The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 25 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
Open accessAbstract
Background The treatment gap between the number of people with mental disorders and the number treated represents a major public health challenge. We examine this gap by socio-economic status (SES; indicated by family income and respondent education) and service sector in a cross-national analysis of community epidemiological survey data. Methods Data come from 16 753 respondents with 12-month DSM-IV disorders from community surveys in 25 countries in the WHO World Mental Health Survey Initiative. DSM-IV anxiety, mood, or substance disorders and treatment of these disorders were assessed with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Results Only 13.7% of 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI cases in lower-middle-income countries, 22.0% in upper-middle-income countries, and 36.8% in high-income countries received treatment. Highest-SES respondents were somewhat more likely to receive treatment, but this was true mostly for specialty mental health treatment, where the association was positive with education (highest treatment among respondents with the highest education and a weak association of education with treatment among other respondents) but non-monotonic with income (somewhat lower treatment rates among middle-income respondents and equivalent among those with high and low incomes). Conclusions The modest, but nonetheless stronger, an association of education than income with treatment raises questions about a financial barriers interpretation of the inverse association of SES with treatment, although future within-country analyses that consider contextual factors might document other important specifications. While beyond the scope of this report, such an expanded analysis could have important implications for designing interventions aimed at increasing mental disorder treatment among socio-economically disadvantaged people. © 2017 Cambridge University Press.
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50 Own result · 18 Own method · 8 Own interpretation · 7 No full text of the sources · 6 Partly supported · 3 Sources not found · 1 Supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“these disorder characteristics are known to predict treatment (Andrade et al. 2014)”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Andrade et al. 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not supplied) show that disorder severity is associated with perceived need for treatment and with reported barriers to seeking it. The paper does not establish that disorder characteristics predict whether someone actually receives treatment; its regression models examine barriers rather than treatment receipt. (LLM, conf=0.83)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“SES is known to be inversely related to these disorder characteristics (Scott et al. 2014)”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Scott et al. 2014 source
The Introduction states that decades of research have established an inverse association between socioeconomic status and many mental disorders. The Discussion also reports inverse associations between subjective social status and all 16 mental disorders studied. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“there is some evidence of cross-national differences in the association of SES with mental disorder treatment (Kessler et al. 1997; Van Doorslaer & Masseria, 2004; Devaux & De Looper, 2012).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Background
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Kessler et al. 1997 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory discussion (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) contrasts access in Ontario and the United States and says people with limited financial resources face greater barriers in the United States. This supports a possible cross-national socioeconomic difference, but the reported analyses compare treatment by level of need, not the association between SES and treatment across countries. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Van Doorslaer & Masseria, 2004 source
- Partly supportedcites Devaux & De Looper, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.1 (Doctor visits, paragraph 42) reports that the income gradient in doctor visits differs across countries. But the paper analyzes general health-service use, not mental disorder treatment specifically; its cross-national findings do not establish that narrower claim. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“And two disorders, social phobia and bipolar spectrum disorder, had significant ORs predicting treatment in the SMH sector (OR=1.2-1.3).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Clinical predictors of treatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alcohol use disorder was the only disorder associated with multiple significantly decreased ORs, which involved any treatment and treatment in the GM and human services sectors (OR=0.6-0.7)”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Clinical predictors of treatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A weighted 14.9% of Part II respondents across surveys met criteria for at least one 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorder.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Twelve-month treatment of DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The GM sector had the highest treatment rate (17.8%).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Twelve-month treatment of DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SMH sector had the second highest treatment rate (13.5%).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Twelve-month treatment of DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“29.0% of respondents with 12-month disorders received 12-month treatment.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Twelve-month treatment of DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disorder number was significantly associated with each type of treatment (χ22=9.4-11.7, p =.003-.009) due to significantly decreased ORs for 4+ disorders (OR=0.6-0.7).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Clinical predictors of treatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The 3-way and higher-order interactions among disorders predicting treatment were subject to a constant multiplier that could be 1.0 or different from 1.0.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Models of this form have been shpwn to be useful in a number of prior WMH analyses (e.g., Stein et al. 2016; McGrath et al. 2016).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Stein et al. 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Results > Predictors of PTSD (page unavailable), Stein et al. use a model in which each additional prior anxiety disorder from zero to three has the same incremental odds ratio. This supports the constant-multiplier aspect, but our copy does not show dummy variables for three and four or more disorders; it says three was the maximum count with enough respondents for a stable estimate. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites McGrath et al. 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Method > Statistical Analysis section describes WMH models with dummy predictors for exactly three and more than three prior disorders, and says these predictors characterize non-additive associations. Our copy does not describe constant multiplier constraints, so it supports the cited example only in part. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“cross-national differences in treatment rates are strongly influenced by healthcare spending (Lewer et al. 2015)”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Background
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Lewer et al. 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions say healthcare spending explains some variation in antidepressant use across Europe and is strongly associated with regularity of use; the Results likewise link higher spending to higher odds of regular use. The claim broadens this to treatment rates generally and describes spending as a strong influence, whereas the paper establishes an association, particularly for regular antidepressant use. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This gap is even greater for people with low socio-economic status (SES) and those living in low-income countries (Steele et al. 2007; Ormel et al. 2008) even adjusting for disorder severity (Mojtabai, 2010; Andrade et al. 2014).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Background
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Steele et al. 2007 source
The introductory passage states that the gap between need for mental health services and service use tends to be greatest in lower socioeconomic groups. In the citing sentence, Steele et al. is paired with the low-SES portion; the low-income-country and disorder-severity portions have other citations. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites Ormel et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Self-reported disorder prevalence and treatment’ section (page unavailable) reports a larger mental-versus-physical treatment gap in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income countries, including among severely disabling disorders. Our copy does not establish a larger gap for people with low SES. The citing sentence attributes the severity-adjustment clause to other citations, not specifically to Ormel et al.; this paper reports comparisons by severity rather than an adjusted SES finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not matchedcites Mojtabai, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The small amount of research that exists on mental disorder treatment quality finds that low-SES patients are significantly more likely than other patients to receive lower-quality treatment (Amaddeo & Jones, 2007; Young & Rabiner, 2015).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Limitations
