94
“Various recent meta-analyses show that anxiety prevention programs that target youth with some degree of risk (i.e., selective or indicated) result in small (e.g., Stockings et al. 2016) to moderate (Mychailyszyn et al. 2012) effect sizes.”
BackgroundA Meta-Analysis of Universal School-Based Prevention Programs for Anxiety and Depression in Children
Johnstone, K. M., Kemps, E., & Chen, J. (2018) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0266-5 · Cited by 98
Pascoe, M. C., & Parker, A. G. (2019) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12737 · Cited by 91
“Conversely, Stockings et al. (2016) concluded in their metaanalysis that both universal (14 studies, n = 7798) and selective prevention programs (9 studies, n = 1234), were associated with a reduced risk of developing depressive disorder, when assessing psychological, educational and physical activity prevention progr…”
BackgroundTreatment and Prevention of Depression and Anxiety in Youth: Test of Cross-Over Effects
Garber, J., Brunwasser, S. M., Zerr, A. A., Schwartz, K. T. G., Sova, K., & Weersing, V. R. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22519 · Cited by 98
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“Accessing help for mental health problems is recognised as a protective factor [18] with indicated and early intervention programs likely to be most beneficial to adolescents and young adults [18, 19].”
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“This implies that in some adolescents depression symptoms might recur after some time, despite the preventive intervention they received, which is also advocated in different meta-analyses (Stockings et al., 2016).”
ResultLee, Y. Y., Barendregt, J. J., Stockings, E. A., Ferrari, A. J., Whiteford, H. A., Patton, G. A., & Mihalopoulos, C. (2017) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796016000469 · Cited by 85
“…meta-analysis of RCTs measuring changes in depressive symptoms which also found universal and indicated prevention interventions to be efficacious (Stockings et al. 2016); and there was comparable risk of bias between studies measuring depression outcomes and those measuring depressive symptoms.”
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The effectiveness of a school-based, universal mental health programme in six European countries
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“Research also indicates the importance of school-based mental health interventions as an effective strategy to prevent the onset of mental health issues during adolescence (Stockings et al., 2016; Woods and Pooley, 2016).”
BackgroundCardamone-Breen, M. C., Jorm, A. F., Lawrence, K. A., Rapee, R. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Yap, M. B. H. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.9499 · Cited by 75
“A number of recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses support the efficacy of existing preventive programs (eg, [23,24-28]).”
Martinsen, K. D., Rasmussen, L. P., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., Holen, S., Sund, A. M., Løvaas, M. E. S., Patras, J., Kendall, P. C., Waaktaar, T., & Neumer, S. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000360 · Cited by 80
“Preventing or delaying the onset of disorders can have public health benefits: Stockings et al. (2016) reported that preventive programs were associated with a decrease in risk for internalizing disorder onset.”
BackgroundHaugland, B. S. M., Haaland, V. Ø., Baste, V., Bjaastad, J. F., Hoffart, A., Rapee, R. M., Raknes, S., Himle, J. A., Husabø, E. B., & Wergeland, G. J. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.12.003 · Cited by 92
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“…parenting interventions were found to have beneficial effects on the child’s internalizing outcomes lasting up to 11 years post intervention [31], the evidence base for preventive interventions targeting young people directly suggests that intervention effects may last less than 2 years [38-40].”
Uhlig, S., Jansen, E., & Scherder, E. (2017) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735617719154 · Cited by 82
“Intervention programs that use CBT in school are effective in preventing internalizing disorders, like depression and anxiety (Stockings et al., 2016).”
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“In the years since we developed Recapture Life, large-scale reviews have suggested that, while there may be some evidence to support the efficacy of selective-prevention interventions in reducing the severity of mental health disorders in the short term, longer-term data is more mixed, as is data on the efficacy of se…”
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“Psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, and medication have been widely used by educators and psychologists to improve depressive symptoms in children and adolescents, with some degree of success [6–8].”
What is needed to eradicate the depression epidemic, and why
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Acceptance and commitment therapy universal prevention program for adolescents: a feasibility study.
Burckhardt, R., Manicavasagar, V., Batterham, P. J., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., & Shand, F. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-017-0164-5 · Cited by 81
Prevention of mental disorders requires action on adverse childhood experiences
Jorm, A. F., & Mulder, R. T. (2018) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867418761581 · Cited by 62
“Many randomized controlled trials have been carried out on preventive interventions for common mental disorders and show that prevention can be effective, although the effects are small and it is not known whether they persist beyond the short term (Stockings et al., 2016; van Zoonen et al., 2014).”
BackgroundLawrence, P. J., Rooke, S. M., & Creswell, C. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12226 · Cited by 62
“Hence, the results are only indirectly comparable to those of previous meta-analyses (Fisak, Richard, & Mann, 2011; Stockings et al., 2016).”
