BRIEF COMMUNICATION Parasuicide, depression and the anticipation of positive and negative future experiences
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown that parasuicides' view of the future is characterized by an absence of anticipation of positive experiences rather than the presence of anticipation of negative experiences. The present study aimed to replicate this finding and examine whether it would also be found in parasuicides who were not depressed. METHOD: Depressed parasuicides (N = 27), non-depressed parasuicides (N = 17) and matched controls (N = 34) were assessed on their anticipation of future positive and negative experiences using an adapted fluency paradigm, where they were given a set time to generate future positive and negative anticipated experiences. RESULTS: Consistent with previous findings, parasuicides showed an overall reduced anticipation of positive experiences and no overall increased anticipation of negative experiences. However, the parasuicides did show evidence of increased negative anticipation for the immediate future. The results for depressed and non-depressed parasuicides were essentially the same. CONCLUSION: Lack of positive anticipation in the absence of increased negative anticipation is a feature of parasuicide. Although this lack of positive anticipation can occur in depression, it appears to be an independent feature of parasuicide.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Reasons for living, attainable positive future thinking, adaptive goal pursuit, belongingness or connectedness are motivational moderators that buffer against the emergence of suicidal ideation and intent.
“Reasons for living [46], attainable positive future thinking [47,48], adaptive goal pursuit [49], belongingness [12] or connectedness [50] are MMs as they are thought to buffer against the emergence of suicidal ideation and intent”
From The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour (2018) · cites this paper as [47]
Cites
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x · Cited by 47,139 · see citing works
The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037562 · Cited by 5,494 · see citing works
Cognitive Therapy for Depression
Butler, A. C., & Beck, A. T. (1996) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e555342011-003 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Prediction of eventual suicide in psychiatric inpatients by clinical ratings of hopelessness.
Beck, A. T., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1989) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.57.2.309 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour
O'Connor, R. C., & Kirtley, O. J. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0268 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
The psychology of suicidal behaviour
O'Connor, R. C., & Nock, M. K. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70222-6 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
Towards an integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour
O'connor, R. C. (2011) · International Handbook of Suicide Prevention · doi:10.1002/9781119998556.ch11 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Fava, G. A., & Ruini, C. (2003) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0005-7916(03)00019-3 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Daniel (2013) · doi:10.1177/0956797613488780 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Well-being therapy: Conceptual and technical issues
Fava, G. A. (1999) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000012329 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Therapist contact in cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care
Power, K., Sharp, D. M., Swanson, V., & Simpson, R. (2000) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(200002)7:1 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationDaniel, T. O., Stanton, C. M., & Epstein, L. H. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.07.010 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Roepke, A. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2016) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12087 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Implicit cognition and depression: A meta-analysis
Phillips, W. J., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.002 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Rumination and future thinking in depression
Lavender, A., & Watkins, E. R. (2004) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466504323088015 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“The significant effect of BHS on positive future fluency confirms MacLeod et al.’s (1993) finding that there is a relationship between positive future fluency and hopelessness.”
BackgroundHopelessness and positive and negative future thinking in parasuicide
MacLeod, A. K., Tata, P., Tyrer, P., Schmidt, U., Davidson, K., & Thompson, S. (2005) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466505x35704 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Horwitz, A. G., Berona, J., Czyz, E. K., Yegüez, C. E., & King, C. A. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12273 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“The results from this study provide longitudinal support for the lack of positive expectations as a predictor of future suicidal behavior, whereas previous studies had only linked lack of positive expectations with past suicide attempts (e.g., MacLeod et al., 1997).”
Rasmussen, S. A., Fraser, L., Gotz, M., MacHale, S., Mackie, R., Masterton, G., McConachie, S., & O'Connor, R. C. (2010) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466509x415735 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“…shown that it is impaired positive future thinking, rather than increased negative future thinking which is detrimental to psychological well being (e.g. MacLeod et al. , 1997; O’Connor, Connery, & Cheyne, 2000; O’Connor, O’Connor, O’Connor, Smallwood, & Miles, 2004; O’Connor et al. , 2007).”
Backgroundvan Beek, W., Berghuis, H., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2011) · Time & Society · doi:10.1177/0961463x10373960 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“As MacLeod et al. (1993, 1997) found on several occasions, parasuicidal people are impaired in their ability to generate positive future thoughts.”
