The Future Proofing Study: Design, methods and baseline characteristics of a prospective cohort study of the mental health of Australian adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: The Future Proofing Study (FPS) was established to examine factors associated with the onset and course of mental health conditions during adolescence. This paper describes the design, methods, and baseline characteristics of the FPS cohort. Methods: The FPS is an Australian school‐based prospective cohort study with an embedded cluster‐randomized controlled trial examining the effects of digital prevention programs on mental health. Data sources include self‐report questionnaires, cognitive functioning, linkage to health and education records, and smartphone sensor data. Participants are assessed annually for 5 years. Results: The baseline cohort (N = 6388, M = 13.9 years) is broadly representative of the Australian adolescent population. The clinical profile of participants is comparable to other population estimates. Overall, 15.1% of the cohort met the clinical threshold for depression, 18.6% for anxiety, 31.6% for psychological distress, and 4.9% for suicidal ideation. These rates were significantly higher in adolescents who identified as female, gender diverse, sexuality diverse, or Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (all p s < 0.05). Conclusions: This paper provides current and comprehensive data about the status of adolescent mental health in Australia. The FPS cohort is expected to provide significant insights into the risk, protective, and mediating factors associated with development of mental health conditions during adolescence.
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Subclinical symptoms are highly prevalent in adolescence.
“Subclinical symptoms are highly prevalent in adolescence [13, 14]”
From Efficacy of a transdiagnostic Internet prevention approach in adolescents (EMPATIA study): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
The Results (Table 5; page not available) report substantial rates of mental-health symptoms among Australian adolescents, including 15.1% meeting the clinical cutoff for depression and 31.6% for psychological distress. Those figures concern clinical cutoffs; the paper does not establish how prevalent specifically subclinical symptoms are. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Self-citationDepression and Anxiety Among Young Gender- and Sexuality-Diverse Adolescents
Bista, S., Werner‐Seidler, A., Maston, K., Lin, A. P., Perry, Y., Davies, C., Graham, P. L., Christensen, H. M., Marino, J. L., & Skinner, S. R. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.51570 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationLongitudinal effects of bushfire harm on adolescent mental health
du Toit, A., Maston, K., Mackinnon, A. J., Calear, A. L., O’Dea, B., Torok, M. H., & Werner‐Seidler, A. (2026) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674251413876 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationCalear, A. L., Batterham, P. J., Werner‐Seidler, A., Maston, K., Torok, M. H., O’Dea, B., Larsen, M. E., & Christensen, H. M. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70024 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationNeelakantan, L., Logan, N., Raniti, M. B., Morgan, A. J., Lim, M. H., & Reavley, N. J. (2025) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2025.200465 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bartholomew, A., Maston, K., Brown, L., Fujimoto, H., Hodgins, M., Christensen, H. M., & Werner‐Seidler, A. (2024) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-024-09804-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationHirsig, A., Häfeli, X. A., & Schmidt, S. J. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08241-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Subclinical symptoms are highly prevalent in adolescence [13, 14], associated with neurobiological and cognitive abnormalities [15–18], and enhance the risk of developing a mental disorder later on [19–21].”
