Assessing expectancy and suggestibility in a trial of escitalopram v. psilocybin for depression
Open accessAbstract
Background: To investigate the association between pre-trial expectancy, suggestibility, and response to treatment in a trial of escitalopram and investigational drug, COMP360, psilocybin, in the treatment of major depressive disorder (ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03429075). Methods: We used data (n = 55) from our recent double-blind, parallel-group, randomized head-to-head comparison trial of escitalopram and investigational drug, COMP360, psilocybin. Mixed linear models were used to investigate the association between pre-treatment efficacy-related expectations, as well as baseline trait suggestibility and absorption, and therapeutic response to both escitalopram and COMP360 psilocybin. Results: Patients had significantly higher expectancy for psilocybin relative to escitalopram; however, expectancy for escitalopram was associated with improved therapeutic outcomes to escitalopram, expectancy for psilocybin was not predictive of response to psilocybin. Separately, we found that pre-treatment trait suggestibility was associated with therapeutic response in the psilocybin arm, but not in the escitalopram arm. Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that psychedelic therapy may be less vulnerable to expectancy biases than previously suspected. The relationship between baseline trait suggestibility and response to psilocybin therapy implies that highly suggestible individuals may be primed for response to this treatment.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The potential confounding effect of high positive expectancy has been seen in previous studies of PAT.
“The potential confounding effect of high positive expectancy has been seen in previous studies of PAT [58,59].”
From Psilocybin‐assisted psychotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder: A pilot open‐label safety and feasibility study. (2025) · cites this paper as [58]
The Introduction says positive expectancy may affect responses in psychedelic studies, and the Discussion reports an expectancy-related bias in the trial’s comparison of psilocybin with escitalopram. But the Discussion explicitly attributes that bias to low expectancy in the escitalopram arm, not to patients benefiting from high positive expectancy for psilocybin. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032 · see citing works
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · cited 9× · see citing works
“Specifically, on the HAM-D scale, each standard deviation ( ∼ 22 points on the expectancy scale) increase in expectancy is associated with 3.91 points reduction in depression scores, etc. Conversely, in the psilocybin arm, we found no significant interaction between expectancy and timepoint when predicting outcomes on…”
InfluentialA new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change
Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.134.4.382 · Cited by 13,962 · see citing works
The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation
Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-5-63 · Cited by 5,031 · see citing works
Norman, G. R., Sloan, J. A., & Wyrwich, K. W. (2003) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000062554.74615.4c · Cited by 4,700 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, corresponding to the minimum important difference (Norman et al., 2003).”
Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Arnow, B., Klein, D. N., Markowitz, J. C., Ninan, P. T., Kornstein, S., Manber, R., et al. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01866-8 · Cited by 3,829 · see citing works
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults
Spielberger, C. D. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t06496-000 · Cited by 3,479 · see citing works
Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression
Carhart-Harris, R., Giribaldi, B., Watts, R., Baker-Jones, M., Murphy-Beiner, A., Murphy, R., Martell, J., Blemings, A., Erritzoe, D., & Nutt, D. J. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2032994 · Cited by 1,391 · see citing works
Self-citationREBUS and the anarchic brain: Toward a unified model of the brain action of psychedelics
Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Friston, K. J. (2019) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.118.017160 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
Erroneous analyses of interactions in neuroscience: A problem of significance
Nieuwenhuis, S., Forstmann, B. U., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2886 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
Bingel, U., Wanigasekera, V., Wiech, K., Ni Mhuircheartaigh, R., Lee, M. C., Ploner, M., & Tracey, I. (2011) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001244 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Roseman, L., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00974 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Self-citationBogenschutz, M. P., Ross, S., Bhatt, S., Baron, T., Forcehimes, A. A., Laska, E., Mennenga, S. E., O’Donnell, K., Owens, L. T., Podrebarac, S., et al. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096 · Cited by 711 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example in another recent trial of psilocybin-assisted therapy, 94% of participants correctly guessed their treatment allocation, indicating that blinding was broken (Bogenschutz et al., 2022).”
Increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression
(2022) · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01744-z · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Self-citationPredicting responses to psychedelics: a prospective study
Haijen, E. C. H. M., Kaelen, M., Roseman, L., Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., Russ, S., Nutt, D., Daws, R. E., Hampshire, A. D. G., Lorenz, R., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00897 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Self-citationCipriani, A., Furukawa, T. A., Salanti, G., Chaimani, A., Atkinson, L. Z., Ogawa, Y., Leucht, S., Ruhe, H. G., Turner, E. H., Higgins, J. P. T., et al. (2018) · Focus · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.16407 · Cited by 328 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A recent comprehensive meta-analysis showed that these drugs are superior to placebo in the treatment of depression (Cipriani et al., 2018), although with small effect sizes relative to placebo ( 0.3 standardized mean difference) (Hengartner & Plöderl, 2018).”
InfluentialBlinding and expectancy confounds in psychedelic randomized controlled trials
Muthukumaraswamy, S. D., Forsyth, A., & Lumley, T. (2021) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2021.1933434 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Psychedelic Psychiatry’s Brave New World
Nutt, D., Erritzøe, D., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.020 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Self-citationImproving inferences about null effects with Bayes factors and equivalence tests.
Lakens, D., McLatchie, N., Isager, P. M., Scheel, A. M., & Dienes, Z. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby065 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Multiple significance tests: the Bonferroni correction
Sedgwick, P. M. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e509 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Therapeutic alliance and rapport modulate responses to psilocybin assisted therapy for depression
Murphy, R., Kettner, H., Zeifman, R., Giribaldi, B., Kartner, L., Martell, J., Read, T., Murphy-Beiner, A., Baker-Jones, M., Nutt, D., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.788155 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citationDe Pascalis, V., Chiaradia, C., & Carotenuto, E. (2002) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00485-7 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Aday, J. S., Davis, A. K., Mitzkovitz, C. M., Bloesch, E. K., & Davoli, C. C. (2021) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.1c00014 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-blinding citizen science to explore psychedelic microdosing
Szigeti, B., Kartner, L., Blemings, A., Rosas, F., Feilding, A., Nutt, D. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzoe, D. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.62878 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Garcia‐Romeu, A., & Richards, W. A. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1486289 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Microdosing with psilocybin mushrooms: a double-blind placebo-controlled study
Cavanna, F., Muller, S. L., de la Fuente, L. A., Zamberlán, F., Palmucci, M., Janeckova, L., Kuchař, M., Pallavicini, C., & Tagliazucchi, E. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02039-0 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Human suggestibility: advances in theory, research, and application
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4187 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The Modified Tellegen Absorption Scale: A Clearer Window On The Structure And Meaning Of Absorption
Jamieson, G. (2005) · EPubDev Repository · Cited by 120 · see citing works
ON CONFIRMATORY VERSUS EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
Jaeger, R. G., & Halliday, T. R. (1998) · Herpetologica · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Polito, V., & Liknaitzky, P. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104706 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Ott, U., Reuter, M., Hennig, J., & Vaitl, D. (2005) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30197 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Hengartner, M. P., & Plöderl, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00517 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Examining changes in personality following shamanic ceremonial use of ayahuasca
Weiss, B., Miller, J. D., Carter, N. T., & Keith Campbell, W. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84746-0 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Self-citationBaethge, C., Assall, O. P., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2013) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000346144 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults: A placebo‐controlled, dose–response study
de Wit, H., Molla, H. M., Bershad, A. K., Bremmer, M. P., & Lee, R. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13143 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Zeifman, R. J., Wagner, A. C., Monson, C. M., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.105 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationCarhart-Harris, R. L., Wagner, A. C., Agrawal, M., Kettner, H., Rosenbaum, J. F., Gazzaley, A., Nutt, D. J., & Erritzoe, D. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811211008567 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationCaution at psychiatry’s psychedelic frontier
Burke, M. J., & Blumberger, D. M. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01524-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Direct verbal suggestibility: Measurement and significance
Oakley, D. A., Walsh, E., Mehta, M. A., Halligan, P. W., & Deeley, Q. (2021) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2020.103036 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A Literature Review of Therapeutic Expectancy Effects
Tambling, R. B. (2012) · Contemporary Family Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10591-012-9201-y · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the success of blinding in antidepressant RCTs
Scott, A. J., Sharpe, L., & Colagiuri, B. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114297 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Szigeti, B., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzøe, D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-34938-7 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationHypnotic suggestibility and absorption: revisiting the context effect
Milling, L. S., Kirsch, I., & Burgess, C. A. (2000) · Contemporary Hypnosis · doi:10.1002/ch.190 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Psychedelic Science of Spirituality and Religion: An Attachment-Informed Agenda Proposal
Cherniak, A. D., Brulin, J. G., Mikulincer, M., Östlind, S., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Granqvist, P. (2022) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2022.2148061 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationDirect Verbal Suggestibility as a Predictor of Placebo Hypoalgesia Responsiveness
Parsons, R. D., Bergmann, S., Wiech, K., & Terhune, D. B. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000977 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Expectancy Effects in Psychedelic Trials
Szigeti, B., & Heifets, B. D. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.02.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationSafety and risk assessment of psychedelic psychotherapy: A meta-analysis and systematic review
Roméo, B., Kervadec, E., Fauvel, B., Strika-Bruneau, L., Amirouche, A., Verroust, V., Piolino, P., & Benyamina, A. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115880 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The role of the psychedelic experience in psilocybin treatment for treatment-resistant depression.