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Amaddeo & Jones, 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and ‘How SES Affects Mental Health Service Use’ discuss psychiatric morbidity, service use, and possible barriers to access for people with lower SES. A search for treatment quality and quality of care found no passage reporting that low-SES patients receive significantly lower-quality treatment. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites Young & Rabiner, 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Previous Research section links lower SES to reduced initiation or continuation of child mental health treatment, not to the quality of treatment received. The Results section reports no significant effect of household income on the barriers studied. Searches for SES and treatment quality found no passage establishing the claimed significant difference in treatment quality. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Third, the treatment measures were limited to self-reports, which have been found to over-estimate treatment compared to administrative records (Rhodes & Fung, 2004).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Limitations
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rhodes & Fung, 2004 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that highly distressed people reported more mental-health service use than appeared in their administrative records. But the claim presents overestimation as a general property of self-reported treatment measures; the paper limits the finding to particular groups and notes in the Introduction that people may also under-report use. The paper does not establish that the citing study’s own treatment measures were overestimates. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“was significantly and positively associated with SMH treatment (χ23=8.0, p=.045) due to an OR of 0.8 for respondents in each of the three lower income categories relative to the highest income category.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > SES differences in treatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The mechanisms by which income and education affect treatment are different.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disorder type was significant in predicting treatment in the base multivariate model predicting overall treatment (χ212=506.1, p<.001) as well as treatment in each service sector (χ212=36.4-315.1, p<.001).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Clinical predictors of treatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The treatment rate was highest in high-income countries (36.8%), lower in upper-middle-income countries (22.0%), and lowest in lower-middle-income countries (13.7%; F2,5366=221.1, p<.001).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Twelve-month treatment of DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disorder severity, finally, had a significant monotonic relationship with Each treatment outcome (χ22=21.3-186.0, p<.001), with severe disorders having highest relative-odds (OR=2.0-2.9) followed by moderate disorders (OR=1.3-1.5) compared to mild disorders.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Clinical predictors of treatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Highest-SES respondents were somewhat more likely to receive treatment, but this was true mostly for specialty mental health treatment”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Abstract > Results:
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The modest, but nonetheless stronger, association of education than income with treatment raises questions about a financial barriers interpretation of the inverse association of SES with treatment”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Abstract > Conclusions:
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 3-way interactions were significant for both education and income predicting any treatment (χ212=22.9-29.8, p=.029-.003) and for income predicting GM treatment (χ212=26.8, p=.008).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Interactions of SES with disorder severity, respondent SES, and country income level
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“treatment was consistently most common in the GM sector followed by the SMH sector and much lower in the human services and CAM sectors.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Twelve-month treatment of DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 4-category measures of respondent education and income were significantly correlated with each other (polychoric correlation = 0.295, p = <.001; see Appendix Table 2 for within-survey distributions and associations).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > SES differences in treatment
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“where the association was positive with education (highest treatment among respondents with highest education and a weak association of education with treatment among other respondents)”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Abstract > Results:
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but non-monotonic with income (somewhat lower treatment rates among middle-income respondents and equivalent among those with high and low incomes).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Abstract > Results:
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sum of sector-specific treatment rates (38.7/100 respondents) exceeded the 29.0% of individuals with any treatment due to some patients being treated in multiple sectors.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Twelve-month treatment of DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plaindirectn = 100- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highest treatment rate across surveys was in Murcia, Spain (49.6%) and the lowest in Shenzhen in the People’s Republic of China (PRC; 6.7%).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Twelve-month treatment of DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 13.7% of 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI cases in lower-middle-income countries, 22.0% in upper-middle-income countries, and 36.8% in high-income countries received treatment.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Abstract > Results:
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Education, in comparison, was most consistently associated with SMH treatment, as the associations of education with treatment in other service sectors were relatively weak (significant ORs in the range 0.6-0.8).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The 2-way interactions of income with severity and with country income level were significant in a model that excluded the 3-way interactions in predicting SMH treatment (χ26=12.9-13.6, p=.045-.035).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Interactions of SES with disorder severity, respondent SES, and country income level
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and a significantly negative association among mild cases in upper-middle-income countries (a significant OR=1.8 for low-income respondents; χ23=14.9, p=.002).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Interactions of SES with disorder severity, respondent SES, and country income level
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association of education with SMH treatment was stable across all levels of disorder severity and country income groups, with the significant association due to a comparatively high odds of treatment among people at the highest education level (ORs of 0.6-0.7 for lower education levels equivalent to 1.4-1.7 higher odds at highest versus lower levels).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analysis found no significant association of income with overall treatment in the total sample and only inconsistent opposite-sign associations in subsamples.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant association of income with SMH treatment in the total sample was consistent across country income groups due to especially low odds of treatment in intermediate income groups within each severity subsample (OR=0.3-0.5) rather than in the lowest income group (OR=0.7-0.9).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Interactions of SES with disorder severity, respondent SES, and country income level
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The non-significant association of income with GM treatment in the total sample, finally, was found to mask a significantly positive association among moderately severe cases in lower-middle income countries and mild cases in both lower-middle and high income countries (significant ORs of 0.2-0.7; χ23=8.8-18.3, p=.032-<.001)”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Interactions of SES with disorder severity, respondent SES, and country income level
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subgroup analysis showed that the significant association of education with any treatment in the total sample was limited to severe and moderate cases in high-income countries (χ23=9.9-17.2, p=.019-.001). Significant ORs among respondents with lower levels of education were in the range 0.5-0.8.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Interactions of SES with disorder severity, respondent SES, and country income level
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and significantly negative associations among mild cases in upper-middle-income countries and severe cases in high income countries (significant ORs of 1.5-2.0; χ23=15.1-44.3,, p=.002-<.001).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Interactions of SES with disorder severity, respondent SES, and country income level
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the association of income with GM treatment was non-significant in the total sample, a significant 3-way interaction was found due to a series of opposite-sign subgroup associations that had no apparent patterning.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant association of education with SMH treatment in the total sample varied by disorder severity and country income, with significant ORs among respondents of lower education were in the range 0.6-0.7.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Interactions of SES with disorder severity, respondent SES, and country income level