BackgroundBraund, T. A., Bal, D., Christensen, H. M., Batterham, P. J., Vilus, B., Maston, K., Larsen, M. E., Werner‐Seidler, A., Huckvale, K., Whitton, A. E., et al. (2025) · NPP—Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s44277-025-00033-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBatterham, P. J., Maston, K., O’Dea, B., Brown, L., Calear, A. L., Larsen, M. E., Skinner, S. R., Christensen, H. M., & Werner‐Seidler, A. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291726103560 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, S., Batterham, P. J., Slade, A., Werner‐Seidler, A., Maston, K., Corkish, B., Christensen, H. M., & Calear, A. L. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116683 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMaston, K., Gillies, M. B., Zoëga, H., Batterham, P. J., Christensen, H. M., & Werner‐Seidler, A. (2025) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf058 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, S. H., Batterham, P. J., Whitton, A. E., Maston, K., Khan, A., Christensen, H. M., & Werner‐Seidler, A. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4872339 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationFeatures of suicidal ideation that predict subsequent suicide attempt in three longitudinal cohorts
Batterham, P. J., Werner‐Seidler, A., Calear, A. L., Varidel, M., Iorfino, F., O’Dea, B., Maston, K., & Gendi, M. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116887 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSzalay, T., Shahin, M. A., Sirojan, T., Nan, Z., Huang, R., Arciuli, J., Baker, E., Cox, F., Ballard, K. J., & Ahmed, B. (2026) · Language Resources and Evaluation · doi:10.1007/s10579-026-09929-5
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adolescent Mental Health Symptoms: The Role of Peer Interactions
Corkish, B., Batterham, P. J., Maston, K., Tang, S., Calear, A. L., Christensen, H. M., & Werner‐Seidler, A. (2025) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-025-00756-4
Self-citationTang, J., Wang, X., Zhu, W., Yang, W., Yao, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, F., & Yang, J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120976
Fujimoto, H., Heywood, A. E., Maston, K., Brown, L., Bartholomew, A., Werner‐Seidler, A., Christensen, H. M., & Batterham, P. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26728663
Self-citationFujimoto, H., Heywood, A. E., Maston, K., Brown, L., Bartholomew, A., Werner‐Seidler, A., Christensen, H. M., & Batterham, P. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26728666
Self-citationFujimoto, H., Heywood, A. E., Maston, K., Brown, L., Bartholomew, A., Werner‐Seidler, A., Christensen, H. M., & Batterham, P. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26728669
Self-citationO’Dea, B., McKenzie, I., & Torok, M. H. (2026) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2026.101822
Self-citation
- Authors
- Werner‐Seidler, A., Maston, K., Calear, A. L., Batterham, P. J., Larsen, M. E., Torok, M., O’Dea, B., Huckvale, K., Beames, J. R., Brown, L., Fujimoto, H., Bartholomew, A., Bal, D., Schweizer, S., Skinner, S. R., Steinbeck, K., Ratcliffe, J., Oei, J., Venkatesh, S., Lingam, R., Perry, Y., Hudson, J. L., Boydell, K. M., Mackinnon, A., & Christensen, H.
- Affiliations
- Black Dog Institute (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Deakin University (AU)
- The Kids Research Institute Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Werner‐Seidler, Aliza
- Maston, Kate
- Calear, Alison L.
- Batterham, Philip J.
- Larsen, Mark E.
- Torok, Michelle
- O’Dea, Bridianne
- Huckvale, Kit
- Beames, Joanne R.
- Brown, Lyndsay
- Fujimoto, Hiroko
- Bartholomew, Alexandra
- Bal, Debopriyo
- Schweizer, Susanne
- Skinner, S. Rachel
- Steinbeck, Katharine
- Ratcliffe, Julie
- Oei, Ju‐Lee
- Venkatesh, Svetha
- Lingam, Raghu
- Perry, Yael
- Hudson, Jennifer L.
- Boydell, Katherine M.
- Mackinnon, Andrew
- Christensen, Helen
- ORCID
- Werner‐Seidler, Aliza
- Maston, Kate
- Calear, Alison L.
- Batterham, Philip J.
- Larsen, Mark E.
- Torok, Michelle
- O’Dea, Bridianne
- Huckvale, Kit
- Beames, Joanne R.
- Brown, Lyndsay
- Fujimoto, Hiroko
- Bartholomew, Alexandra
- Bal, Debopriyo
- Schweizer, Susanne
- Skinner, S. Rachel
- Steinbeck, Katharine
- Ratcliffe, Julie
- Oei, Ju‐Lee
- Venkatesh, Svetha
- Lingam, Raghu
- Perry, Yael
- Hudson, Jennifer L.
- Boydell, Katherine M.
- Mackinnon, Andrew
- Christensen, Helen
- Venue
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-11-28
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e1954-e1954
- ISSN
- 1049-8931 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-0657
- PMC
- PMC10485316
- OpenAlex
- W4310466761
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 7.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1138405)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- adolescent mental health, depression, anxiety, psychological distress, suicidal ideation, gender differences, gender-diverse adolescents, sexual diversity, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth, school-based cohort, baseline characteristics, risk and protective factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Australia, Female, Humans, Mental Health, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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