Goodwin, G., Aaronson, S., Alvarez, O., Carhart-Harris, R., Chai-Rees, J., Croal, M., DeBattista, C., Dunlop, B., Feifel, D., Hellerstein, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.12.061 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationDifferent hierarchical reconfigurations in the brain by psilocybin and escitalopram for depression
Deco, G., Perl, Y. S., Johnson, S., Bourke, N., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00298-y · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationWeiss, B., Roseman, L., Giribaldi, B., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzøe, D. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01253-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationWall, M. B., Demetriou, L., Giribaldi, B., Roseman, L., Ertl, N., Erritzøe, D., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20230751 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationPellegrini, L., Fineberg, N. A., O'Connor, S., de Souza, A. M. F. L. P., Godfrey, K., Reed, S., Peill, J. M., Healy, M., Rohani-Shukla, C., Lee, H., et al. (2025) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2025.152619 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationA lexicon for psychedelic research and treatment
Nutt, D. J., Erritzøe, D., Schlag, A. K., Luke, D. P., Mash, D. C., Uchida, H., Aday, J. S., Rucker, J., Galindo, L., Sweeney, M., et al. (2025) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245251380511 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationThe future of psychiatry: clinical practice, diagnosis, and treatment
Turner, S., Yadav, P., Morrin, H., & Bhat, A. (2025) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2025.2594523 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The science of psychedelic medicine
Siegel, J. S., Liston, C. M., Nicol, G. E., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Bogenschutz, M. P. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-04194-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Psychedelics in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
Kettner, H., Roseman, L., Gazzaley, A. H., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Pasquini, L. (2024) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2024.05.007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationValidation of the imperial psychedelic predictor scale
Angyus, M., Osborn, S., Haijen, E. C. H. M., Erritzøe, D., Peill, J. M., Lyons, T., Kettner, H., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724002204 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationBlinding Integrity in Psychedelic Randomized Clinical Trials
Orsini, D. K., Wong, S., Luch, S. D. D., Chan, B., Vasudeva, S., Lovell, G. F. M., Le, G. H., Jones, B. D. M., Chisamore, N., Mollica, A., et al. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.0255 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lewis, B. R., Hendrick, J., Byrne, K., Odette, M. M., Wu, C., & Garland, E. L. (2025) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004519 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Erritzøe, D., Barba, T., Benway, T. A., Joel, Z., Good, M., Layzell, M., Baker-Jones, M., Campbell, G., Murphy-Beiner, A., Rands, P., et al. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-04154-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPsilocybin or Nicotine Patch for Smoking Cessation
Johnson, M. W., Naudé, G. P., Hendricks, P. S., & Garcia‐Romeu, A. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.0972 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rucker, J., Butler, M., Hambleton, S., Bird, C., Seynaeve, M., Cheema, S., Campbell‐Coker, K., Maggio, C., Dunbar, F., Lambru, G., et al. (2024) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.14837 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Knowledge gaps in psychedelic medicalisation: Clinical studies and regulatory aspects
McCulloch, D. E.-W., Liechti, M. E., Kuypers, K. P. C., Nutt, D., Lundberg, J., Stenbæk, D. S., Goodwin, G. M., Gründer, G., Butlen‐Ducuing, F., Haberkamp, M., et al. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.103938 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat should constitute a control condition in psychedelic drug trials?