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This discrepancy was small, though, as cases in the highest income category (roughly one-fourth of the population) had only about 25% higher odds of specialty mental health treatment than those in lower income categories and, as noted in the prior paragraph, there were no differences in odds of receiving specialty treatment across the lower three income categories.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The samples were based on a multi-stage clustered area probability household design.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Sample
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The CIDI interview translation, back-translation, adaptation, and harmonization protocol required culturally competent bilingual clinicians to review, modify, and approve key phrases describing symptoms (Harkness et al. 2008).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Harkness et al. 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Mental disorders were assessed with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) Version 3.0 (Kessler & Ustun, 2004), a fully-structured interview generating lifetime and 12-month prevalence estimates of common DSM-IV disorders.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kessler & Ustun, 2004 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Blinded clinical reappraisal interviews with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (First et al. 2002) in a number of WMH surveys found generally good concordance with diagnoses based on the CIDI (Haro et al. 2006).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Haro et al. 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weights adjusted for under-sampling Part I respondents without disorders, differences in within-household probabilities of selection (due to the selection of only one respondent per household no matter the number of eligible residents), and residual discrepancies between sample and population distributions on Census demographic-geographic variables.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Response rates were 45.9-97.2% across surveys with a weighted (by sample size) average of 70.1% using the American Association for Public Opinion research RR1w definition (AAPOR, 2016).”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Sample
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites AAPOR, 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The surveys were administered to representative samples of adult household residents in 25 countries.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Sample
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no low-income countries in the sample.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Sample
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Samples were nationally representative in 19 surveys, representative of all urbanized areas in 3 others (Colombia, Mexico, Peru), and representative of selected regions (Nigeria) or Metropolitan areas (Sao Paulo in Brazil, Medellin in Colombia, a series of cities in Japan, Beijing/Shanghai and Shenzhen in the Peoples Republic of China) in the others.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Sample
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our models controlled for respondent age, sex, and marital status.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Confidence intervals for prevalence estimates and ORs were estimated using the Taylor series linearization method (Wolter, 1985) implemented in the SUDAAN software system (Research Triangle Institute, 2002) to adjust for weighting and geographic clustering of data.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Measures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolter, 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Research Triangle Institute, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“making it important to control adequately for these characteristics to obtain accurate estimates of effects of SES on treatment.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even with these global tests, though, over-fitting was possible due to the large number of tests, making it important to consider results only exploratory.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Measures
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Part II data were weighted to adjust for the under-sampling of Part I non-cases, making weighted Part II prevalence estimates identical to Part I estimates.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Methods > Sample
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the significant positive association with specialty mental health treatment and the significant inverse association with human services treatment in the total sample showed that even though people of different financial means were equally likely to receive some type of treatment, a significant discrepancy existed in the sector in which treatment was received.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although we attempted to control for differential response through post-stratification adjustments, survey response might have been related to social status, presence and severity of mental disorders or treatment in ways that were uncorrected.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as the number of countries was small (n = 25) and no information was available about within-country geographic characteristics in most surveys, we had too few geographic units of analysis to carry out quantitative analyses of other contextual factors.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Limitations
plaindirectn = 25- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also broadly confirmed previous evidence that people with low SES have an especially low rate of treatment, although in the total sample this was true only for SMH treatment and income was inversely related to HS treatment, resulting in income being related more to sector of treatment than to whether or not treatment was received.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“validity, although good in the WMH surveys were it was assessed (Haro et al. 2006), was not assessed in all surveys and might have varied with SES.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Haro et al. 2006 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant associations of SES with treatment were most consistent in predicting SMH treatment, but they were less strong than anticipated.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“duration was not measured for the disorders that were assessed”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the sample was limited in that the sample of countries was non-representative and the response rate varied widely across countries.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, these self-reports only assessed number of visits rather than treatment quality.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The authors state this as an assumption.
For respondents with two disorders, the added predictive effect of each individual disorder is multiplicative.
“The incremental predictive effects of individual disorders among people with 2 disorders were then assumed to be multiplicative; that is, if the OR associated with Disorder X was 1.5, we would expect respondents with exactly 1 other disorder would have a 1.5 increased odds of obtaining treatment in the presence versus absence of Disorder X.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The odds ratio for a given disorder is the same across all combinations of that disorder with exactly one other disorder.
“This specification imposed parsimony on the data by constraining the OR of Disorder X to be the same across all 11 combinations of Disorder X with exactly l other disorder”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The 3-way and higher-order interactions among disorders predicting treatment were subject to a constant multiplier that could be 1.0 or different from 1.0.
“The dummy variables for 3 and 4+ disorders imposed additional constraints by assuming that the 3-way and higher-order interactions among disorders predicting treatment were subject to a constant multiplier that could be 1.0 (i.e., the interactions were strictly multiplicative) or different from 1.0.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The mechanisms by which income and education affect treatment are different.
“We considered it appropriate to include both, though, as the mechanisms involved in the two are presumably different.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These barriers are more highly represented among low socioeconomic groups (7) further perpetuating a cycle of disadvantage.”
From The impact of digital interventions on help-seeking behaviour for mental health problems: a systematic literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In lower-middle-income countries only 13.7% of adults who met criteria for mental disorders received treatment, compared to 22.0% in upper-middle-income countries, and 36.8% in high-income countries (13).”
From Use of mental health services by children with mental disorders in two major cities in Brazil (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Despite the availability of effective treatments for mental illness, there is a huge gap between the number of individuals who need mental health care, and those who receive treatment.”
In the citing paper
“The recent World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health Survey initiative reported that 86.3% of people with anxiety, mood or substance disorders in low or middle-income countries (LMICs) received no treatment in the past 12 months [1].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Results > Interactions of SES with disorder severity, respondent SES, and country income level
“The significant association of education with SMH treatment in the total sample varied by disorder severity and country income, with significant ORs among respondents of lower education were in the range 0.6-0.7.”