InfluentialRecent advances in the prevention of mental disorders
Mendelson, T., & Eaton, W. W. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1501-6 · Cited by 69
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“Meta-analytic studies of prevention programmes support this view [32].”
BackgroundQuality of life in anxious adolescents
Raknes, S., Pallesen, S., Himle, J. A., Bjaastad, J. F., Wergeland, G. J., Hoffart, A., Dyregrov, K., Håland, Å. T., & Haugland, B. S. M. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-017-0173-4 · Cited by 59
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“Despite this, meta-analyses of prevention efforts have generally not observed longer programs to be associated with improved outcomes (e.g., Christensen, Pallister, Smale, Hickie, & Calear, 2010; Fisak et al., 2011; Stockings et al., 2016), and in fact, one meta-analysis found shorter programs to have more powerful ef…”
Backgroundde Lijster, J. M., van den Dries, M. A., van der Ende, J., Utens, E. M. W. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Dieleman, G. C., Hillegers, M. H. J., Tiemeier, H. W., & Legerstee, J. S. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00550-5 · Cited by 53
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Effect of Mental Health Problems on Academic Performance among University Students in Pakistan
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Versorgungsepidemiologie psychischer Störungen
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Anxiety in the school setting: a framework for evidence-based practice
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“Most of the anxiety and depression prevention programs for children and adolescents are administered in a school setting [9].”
BackgroundDardas, L. A., Silva, S. G., van de Water, B. J., Vance, A. J., Smoski, M. J., Noonan, D., & Simmons, L. A. (2017) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840517731493 · Cited by 45
“…Jordan, help-seeking, school nurse Early detection and treatment of adolescent depression is vital to prevent its many immediate and long-term individual, interpersonal, family, and societal costs (Koplewicz & Klass, 2016; Neufeld, Dunn, Jones, Croudace, & Goodyer, 2017; Stockings et al., 2016).”
BackgroundTrajectories of depressive symptoms and adult educational and employment outcomes
López-López, J. A., Kwong, A. S. F., Washbrook, E., Pearson, R. M., Tilling, K. M., Fazel, M. S., Kidger, J., & Hammerton, G. (2019) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2019.90 · Cited by 45
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“However, there is some evidence that preventive interventions that are selective and target specific higher-risk groups within the wider eligible population, such as those with subsyndromal symptoms or indicative risk factors, may be more efficacious [8, 10].”
BackgroundO’Dea, B., Subotic-Kerry, M., KING, C. A., Mackinnon, A. J., Achilles, M. R., Anderson, M., Parker, B., Werner‐Seidler, A., Torok, M. H., Cockayne, N. L., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100178 · Cited by 46
Primary prevention of depression: An umbrella review of controlled interventions
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Student engagement: The impact of positive psychology interventions on students
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“In terms of demographic age fit, interventions have seen positive results in well-being for children and young adults ranging in age 5–19 (Chodkiewicz and Boyle, 2017; Stockings et al., 2016; Waters, 2011).”
BackgroundVan der Gucht, K., Griffith, J. W., Hellemans, R., Bockstaele, M., Pascal-Claes, F., & Raes, F. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0612-y · Cited by 39
“In a recent meta-analysis examining the joint efficacy of universal, selective, and indicated preventive interventions on both depression and anxiety, it was concluded that transdiagnostic programs may result in larger effect sizes than programs targeting separate disorders alone (Stockings et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMichelson, D., Hodgson, E. S., Bernstein, A., Chorpita, B. F., & Patel, V. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.05.005 · Cited by 48
“Psychosocial interventions can buffer risks for and reduce depression and anxiety when offered early in the life course [3,4].”
BackgroundHayes, D., Deniz, E., Nisbet, K., Thompson, A., March, A., Mason, C., Santos, J., Mansfield, R., Ashworth, E., Moltrect, B., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2025.1526840 · Cited by 38
Fernández‐Martínez, I., Orgilés, M., Morales, A., Espada, J. P., & Essau, C. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.002 · Cited by 40
Midshaft clavicle fractures in adults.
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“There is growing evidence of the benefits of prevention and promotion aimed toward reducing the risk of mental health problems and increasing psychological well-being at an early stage and age [8, 10].”
BackgroundDoes the Transdiagnostic EMOTION Intervention Improve Emotion Regulation Skills in Children?
Loevaas, M. E. S., Sund, A. M., Lydersen, S., Neumer, S., Martinsen, K., Holen, S., Patras, J., Adolfsen, F., & Reinfjell, T. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-01324-1 · Cited by 29
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“While several studies have aimed to reduce the risk of developing MDD in young adults, the majority of studies focussing on preventing MDD have been conducted with child and adolescent populations (Hetrick et al., 2016; Merry et al., 2011; Rasing et al., 2017; Stockings et al., 2016), .”