Colloca, L., & D, M. F. M. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00321-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Catalyst for change: Psilocybin’s antidepressant mechanisms—A systematic review
Liebnau, J., Betzler, F., & Kerber, A. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241312866 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Emergence of Psilocybin in Psychiatry and Neuroscience
Omidian, H., & Omidian, A. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18040555 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Burke, M. J., Sandra, D., Peciña, M., Olson, J. A., Mollica, A., Butler, M., Moss, J. H., Nicholson, T. R., Wager, T., & Kaptchuk, T. J. (2026) · Lancet psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00340-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yaden, D. B., Graziosi, M., Owen, A. M., Agin-Liebes, G., Aaronson, S. T., Allen, K. E., Barrett, F. S., Bogenschutz, M. P., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Ching, T. H. W., et al. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2024.0019 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationKnock, E., Siefried, K. J., Bedi, G., Albert, S., Day, R. O., Ezard, N., Ross, M., Liknaitzky, P., & Brett, J. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70187 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Butler, M., Bird, C., Maggio, C., Durden, A., Modlin, N. L., Campbell‐Coker, K., Edwards, M. J., Pick, S., Millman, L. S. M., Lowery, E., et al. (2024) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22543.1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Healy, C. J., Frazier, A., Kirsch, S., Sanford, A., Garcia‐Romeu, A., Todman, M., Varon, J. P., & D'Andrea, W. M. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111361 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Godfrey, K. E. M., Weiss, B., Zhang, X., Spriggs, M. J., Peill, J. M., Lyons, T., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Erritzøe, D. (2024) · Neuroscience Applied · doi:10.1016/j.nsa.2024.104092 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationPsilocybin with psychotherapeutic support for treatment-resistant depression: a pilot clinical trial
Meikle, S. E., Carter, O. L., Liknaitzky, P., Johansen, L., Iyer, R., Strauss, N. H. M., Williams, M. L., Castle, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253251377187 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Psilocybin in the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorder
Hendricks, P. S., Lappan, S. N., Shelton, R. C., Lahti, A. C., Cropsey, K. L., Johnson, M. W., Bradley, M. K., Simonsson, O., Davis, L. L., Grossman, D. H., et al. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11029 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Trait responsiveness to verbal suggestions predicts nocebo responding: A meta‐analysis
Stein, M. V., Heller, M. K., Chapman, S., Rubin, G. J., & Terhune, D. B. (2024) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12774 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Revisiting the domain of suggestion: A meta-analysis of suggestibility across different contexts
Stein, M. V., Faerman, A., Thompson, T., Kirsch, I., Lynn, S. J., & Terhune, D. B. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113181 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Seragnoli, F., Picard, F., Thorens, G., Buchard, A., Geyer, M., Abatista, A., Ponomarenko, P., Petignat, C., Riccardi, M., Bisson, M. D., et al. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10588-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Roseby, W., Kettner, H., Roseman, L., Spriggs, M. J., Lyons, T., Peill, J., Giribaldi, B., Erritzøe, D., Nutt, D. J., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1580663 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationGoodwin, G. M., Aaronson, S. T., Alvarez, O., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Croal, M., Feifel, D., Hellerstein, D. J., Husain, M. I., Kelly, J. R., Kirlić, N., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121662 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment Expectancies and Psilocybin vs Escitalopram for Depression
Dutcher, E. G., & Krystal, A. D. (2024) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4387 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Taylor, J. J., Szigeti, B., Silverberg, N. D., Ahmadzad-Asl, M., Kare, M. R., Webler, R. D., Orsini, D. K., Rosenblat, J. D., Bschor, T., Baethge, C., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(26)00018-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationCarhart-Harris, R. L. (2026) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awag206 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationPilot study of psilocybin in patients with post-treatment lyme disease
Garcia‐Romeu, A., Naudé, G. P., Rebman, A. W., So, S., Yaffe, A., Geithner, I., Kozero, E. A., Yang, T., Soloski, M. J., & Aucott, J. N. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38091-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Oh, What A Trip!