§ Socio-economic variations in the mental health treatment gap for people with anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys > Discussion
“The association of education with SMH treatment was stable across all levels of disorder severity and country income groups, with the significant association due to a comparatively high odds of treatment among people at the highest education level”
Citations
Cites
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InfluentialSelf-citationPrevalence and Correlates of Bipolar Spectrum Disorder in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative
Merikangas, K. R., Jin, R., He, J.-P., Kessler, R. C., Lee, S., Sampson, N. A., Viana, M. C., Andrade, L. H., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., et al. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12 · Cited by 2,627 · cited 1×
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BackgroundSelf-citationEstimating the true global burden of mental illness
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“Although mental disorders are a leading cause of disability (World Health Organization, 2012; Whiteford et al. 2015; Vigo et al. 2016), only a minority of people with these disorders receives treatment (Wang et al.”
BackgroundHaro, J. M., Arbabzadeh-Bouchez, S., Brugha, T. S., De Girolamo, G., Guyer, M. E., Jin, R., Lepine, J. P., Mazzi, F., Reneses, B., Vilagut, G., et al. (2006) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.196 · Cited by 1,082 · cited 10×
“…limited in that some severe disorders, such as schizophrenia, were not assessed, duration was not measured for the disorders that were assessed, and validity, although good in the WMH surveys where it was assessed (Haro et al. 2006), was not assessed in all surveys and might have varied with SES.”
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Roberts, T., Esponda, G. M., Krupchanka, D., Shidhaye, R. R., Patel, V., & Rathod, S. D. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1837-1 · Cited by 384
“However, a recent analysis of WMHS data by Evans-Lacko et al. (2017) found that differences in treatment rates in the WMHS by socio-economic status were predominantly accounted for by education rather than income [112].”
BackgroundResultLoneliness and suicide mitigation for students using GPT3-enabled chatbots
Maples, B., Cerit, M., Vishwanath, A., & Pea, R. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-023-00047-6 · Cited by 250
MentaLLaMA: Interpretable Mental Health Analysis on Social Media with Large Language Models
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Global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health services: A systematic review
Duden, G. S., Gersdorf, S., & Stengler, K. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.08.013 · Cited by 123
The Therapeutic Role of Ketogenic Diet in Neurological Disorders
Pietrzak, D., Kasperek, K., Rękawek, P., & Piątkowska‐Chmiel, I. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14091952 · Cited by 136
Minding the treatment gap: results of the Singapore Mental Health Study
Subramaniam, M., Abdin, E., Vaingankar, J. A., Shafie, S., Chua, H. C., Tan, W. M., Tan, K. B., Verma, S. K., Heng, D., & Chong, S. A. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01748-0 · Cited by 107
Schleider, J. L., Zapata, J. P., Rapoport, A., Wescott, A., Ghosh, A., Kaveladze, B., Szkody, E. M., & Ahuvia, I. L. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-025033 · Cited by 130
Environmental Toxicant Exposure and Depressive Symptoms
Guo, J., Garshick, E., Si, F., Tang, Z., Lian, X., Wang, Y. Q., Li, J., & Koutrakis, P. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.20259 · Cited by 113
Yan, G., Zhang, Y., Wang, S., Yan, Y., Liu, M., Tian, M., & Tian, W. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115958 · Cited by 104
Long term economic impact associated with childhood bullying victimisation
Brimblecombe, N., Evans-Lacko, S. E., Knapp, M. R. J., King, D., Takizawa, R., Maughan, B., & Arseneault, L. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.014 · Cited by 95
Self-citationYang, K., Zhang, T., & Ananiadou, S. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.102961 · Cited by 95
A systematic review on automated clinical depression diagnosis
Mao, K., Wu, Y., & Chen, J. (2023) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-023-00040-z · Cited by 106
“As the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported, over 75% of individuals with depression in low and mid-income countries do not receive quali fi ed psychotherapy 2 .”
Depression underdiagnosis: Prevalence and associated factors. A population-based study
Faisal‐Cury, A., Ziebold, C., Rodrigues, D. M. D. O., & Matijasevich, A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.04.025 · Cited by 99
Sadeghi, M., Richer, R., Egger, B., Schindler‐Gmelch, L., Rupp, L. H., Rahimi, F., Berking, M., & Eskofier, B. M. (2024) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-024-00112-8 · Cited by 112
Lee, Y. Y., Chisholm, D., Eddleston, M., Gunnell, D., Fleischmann, A., Konradsen, F., Bertram, M., Mihalopoulos, C., Brown, R. J., Santomauro, D. F., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30493-9 · Cited by 79
Liwinski, T., Lang, U. E., Brühl, A. B., & Schneider, E. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11123128 · Cited by 82
“However, many depressed individuals receive no mental health care, especially in low-and middle-income countries, where 75% of patients receive no treatment [10].”
BackgroundHu, X., Chen, Y., Wang, X., Jia, K., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Chu, H., Zhong, X., Lin, M., Chen, P., et al. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202312897 · Cited by 78
Gaiha, S. M., Salisbury, T. T., Usmani, S., Koschorke, M., Raman, U., & Petticrew, M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03350-8 · Cited by 66
“Thus, although an estimated 10–20% of youth aged 10–24 years suffer from mental health problems, [4] 63– 86% of all mental health problems that require a diagnosis generally go undetected [5].”
BackgroundLiwinski, T., & Lang, U. E. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15173859 · Cited by 77
“Despite the availability of effective treatments for depression, the majority of individuals in low- and middle-income countries do not receive adequate care due to various barriers, including insufficient investment in mental health care, a scarcity of trained healthcare providers, and the presence of societal stigma…”
BackgroundThe Typing Cure: Experiences with Large Language Model Chatbots for Mental Health Support
Song, I., Pendse, S. R., Kumar, N., & De Choudhury, M. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2401.14362 · Cited by 64
Fernández, D., Vigo, D., Sampson, N. A., Hwang, I., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A. O., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Bromet, E. J., de Girolamo, G., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000884 · Cited by 65
Li, X.-L., Wei, J., Zhang, X., Meng, Z., & Zhu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1085091 · Cited by 70
McCullock, S. P., & Scrivano, R. M. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102242 · Cited by 70
Bear, H. A., Ayala‐Nunes, L., Ramos, G., Manchanda, T., Fernandes, B., Chabursky, S., Walper, S., Watkins, E. R., & Fazel, M. S. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/48964 · Cited by 70
“These groups are exposed to risk factors for poor mental health and experience disparities in mental health care, including lower access to care, poorer treatment quality, and limited engagement in treatment [5,10,12].”