BackgroundWilliams, J. M. G., Van der Does, A. J. W., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., & Segal, Z. S. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9105-y · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“A series of studies by MacLeod and colleagues has shown that an important mechanism underlying hopelessness and pronounced in parasuicide patients is the inability to generate positive events that might occur in the future (MacLeod & Byrne, 1996; MacLeod & Cropley, 1995; MacLeod et al., 1997; MacLeod et al., 1993; O’C…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCognitions in bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression: imagining suicide
Hales, S. A., Deeprose, C., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. A. (2011) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00954.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Suicidal Behavior as a Cry of Pain: Test of a Psychological Model
O'Conno, R. C. (2003) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/713848941 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
MacLeod, A. K., & Conway, C. (2005) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930441000247 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationHopelessness and future thinking in parasuicide: The role of perfectionism
Hunter, E., & O’Connor, R. C. (2003) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466503322528900 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“, 2000), when compared with controls or depressed individuals who are not suicidal, are impaired in their ability to generate positive thoughts for the future but do not differ in terms of the number of negative thoughts that they are worried about (MacLeod et al., 1997).”
BackgroundResultMacLeod, A. K. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118316153.ch18 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationVilhauer, J. S., Young, S., Kealoha, C., Borrmann, J., IsHak, W. W., Rapaport, M. H., Hartoonian, N., & Mirocha, J. (2011) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00235.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
O’Connor, R. C., & Portzky, G. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.021 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Williams [35] employed an analogue experimental design to investigate whether a recognized suicide risk factor, positive future thinking (impaired positive future thinking is an established correlate of suicide risk [36-38]), was”
MethodQuoidbach, J., Wood, A. M., & Hansenne, M. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760902992365 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Moreover, anxiety seems to be associated with an increase in negative future MTT but not fewer positive projections (Andersson, Kyrre Svalastog, Kaldo, & Sarkohi, 2007; MacLeod & Byrne, 1996; MacLeod et al., 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialHopelessness: The role of depression, future directed thinking and cognitive vulnerability
O’Connor, R. C., Connery, H., & Cheyne, W. M. (2000) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/713690188 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Rogers, M. L., Hagan, C. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1012045 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
O'Connor, R. C., Fraser, L., Whyte, M.-C., MacHale, S., & Masterton, G. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.01.008 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Bolton, C. A., Gooding, P. A., Kapur, N., Barrowclough, C., & Tarrier, N. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.12.001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Hope Theory: A Framework for Understanding Suicidal Action
Grewal, P. K., & Porter, J. E. (2007) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481180601100491 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Retrieval of autobiographical memories: The mechanisms and consequences of truncated search
Williams, J. M. G., Chan, S. W. Y., Crane, C., Barnhofer, T., Eade, J. E., & Healy, H. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500342522 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
O'Connor, R. C., Smyth, R., & Williams, J. M. G. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037846 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…literature on positive future thinking, which has consistently demonstrated that suicidal individuals generate lower levels of positive future thinking than controls (e.g., Hunter & O’Connor, 2003; MacLeod et al., 1997).2 However, over the subsequent 15 months, the reverse relationship is apparent.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWell-being and positive future thinking for the self versus others
MacLeod, A. K., & Conway, C. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930601109507 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Those who have recently engaged in an episode of parasuicide may reasonably be considered to be among those lowest in wellbeing and have been found to demonstrate a clear reduction in positive future thinking for themselves (e.g., MacLeod et al., 1997).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVilhauer, J. S., Cortes, J., Moali, N., Chung, S., Mirocha, J., & IsHak, W. W. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Rinaldi, L., Locati, F., Parolin, L. A. L., & Girelli, L. (2016) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2016.1271443 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
O’Connor, R. C., & Forgan, G. S. (2007) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-007-0057-2 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…has shown that the presence of negative cognitions about the future is not functionally equivalent to the absence of positive future cognitions (MacLeod et al., 1997; Hunter & O’Connor, 2003; O’Connor, Connery, & Cheyne, 2000; O’Connor, 2003): Goal reengagement may be functionally equivalent…”
BackgroundLess Positive or More Negative? Future-Directed Thinking in Mild to Moderate Depression
Bjärehed, J., Sarkohi, A., & Andersson, G. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070902966926 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Dysfunctional attitudes, perfectionism, and models of vulnerability to depression.