Fonzo, G. A., Nemeroff, C. B., & Kalin, N. H. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20241025 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
What are set and setting: Reducing vagueness to improve research and clinical practice
Patch, K., & Smith, W. (2025) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251337372 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kettner, H., Roseman, L., Gazzaley, A., Carhart-Harris, R., & Pasquini, L. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3977169/v1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationRodan, S.-C., Meez, N., Lloyd-Hurwitz, S., Bedoya‐Pérez, M. A., Suraev, A. S., Sommer, N., Greenstien, K., Maguire, S., & McGregor, I. S. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01328-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Psychedelics for the treatment of end-of-life distress in patients with a life-threatening disease
Tap, S. C., Bostoen, T., Breeksema, J. J., & Schoevers, R. A. (2025) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2025.03.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lewis, B. R., Hendrick, J., Byrne, K., Odette, M. M., Wu, C., & Garland, E. L. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.12.31.24319806 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Suggestion Effects in Psychedelics: Confounds and Opportunities
Stein, M. V., & Terhune, D. B. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2025.2501964 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
How to set up a psychedelic study: Unique considerations for research involving human participants
Glennon, M. J., Bird, C., Yadav, P., Kleine, P., Suseelan, S., Boman-Markaki, C., Kotoula, V., Butler, M., Leech, R., Roseman, L., et al. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106657 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Petrovitch, D., Victor, S. E., Schmidt, A. T., Schmitz, J. M., Meyer, T. D., Stotts, A. L., & Littlefield, A. K. (2025) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-025-00371-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bobak, L., Dorney, I., Kovacevich, A., & Barnett, B. (2025) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2025.2478097 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A scoping review of the effects of serotonergic psychedelics on attitudes towards death
Barr, N. N. T., Giese, K. J., & Moreton, S. G. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06787-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kase, M., Kaup, K., & Aru, J. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811251412012 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Poppe, C. J., Lyck, L., Bechtold, L., & Repantis, D. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71544 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Ethics of Set and Setting in Psychedelic Psychotherapy
Patch, K., & Smith, W. (2025) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-025-09600-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lee, S. J., Epland, C., Kaitz, N., Shiyanbola, O. O., & Wenthur, C. J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-12613-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Therapeutic and legal aspects of psilocybin in cancer-related depression
Wierzbicka, M., Kopczyk, R., Gerlach, A., & Rymaszewska, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1591864 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yari-Renani, H., & Zare, T. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116829 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Martens, M., Cunha, B. G., Erritzøe, D., Nutt, D., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Harmer, C. J. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03693-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationMehmood, M., Bremler, R., Spriggs, M. J., Kettner, H., Roseman, L., Damgaard, L., Carhart-Harris, R. L., Erritzøe, D., & Zeifman, R. J. (2025) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1177/28314425251392251 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological support in psychedelic-assisted therapy clinical trials: A systematic review
Brusky, B., M’Baïlara, K., Alla, F., & Barrault, M. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811261424204 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Belinger, L., Rieser, N. M., Engeli, E., Becciolini, L., Clamote, M., Pribiš, M., Saissi, F., Florineth, G. A., Hehl, N. L., Herdener, M., et al. (2026) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112879 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Evers, A., Kelly, C., Noorani, T. N., Love, S., & Heifets, B. D. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.30.25330536 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Petrovitch, D., Mitchell, S. M., Allen, J. V., & Littlefield, A. K. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/adnpg
Allaying the fears: Midomafetamine with therapy is a medicine
Nutt, D. J., Hawrot, T., Hunt, P., & Schlag, A. K. (2024) · Drug Science Policy and Law · doi:10.1177/20503245241274079