Pokhrel, P., Karmacharya, R., Taylor Salisbury, T., Carswell, K., Kohrt, B. A., Jordans, M. J. D., Lempp, H., Thornicroft, G., & Luitel, N. P. (2021) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01386-0 · Cited by 55
“3% of people with anxiety, mood or substance disorders in low or middle-income countries (LMICs) received no treatment in the past 12 months [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationJing, R., Jin, G., Guo, Y., Zhang, Y., & Li, L. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107480 · Cited by 66
Wang, Q., Shen, Z., Zhang, S., Sun, Y., Zheng, F., & Li, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1022053 · Cited by 61
“Neurological disorders have become the second leading cause of death in the world (Evans-Lacko et al., 2018), and it is also an important cause of disability and premature death.”
BackgroundRong, J., Cheng, P., Li, D., Wang, X., & Zhao, D. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102443 · Cited by 61
Human state anxiety classification framework using EEG signals in response to exposure therapy
Muhammad, F., & Al-Ahmadi, S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265679 · Cited by 52
“Researchers have reported that children with anxiety disorder have poor performance at school, miss out on important social experiences and become drug addicts [20, 21].”
BackgroundVerbascoside: A neuroprotective phenylethanoid glycosides with anti-depressive properties
Zhao, Y. P., Wang, S., Pan, J., & Ma, K. (2023) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155027 · Cited by 59
Liu, H., Zhi, J., Zhang, C., Huang, S., Ma, Y., Luo, D., & Shi, L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.104 · Cited by 54
Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Chen, W., Li, C., & Yu, C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60278-1 · Cited by 68
Lee, H. S., Wright, C., Ferranto, J., Buttimer, J., Palmer, C. E., Welchman, A., Mazor, K. M., Fisher, K. A., Smelson, D., O’Connor, L., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1505024 · Cited by 55
Systematic review of probiotics as an adjuvant treatment for psychiatric disorders
Forth, E., Buehner, B. J., Storer, A., Sgarbossa, C., Milev, R. V., & Meyyappan, A. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1111349 · Cited by 54
Heyat, M. B. B., Akhtar, F., Munir, F., Sultana, A., Muaad, A. Y. M., Gul, I., Sawan, M., Asghar, W., Iqbal, S. M. A., Baig, A. A., et al. (2024) · Complex & Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1007/s40747-024-01346-x · Cited by 58
Borges, G. L. G., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Andrade, L. H., Benjet, C. L., Cía, A. H., Kessler, R. C., Orozco, R., Sampson, N. A., Stagnaro, J. C., Torres, Y., et al. (2019) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796019000477 · Cited by 56
Self-citationWang, L., Wang, Z., Lan, Y., Tuo, Y., Ma, S., & Liu, X. (2023) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03568 · Cited by 54
The treatment gap for mental disorders and associated factors in the Czech Republic
Kågström, A., Alexová, A., Tušková, E., Csajbók, Z., Schomerus, G., Formánek, T., Mladá, K., Winkler, P., & Čermáková, P. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.04.003 · Cited by 51
“As opposed to previous studies conducted in other countries [31,32], the present analysis shows that education was unrelated to utilization of MHS in the Czech Republic, but did influence which professional individuals were willing to seek help from.”
ResultCannabinoid CB1 Receptor Involvement in the Actions of CBD on Anxiety and Coping Behaviors in Mice
Austrich-Olivares, A., García‐Gutiérrez, M. S., Illescas, L., Gasparyan, A., & Manzanares, J. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15040473 · Cited by 52
App-Based Interventions for Moderate to Severe Depression
Bae, H., Shin, H., Ji, H.-G., Kwon, J. S., Kim, H., & Hur, J. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.44120 · Cited by 47
Marconcin, P., Barak, S., Ferrari, G., Gouveia, É. R., Nascimento, M. D. M., Willig, R., Varela, M., & Marques, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114055 · Cited by 48
“More specifically, many older adults are at risk of developing frailty and depression—both geriatric syndromes that cause disability and contribute to the global burden of disease [1,2].”
BackgroundBifftu, B. B., Takele, W. W., Guracho, Y. D., & Yehualashet, F. A. (2018) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2018/1592596 · Cited by 49
“Factors such as fear of stigma and embarrassment, lack of time, comorbid substance use, demographic and geographical variation [50], co-morbid chronic illness [49, 55], psychosocial factors [5, 43, 56–58], perceived cause, accessibility, and effectiveness of the treatment [59, 60] were associated with the treatment ga…”
BackgroundMethodClosing the treatment gap for alcohol use disorders in low- and middle-income countries
Nadkarni, A., Gandhi, Y., Bhatia, U., & Velleman, R. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2022.57 · Cited by 46
“%) was in the general medical sector followed by the specialist mental health sector (14%); while the treatment rates were much lower in the human services sector (e.g., religious or spiritual advisor, social worker) and complementary alternative medicine sector (4% each) (Evans-Lacko et al., 2018).”
BackgroundRameez, S., & Nasir, A. (2023) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_391_22 · Cited by 46
“[39] Using our complimentary analysis framework, the obstacles and promoters that influence the primary care practitioner’s activities offer a practical strategy to overcome hurdles linked to mental healthcare services in primary care to improve the health outcomes of LMICs.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShawon, M. S. R., Hossain, F. B., Hasan, M., & Rahman, M. R. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.37 · Cited by 47
“A recent study conducted in India with a representative population revealed that mental health problems were more prevalent among middle-aged individuals, residents of urban-metro areas, less educated individuals and households with lower income (Evans-Lacko et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMental Health and Substance Use Disorders
Mundt, A. P., Rozas-Serri, E., Beigel, L., Irarrázaval, M., Cabieses, B., V, & Baranyi, G. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99967-0.00193-9 · Cited by 45
Exploring depression in adults over a decade: a review of longitudinal studies
de Sousa, R. D., Zagalo, D. M., Costa, T., de Almeida, J. M. C., Canhão, H., & Rodrigues, A. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06828-x · Cited by 44
“Findings from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys indicate that, despite the existence of established and effective therapies for mental disorders, over 75% of individuals in low-and middle-income countries do not receive treatment [4].”
van den Broek, M., Gandhi, Y., Sureshkumar, D. S., Prina, M. A., Bhatia, U., Patel, V., Singla, D. R., Velleman, R. D. B., Weiss, H. A., Garg, A., et al. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002302 · Cited by 56
“The results are further organised based on their effects: (1) positive, significant; (2) positive, not significant; (3) positive trend favouring the intervention but lacking data to evaluate effect sizes; and [4] no effect.”