Brown, G. P., & Beck, A. T. (2002) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10458-010 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Predicting hopelessness: The interaction between optimism/pessimism and specific future expectancies
O’Connor, R. C., & Cassidy, C. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930600813422 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“The future thinking task (FTT; MacLeod et al., 1997) requires participants to think of potential future experiences across three time periods * the next week (including today), the next year and the next five to ten years.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPositive life goals and plans in parasuicide
Vincent, P. J., Boddana, P., & MacLeod, A. K. (2004) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.394 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Pschology of Suicidal Behaviour
Williams, J. M. G., & Pollock, L. R. (2000) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470698976.ch5 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-regulation of unattainable goals in suicide attempters: A two year prospective study
O’Connor, R. C., O’Carroll, R. E., Ryan, C., & Smyth, R. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.035 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Consistent with other such studies (e.g., MacLeod et al., 1997), this did not represent a consecutive sample; rather it reflects the practical limitations of recruiting via a general hospital.”
ResultKnowles, K. A., Cox, R. C., Armstrong, T., & Olatunji, B. O. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The Integrated Motivational‐Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior
O’Connor, R. C., Cleare, S., Eschle, S., Wetherall, K., & Kirtley, O. J. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781118903223.ch13 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Nor does positive future thinking appear to be an artifact of mood, as the impairment in positive future thinking is not accounted for by severity of depressive symptoms (MacLeod et al., 1997; Hunter & O’Connor, 2003; O’Connor, Connery, & Cheyne, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodBeevers, C. G., & Meyer, B. (2002) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930143000365 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Indeed, depressed individuals anticipate fewer positive events than do clinically anxious people (MacLeod et al., 1997b; see also MacLeod, Pankhania, Lee, & Mitchell, 1997a).”
BackgroundMacLeod, A. K. (2004) · doi:10.1002/9780470696385.ch18 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationO'Connor, R. C., Fraser, L., Whyte, M.-C., MacHale, S., & Masterton, G. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.11.001 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Consistent with other such studies (e.g., MacLeod et al., 1997), this did not represent a consecutive sample; rather it reflects the practical limitations of recruiting via a general hospital.”
BackgroundResultO’Connor, R. C., Whyte, M.-C., Fraser, L., Masterton, G., Miles, J. N. V., & MacHale, S. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.11.006 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Consistent with previous research (MacLeod et al., 1997), the time periods for positive and negative future thinking are aggregated to yield total positive (PFT) and negative future thinking (NFT) scores.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKosnes, L., Whelan, R., O’Donovan, A., & McHugh, L. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.06.001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The Future Thinking Task (FTT) was designed to specifically target valence differences in individuals’ cognitions about the future (MacLeod et al., 1993, 1997).”
BackgroundThe Role of Perfectionism and Autobiographical Memory in a Sample of Parasuicide Patients
Rasmussen, S. A., O’Connor, R. C., & Brodie, D. (2008) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910.29.2.64 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Habak, S., Bennett, J., Davies, A., Davies, M., Christensen, H. M., & Boydell, K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18010140 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“[5] addressed the limitations postulated by the previous study by differentiating between depressed and nondepressed parasuicidal individuals in examining whether hopelessness or depression were significant predictors of suicidality.”
BackgroundResultEffects of mood on how future events are generated and perceived
Hepburn, S. R., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J. M. G. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.022 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Future oriented group training for suicidal patients: a randomized clinical trial
van Beek, W., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-65 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Breaking the vise of hopelessness: Targeting its components, antecedents, and context
Marchetti, I., Alloy, L., & Koster, E. (2019) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00165-1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Pollak, O. H., Guzmán, E. M., Shin, K. E., & Cha, C. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.590388 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Emotional Consequences of Positive Daydreaming: The Moderating Role of Fear of Failure
Langens, T. A., & Schmalt, H.-D. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702237653 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In accord with this assumption, Pham and Taylor (1999) found that students who engaged in process-related imagery (studying for an exam) spent most time preparing for a midterm and achieved the best grades, whereas participants who exclusively engaged in outcome-related imagery (receiving a good grade) prepared least…”
BackgroundSuicide schemas in non-affective psychosis: An empirical investigation
Pratt, D., Gooding, P. A., Johnson, J., Taylor, P. J., & Tarrier, N. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.005 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sargalska, J., Miranda, R., & Marroquín, B. M. (2011) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2011.4.1.104 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Marszalek, J., Price, L. L., Harvey, W. F., Driban, J. B., & Wang, C. (2016) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22969 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Depressed individuals tend to favor negative information and recall fewer positive experiences (41).”