BackgroundWerner‐Seidler, A., Maston, K., Calear, A. L., Batterham, P. J., Larsen, M. E., Torok, M., O’Dea, B., Huckvale, K., Beames, J. R., Brown, L., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1954 · Cited by 37
“Research to date has found small but consistent prevention effects for depression and anxiety interventions (Stockings et al., 2015; van Zoonen et al., 2014; Werner‐Seidler et al., 2021).”
BackgroundCaldwell, D. M., Davies, S. R., Thorn, J. C., Palmer, J. C., Caro, P., Hetrick, S. E., Gunnell, D., Anwer, S., López-López, J. A., French, C. E., et al. (2021) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/phr09080 · Cited by 41
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Martinsen, K. D., Rasmussen, L. P., Wentzel‐Larsen, T., Holen, S., Sund, A. M., Pedersen, M. L., Løvaas, M. E. S., Patras, J., Adolfsen, F., & Neumer, S. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00511-y · Cited by 43
Can Depression Be Prevented? If So, How?
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The Hummingbird Project: A Positive Psychology Intervention for Secondary School Students
Platt, I. A., Kannangara, C. S., Tytherleigh, M. Y., & Carson, J. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02012 · Cited by 43
“Mental health problems are the leading contributors to the health burden in children and adolescents (Stockings et al., 2016).”
BackgroundKlaufus, L. H., Luijten, M. A. J., Verlinden, E., van der Wal, M. F., Haverman, L., Cuijpers, P. J., Chinapaw, M. J. M., & Terwee, C. B. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02852-y · Cited by 36
“To prevent deterioration, it is critical to assess, treat, and monitor anxiety and depression in children [7, 8].”
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“However, most of the studies have found relatively small or modest effects in the short term, with many findings dissipating over the long term, which suggests the need for booster sessions to maintain the effects of such indicated programs over time (Rasing et al., 2017; Stockings et al., 2016).”
InfluentialSauer-Zavala, S., Tirpak, J. W., Eustis, E. H., Woods, B. K., & Russell, K. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2020.01.010 · Cited by 40
“, 2011) and, in fact, meta-analytic research suggests that briefer interventions may have similar effects as longer ones (Christensen et al., 2010; Fisak et al., 2011; Stice et al., 2009; Stockings et al., 2016).”
BackgroundKahl, B. L., Miller, H. M., Cairns, K., Giniunas, H., & Nicholas, M. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/21280 · Cited by 31
“Reduction of symptoms of depression and anxiety of a similar magnitude has been reported in other published evaluations of mental health prevention programs [48-51], many of which are more resource-intensive, typically delivered face-to-face and often within school settings.”
Duagi, D., Carter, B., Farrelly, M., Lisk, S. C., Shearer, J., Byford, S., James, K., & Brown, J. S. L. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102382 · Cited by 42
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“…interventions to modify risk factors, relatively few studies include adequately controlled designs or demonstrate beneficial effects on substance use behaviours and mental health symptoms (Faggiano et al., 2014; Foxcroft and Tsertsvadze, 2011b; Stockings et al., 2016; Werner-Seidler et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialHayes, D., Mansfield, R., Mason, C., Santos, J., Moore, A., Boehnke, J. R., Ashworth, E., Moltrecht, B., Humphrey, N., Stallard, P. N., et al. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02135-y · Cited by 32
“School interventions can be split into universal and targeted (selective or indicated) interventions [15].”
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RESCUR Surfing the Waves: an evaluation of a resilience programme in the early years
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“…emotional problems such as anxiety and depression and behaviour problems such as anti-social behaviour (Dray et al., 2015; Hart & Heaver, 2013; Stockings et al., 2016; Taylor, Oberle, Durlak, & Weissberg, 2017; Weare & Nind, 2011; Werner-Seidler, Perry, Calear, Newby, & Christensen, 2017).”
BackgroundChaves, C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64537-3_11 · Cited by 37
“In the same line, Stockings et al. (2016) concluded that preventative school-based interventions are effective in reducing the onset of internalizing disorders in students for up to a 12-month period, indicating that the effects of these interventions may be sustainable.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Stockings, E. A., Degenhardt, L., Dobbins, T., Lee, Y. Y., Erskine, H. E., Whiteford, H. A., & Patton, G.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- University of Washington (US)
- Australian National University (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Royal Children's Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Stockings, E. A.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-08-28
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 11-26
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W1864246873
- Cited by
- 345
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 13
- FWCI
- 27.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Australian Government (APP1041472)
- University of New South Wales
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1041131, APP1041472, 1019887)
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (APP1041472)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- depression prevention, anxiety prevention, internalizing disorders, universal prevention, selective prevention, indicated prevention, children and adolescents, comorbidities, psychological intervention, school-based intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Early Medical Intervention
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