InfluentialBerlowitz, I., Torres, E. G., Walt, H., Wolf, U., Maake, C., & Martin-Söelch, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.594591 · Cited by 43
“…2015), where treatments are known to be markedly underprovided on a global scale (see worldwide treatment gap in mental health; Kohn et al., 2004; WHO, 2008; Evans-Lacko et al., 2017) and where chronicity is common (Costello et al., 2002; Brandon et al., 2007; Koob and Le Moal, 2008; WHO, 2008).”
BackgroundApplication of Intranasal Administration in the Delivery of Antidepressant Active Ingredients
Jin, Z., Han, Y., Zhang, D., Li, Z., Jing, Y., Hu, B., & Sun, S. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14102070 · Cited by 45
“More than 75% of patients in countries with a shortage of medical resources and healthcare personnel go untreated [1].”
BackgroundZhang, L., Sun, H., Liu, Z., Yang, J., & Liu, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05531-7 · Cited by 52
“Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed that it affects approximately 4.4% of the global population [2] and projected that depression would be a leading contributor to the global burden of disease by 2030 [3].”
BackgroundInfluentialNLRP3-Dependent Pyroptosis: A Candidate Therapeutic Target for Depression
Wan, T., Li, X., Fu, M., Gao, X., Li, P., & Guo, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.863426 · Cited by 46
“Affluent environments will reduce depressive manifestations, while the majority of depressed patients in low- and middle-income countries do not receive effective treatment (Evans-Lacko et al., 2018; Gu et al., 2021).”
BackgroundProcess evaluation of a district mental healthcare plan in Nepal: a mixed-methods case study
Luitel, N. P., Breuer, E., Adhikari, A., Kohrt, B. A., Lund, C., Komproe, I. H., & Jordans, M. J. D. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.60 · Cited by 41
Self-citationOrozco, R., Vigo, D., Benjet, C. L., Borges, G. L. G., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Andrade, L. H., Cía, A. H., Hwang, I. H., Kessler, R. C., Piazza, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.031 · Cited by 51
Self-citationHogg, B., Moreno‐Alcázar, A., Tóth, M. D., Serbanescu, I., Aust, B., Leduc, C., Paterson, C., Tsantila, F., Abdulla, K., Pashoja, A. C., et al. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01443-3 · Cited by 48
“This is related to a range of factors, such as lower country-income level and socio-economic status [7, 8] and male gender [9].”
BackgroundThe Typing Cure: Experiences with Large Language Model Chatbots for Mental Health Support
Song, I., Pendse, S. R., Kumar, N., & Choudhury, M. D. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3757430 · Cited by 151
“This need to accommodate the LLM’s linguistic capabilities sometimes hindered the ability of participants to fully express themselves, revealing a significant limitation in the LLM chatbots’ design.”
Packness, A., Halling, A., Simonsen, E. H., Waldorff, F. B., & Hastrup, L. H. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023844 · Cited by 40
“%) had concerns related to Knowledge, or how to find help for MHC. Transport was not a problem for 78.6%, with only 11.7% reporting that it negatively affected access.”
InfluentialJiang, N., Wei, S., Zhang, Y., He, W., Pei, H., Huang, H. M., Wang, Q., & Liu, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.688703 · Cited by 43
“4%, respectively, and major depression was listed as the third-highest cause of the global disease burden in 2008 and was predicted to take the lead by 2030 (3, 4).”
BackgroundDual-Stream Multiple Instance Learning for Depression Detection With Facial Expression Videos
Shangguan, Z., Liu, Z., Li, G., Chen, Q., Ding, Z., & Hu, B. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2022.3204757 · Cited by 43
“More specifically, across all countries at different income levels, people with depression are often underdiag-nosed, and even non-depressed people are often misdiagnosed and prescribed antidepressants [2].”
BackgroundŠtuhec, M., Hahn, M., Tašková, I., Bayraktar, İ., Fitzgerald, I., Molitschnig, L.-T., Tatarević, A., Lindner, N., Agnoletto, L., & da Costa, F. A. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-023-01643-4 · Cited by 40
“Although effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are available, more than 75% of people in low-and middle-income countries receive no treatment [5].”
BackgroundTian, F., Zhang, H., Tan, Y., Zhu, L., Shen, L., Qian, K., Hu, B., Schuller, B. W., & Yamamoto, Y. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2024.3487012 · Cited by 44
Adolescent mental health in sub-Saharan Africa: crisis? What crisis? Solution? What solution?
Hart, C., & Norris, S. A. (2024) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2024.2437883 · Cited by 44
Sapbamrer, R., Chittrakul, J., Sirikul, W., Kitro, A., Chaiut, W., Panya, P., Amput, P., Chaipin, E., Sutalangka, C., Sidthilaw, S., et al. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031189 · Cited by 44
“Psychological stress is an important factor affecting depression [28,29], and it can increase the risk of depression.”
BackgroundAurizki, G. E., & Wilson, I. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.13046 · Cited by 46
“(Alonso et al., 2018; Evans-Lacko et al., 2018).”
Ibrahim, M. M., Basalious, E. B., El-Nabarawi, M. A., Makhlouf, A. I. A., Sayyed, M. E., & Ibrahim, I. T. (2024) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-024-01528-7 · Cited by 39
“There are nearly 300 million patients living with depression all over the world which indicates its global prevalence [1, 4].”