Self-citationTwo years on from Australia’s bold psychedelic experiment, here are our concerns
Rudge, C., & McClelland, R. (2025) · doi:10.64628/aa.d3hppu7em
Therapieresistenz bei Depression braucht neue Antworten
Seifritz, E. (2025) · DNP – Die Neurologie & Psychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s15202-025-6542-6
Himmelseher, S., Vogelmann, U., & Priller, J. (2025) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-4603-8_11
Kleditzsch, N., Gattuso, J. J., Hannan, A. J., & Renoir, T. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70351
Causal Inference in Studies with Functional Unmasking: Psychedelics and BeyondPreprint
Loewinger, G. C., Stensrud, M. J., Nayak, S. M., Yaden, D. B., & Levis, A. W. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2025.12.05.25341713
The role of treatment expectancy in lifestyle interventions for depression
Ashtree, D. N., Richardson, K. E., Mohebbi, M., Berk, M., & O'Neil, A. E. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121431
Predictors of the Effectiveness of Psychedelics in Treating Depression—A Scoping Review
Chmiel, J., & Rybakowski, F. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27052202 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Skalski, P., Pękacka‐Falkowska, K., Pluto-Prądzyńska, A., & Owecki, M. K. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16040358
Carhart-Harris, R. L., Zeifman, R. J., Pasquini, L., Nandi, B., Rohani-Shukla, C., Suseelan, S., Mediano, P. A. M., Rosas, F. C. W., Timmermann, C., Kettner, H., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1875339
Self-citationvan Dalen, F., Tap, S. C., Venema, S. D., Schellekens, Schoevers, R. A., & Spoelstra, S. K. (2026) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2026.2685514
THE PSYCHEDELIC AND KETAMINE RENAISSANCE IN THE FACE OF THE CRISIS IN MODERN PSYCHIATRY
Osipowska, J., Kwolek, M., Judzińska, A., Piech, B., Sobczyńska, K., Ignarska, J., Terbosh, M., `Mzabi, S. K., Trojanowska, E., & Dubaj, M. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5605
Vanderijst, L., Faillie, J., Mura, T., & Luquiens, A. (2026) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2026.105423
Psychedelics Trials and Outcomes—A Closer Look—Reply
Szigeti, B., & Williams, Z. J. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.1951
Self-citationPsychedelics Trials and Outcomes—A Closer Look
Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Rosenblat, J. D. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.1948
Self-citationArmstrong, S. B., Levin, A. W., Sepeda, N. D., Shaub, H., Hunter, T., Douglas, A., Lancelotta, R., & Davis, A. K. (2026) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-026-01767-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Blinding Integrity and Psychedelic Drug Trials—Reply
Cubała, W. J., Valcheva, V., & Thase, M. E. (2026) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.2296
Cognitive neuroscience of hypnosis
Lanfranco, R. C., & Terhune, D. B. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29258-3.00030-6
The Randomization Effect in a Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Depression Study
Targum, S. D., Ceesay, P., Lines, C., Thase, M. E., Sanacora, G., & Merola, A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000002250
Shinozuka, K., Dumanis, S. B., & Williams, N. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-31497-0_6
Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., & Wei, S. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27188052
Simon, G., Hopper, J. W., Cherniak, A. D., Cassidy, E. K., Skragge, M., & Granqvist, P. (2026) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-026-09672-2
Clinical Evidence on Psilocybin and Its Representation in Media Reporting
Madden, K., Flood, B., Kashir, I., Ahmad, R., Ali, H., Petranker, R., MacKillop, J., & Adili, A. F. (2026) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.38843
Treatment expectation is associated with willingness to participate in a psychedelic clinical trial
Payton, A. P., Flohr, J., Heifets, B. D., & Sikka, P. (2026) · Journal of Psychedelic Studies · doi:10.1556/2054.2026.00498
Åkesson, M., Granqvist, P., Johansson, R., & Brulin, J. G. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1924069
- Authors
- Szigeti, B., Weiss, B., Rosas, F. E., Erritzoe, D., Nutt, D., & Carhart-Harris, R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Szigeti, Balázs
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2024-01-22
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1717-1724
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W4391109410
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 18
- FWCI
- 44.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- expectancy, suggestibility, psilocybin, escitalopram, major depressive disorder, depression treatment response, placebo response, psychedelic therapy, absorption, treatment outcome prediction
- MeSH terms
- Escitalopram, Adult, Major Depressive Disorder, Double-Blind Method, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psilocybin, Suggestion, Citalopram, Treatment Outcome, Anticipation, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