BackgroundThe Multi-Sites Trial on the Effects of Therapeutic Gardening on Mental Health and Well-Being
Yang, Y., Ro, E., Lee, T.-J., An, B.-C., Hong, K., Yun, H.-J., Park, E.-Y., Cho, H.-R., Yun, S., Park, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19138046 · Cited by 37
Marlow, M., Skeen, S., Hunt, X., Sundin, P., Weiss, R. E., Mofokeng, S., Makhetha, M., Cluver, L. D., Sherr, L., & Tomlinson, M. (2022) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100167 · Cited by 36
General Anxiety Disorder-7 Questionnaire as a marker of low socioeconomic status and inequity
Nunes, J. C., Carroll, M. K., Mahaffey, K. W., Califf, R. M., Doraiswamy, P. M., Short, S., Shah, S. H., Swope, S., Williams, D., Hernandez, A. F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.085 · Cited by 40
Self-citationSpatial–Temporal EEG Fusion Based on Neural Network for Major Depressive Disorder Detection
Zhang, B., Wei, D., Yan, G., Li, X., Su, Y., & Cai, H. (2023) · Interdisciplinary Sciences Computational Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12539-023-00567-x · Cited by 35
“Although the existing treatment methods combined with related drugs can alleviate MDD to some extent, due to the differences in global medical resources and economic development level, the proportion of doctors and patients is unbalanced, especially for mental diseases, and more than 75% of MDD patients in economicall…”
Key Considerations in Planning for Substance Use Treatment: Estimating Treatment Need and Demand
Ritter, A. J., Mellor, R., Chalmers, J., Sunderland, M., & Lancaster, K. (2019) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs Supplement · doi:10.15288/jsads.2019.s18.22 · Cited by 35
“Unsurprisingly, the extent of the treatment gap also varies between high-, middle-, and low-income countries (Evans-Lacko et al., 2018).”
BackgroundChang, H., Zong, Y., Zheng, W., Xiao, Y., Wang, X., Zhu, J., Shi, M., Cheng, L., & Yang, H. J. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acbe20 · Cited by 35
“Given different definitions, diagnostic criteria, epidemiological survey methods and tools for depression, more than 75% of people in low- and middle-income countries are untreated [11], so current evaluationmetrics highlight the lack of prospective evidence for biomarkers as predictors of MDD [12].”
BackgroundQiao, F., Wang, X., Han, Y., et al. (2023) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2023.341404 · Cited by 35
Khalil, S. S., Tawfik, N. S., & Spruit, M. R. (2024) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2024.100990 · Cited by 38
El-Hachem, S. S., Lakkis, N. A., Osman, M. H., Issa, H. G., & Beshara, R. Y. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02470-8 · Cited by 53
Shumet, S., Kassew, T., Azale, T., Ayano, G., Abebaw, D., Tesfaw, G., Wonde, M., Getinet, W., & Amare, T. (2021) · Patient Preference and Adherence · doi:10.2147/ppa.s311601 · Cited by 33
Evans-Lacko, S., Hahn, J. S., Peter, L.-J., & Schomerus, G. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000788 · Cited by 32
“These barriers are more highly represented among low socioeconomic groups [7] further perpetuating a cycle of disadvantage.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTrends of mental health care utilization among US adults from 1999 to 2018
Wang, J., Qiu, Y., & Zhu, X. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05156-2 · Cited by 41
“The reasons may be that individuals with higher PIR and age are likely to have higher SES, quality of life and self-satisfaction, which may reduce the requirements for mental health care [27, 32, 33].”
BackgroundCao, H., Wu, Y., Yin, H., Sun, Y., Yuan, H., & Tao, M. (2024) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/49609 · Cited by 33
“At the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened anxiety, increasing the incidence of ADs and their disease burden [50].”
BackgroundKabra, A., Garg, R., Brimson, J. M., Živković, J., Almawash, S., Ayaz, M., Nawaz, A., Hassan, S. S. U., & BUNGAU, S. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1046599 · Cited by 36
“Despite several clinically effective drugs for treating depression, people in more than 75% of middle and low-income counties do not receive treatment (Evans-Lacko et al., 2018; Ahsan et al., 2022).”
BackgroundAntidepressant mechanisms of ketamine’s action: NF-κB in the spotlight
Sokołowska, P., Karbownik, M. S., Jóźwiak-Bębenista, M., Dobielska, M., Kowalczyk, E., & Wiktorowska‐Owczarek, A. (2023) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115918 · Cited by 37
Intelligent Internet of Medical Things for Depression: Current Advancements, Challenges, and Trends
Heyat, M. B. B., Adhikari, D., Akhtar, F., Parveen, S., Zeeshan, H. M., Ullah, H., Chen, Y.-H., Wang, L., & Sawan, M. (2025) · International Journal of Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1155/int/6801530 · Cited by 34
“According to WHO, mental illness is a signifcant global public health problem [10, 11].”
Smith, L., Shin, J. I., Butler, L., Barnett, Y., Oh, H. Y., Jacob, L., Kostev, K., Veronese, N., Soysal, P., Tully, M. A., et al. (2022) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23250 · Cited by 32
“Although there are effective treatments for mental disorders, more than 75% of people in LMICs receive no treatment (Evans‐Lacko et al., 2018).”
BackgroundNeurobiological mechanisms of mood disorders: Stress vulnerability and resilience
Pereira, C. M., Castro, F. C. D. A. Q., Barcelos, R. M., Chiepe, K. C. M. B., Rossoni, J. V., Ambrósio, R. P., Chiarelli-Neto, O., & Pesarico, A. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1006836 · Cited by 36
Use of mental health services by children with mental disorders in two major cities in Brazil
Fatori, D., Salum, G. A., Rohde, L. A., Pan, P. M., Bressan, R., Evans-Lacko, S., Polanczyk, G., Miguel, E. C., & Graeff-Martins, A. S. (2019) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800389 · Cited by 30
Self-citationPhysical exercise and major depressive disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis
Bedoya, É. A. P., López, L. F. P., Galvis, D. A. L., Jaimes, D. A. R., & Moreira, O. C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39783-2 · Cited by 42
“Considering patient preferences is important, as medications may have adverse events and may be difficult to access in low-and middle-income countries 14,53 .”
BackgroundDivergent suicidal symptomatic activations converge on somato-cognitive action network in depression
Li, J., Wang, D., Xia, J., Zhang, C., Meng, Y., Xu, S., Chen, H., & Liao, W. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02450-7 · Cited by 33
“Depression is a common mental illness, with approximately 280 million people affected around the world [1].”
BackgroundGiebel, C. M., Corcoran, R., Goodall, M., Campbell, N., Gabbay, M., Daras, K., Barr, B., Wilson, T. J., & Kullu, C. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08820-4 · Cited by 31
“Taking a more international view, the WHO has shown that higher levels of education for example are linked to better treatment in low-, middle-, and highincome countries [2], whilst disparities in access to mental health treatments are also widely reported in the US for example [25].”
BackgroundResultSarkar, S., Tom, A., & Mandal, P. (2021) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.1908359 · Cited by 33
“The treatment gap seems to lower in high income countries as compared to LMICs, probably reflecting the differences in barriers and facilitators experienced by the patients (Evans-Lacko et al, 2018).”
BackgroundExamining the mental health services among people with mental disorders: a literature review
Gao, Y., Burns, R. A., Leach, L., Chilver, M. R., & Butterworth, P. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05965-z · Cited by 34
Guerra, V., López-Núñez, C., Vaca, S., & Torres-Carrión, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813894 · Cited by 33
Collegian help seeking: the role of self-compassion and self-coldness
Dschaak, Z. A., Spiker, D. A., Berney, E. C., Miller, M. E., & Hammer, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2019.1677873 · Cited by 28
Kagee, A., Bantjes, J. R., Saal, W., & Sterley, A. (2020) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.09.005 · Cited by 28
Habimana, S., Biracyaza, E., Mpunga, T., Nsabimana, E., Kayitesi, F., Nzamwita, P., & Jansen, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.972360 · Cited by 28
Tsai, W.-H., Yeh, W.-L., Chou, C.-H., Wu, C., Lai, C., Yeh, Y., Liao, C., & Wu, C.-C. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11041068 · Cited by 28
Rosas-Sánchez, G. U., Germán-Ponciano, L. J., Guillén-Ruiz, G., Cueto‐Escobedo, J., Limón-Vázquez, A. K., Rodríguez‐Landa, J. F., & Soria-Fregozo, C. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12122744 · Cited by 30
“Despite this complexity and the numerous biological factors involved, antidepressants can have adverse effects that reduce adherence to treatment [39,40].”
Automatic Identification of Depression Using Facial Images with Deep Convolutional Neural Network
Kong, X., Yao, Y., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Teng, J., & Qi, X. (2022) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.936409 · Cited by 34
“It has obvious advantages over shallow models in feature extraction and model fitting, and it is good at mining abstract distributed feature representations with good generalization ability from the original input data [10,11].”
BackgroundDysfunctional Cortical Gradient Topography in Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder
Pasquini, L., Fryer, S. L., Eisendrath, S. J., Segal, Z. V., Lee, A. J., Brown, J. A., Saggar, M., & Mathalon, D. H. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.10.009 · Cited by 26
“Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, debilitating disorder and is among the leading causes of disability worldwide (1).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Evans-Lacko, S., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bruffaerts, R., Chiu, W. T., Florescu, S., de Girolamo, G., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., He, Y., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Kawakami, N., Lee, S., Lund, C., Kovess-Masfety, V., Levinson, D., Navarro-Mateu, F., Pennell, B. E., Sampson, N. A., Scott, K. M., Tachimori, H., ten Have, M., Viana, M. C., Williams, D. R., Wojtyniak, B. J., Zarkov, Z., Kessler, R. C., Chatterji, S., & Thornicroft, G.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Al-Qadisiyah (IQ)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (MX)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Harvard University (US)
- National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development (RO)
- University College Hospital, Ibadan (NG)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (ES)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Shenzhen KangNing Hospital (CN)
- University of Balamand (LB)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Israel Ministry of Health (IL)
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (JP)
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (BR)
- Narodowy Instytut Zdrowia Publicznego PZH – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy (PL)
- National Center of Public Health and Analyses (BG)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, R. C.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2017-11-27
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1560-1571
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC6878971
- OpenAlex
- W2766194567
- Semantic Scholar
- d18855ad1dcd6dbf240bfdef5f70607523fa0ee3
- Cited by
- 781
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 110 · 2025: 164 · 2024: 179 · 2023: 145 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 12.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (acceptedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (044708, Grant 044708)
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (R01 DA016558, R13-MH066849)
- John W. Alden Trust
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- World Health Organization
- University of Michigan
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
- Universidad CES
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (FP7/2007–2013)
- King's College London
- European Commission (EAHC 20081308, 20081308, 2007–2013, FP7 2007-2013, QLG5–1999-01042, SANCO2004123, 2004123, FP7/2007)
- Public Health Agency
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (03/00204-3, 03/00204?)
- Generalitat de Catalunya (01042)
- Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
- National Insurance Institute of Israel
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (H25-SEISHIN-IPPAN-006, H13-SHOGAI-023)
- Universidade de Lisboa
- Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (SAF 2000 158-CE)
- Fundación para la Formación e Investigación Sanitarias de la Región de Murcia
- Servicio Murciano de Salud
- Regione Piemonte (00/0028)
- Fakultet Medicinskih Nauka, Univerziteta U Kragujevcu
- Servier
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Fundação Champalimaud (R01 MH070884)
- Ministerio de Salud
- Ministerstwo Zdrowia
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- U.S. Public Health Service (R01-DA016558, R13‐MH066849, R01- MH069864)
- Pfizer Foundation (R01‐MH069864, R01-DA016558, R13-MH066849, R03-TW006481)
- Pan American Health Organization
- Executive Agency for Health and Consumers
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB06/02/0046, RETICS RD06/0011, RD06/0011, FIS 00/0028, CIBER CB06/02/0046)
- Norway Grants
- Consejería de Sanidad y Política Social, Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia
- Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01‐MH070884, R01MH061905, R01MH059575, MH60220, MH070884, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03TW006481, R03TW006481)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (337673)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- mental health treatment gap, socioeconomic status, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, income, mental health services, financial barriers, low- and middle-income countries
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Developing Countries, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Psychotherapy, Socioeconomic Factors, Multivariate Analysis, Logistic Models, Developed Countries, Internationality, Healthcare Disparities, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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