BackgroundStress, Coping Styles, and Hopelessness in Self-Poisoners
Elliott, J. L., & Frude, N. (2001) · Crisis · doi:10.1027//0227-5910.22.1.20 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Well-being and Anticipation for Future Positive Events: Evidences from an fMRI Study
Luo, Y., Chen, X., Qi, S., You, X., & Huang, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02199 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“For example, relative to healthy people, anxious people anticipated more negative future experiences, whereas depressed or parasuicidal people anticipated less positive future experiences, but did not anticipate more future negative events (MacLeod and Byrne, 1996; MacLeod et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMiloyan, B. H., Pachana, N. A., & Suddendorf, T. (2016) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnv695 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Rönnlund, M., Åström, E., Adolfsson, R., & Carelli, M. G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00378 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“This is in line with the expectation that anxiety, in which worry and uncertainty in regard to the future may be considered characteristic, and which partly overlaps with stress conceptually, should exhibit elevated scores on the FN. Relatedly, O’Connor and colleagues found that perceived stress was associated with ge…”
The relationship between positive future thinking, brooding, defeat and entrapment
O’Connor, R. C., & Williams, J. M. G. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.016 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“As the majority of research on positive future thinking has been conducted in the context of low mood (MacLeod et al., 1997; O’Connor et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2008), all participants were subject to a negative mood induction before the defeat manipulation in Study two.”
BackgroundDevelopment and validation of the openness to the future scale: a prospective protective factor
Botella, C., Molinari, G., Fernández-Álvarez, J., Guillén, V., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R., & Tomás, J. (2018) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0889-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Future‐directed thinking in eating disorders
Godley, J., Tchanturia, K., MacLeod, A. K., & Schmidt, U. (2001) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466501163698 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSentido de la vida y desesperanza: un estudio empírico
García‐Alandete, J., Gallego-Pérez, J. F., & Pérez-Delgado, E. (2009) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Embodied cognition and emotional disorders
Gjelsvik, B., Lovric, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/pr.035714 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Future disposition and suicidal ideation: Mediation by depressive symptom clusters
Ballard, E. D., Patel, A. B., Ward, M., & Lamis, D. A. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.029 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Elderly Suicide
Richard‐Devantoy, S., Turecki, G., & Jollant, F. (2016) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2015.1048397 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kirtley, O. J., Lafit, G., Vaessen, T., Decoster, J., Derom, C. A., Gülöksüz, S., Binder, M. D., Jacobs, N., Menne‐Lothmann, C., Rutten, B. P. F., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.915007 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Future‐directed thinking and depression in relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis
Moore, A. C., MacLeod, A. K., Barnes, D., & Langdon, D. W. (2006) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910705x85781 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationFuture-Oriented Constructs and Their Role in Suicidal Ideation and Enactment
Kirtley, O. J., Melson, A. J., & O’Connor, R. C. (2018) · Advances in mental health and addiction · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03225-8_2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Parasuicide, anhedonia, and depression
Loas, G., Pérot, J.-M., Chignague, J. F., Trespalacios, H., & Delahousse, J. (2000) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1053/comp.2000.9008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Brief intervention for deliberate self harm: an exploratory study
Tapola, V., Lappalainen, R. I., & Wahlström, J. (2010) · Suicidology online · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Painful engagement in deliberate self-harm: The role of conditional goal setting
Danchin, C. L., MacLeod, A. K., & Tata, P. R. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationFuture Thinking and Depression
Sarkohi, A. (2011) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Episodic future thinking and psychopathology: A focus on depression and suicide risk
Nam, R. J., Lowry, N. J., Lawrence, O. C., Novotny, L. J., & Cha, C. B. (2024) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101853 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bauer, B. W., Hom, M. A., Karnick, A. T., Charpentier, C. J., Keefer, L. A., Capron, D. W., Rudd, M. D., & Bryan, C. J. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10285-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chronic pain patients' perceptions of their future: a verbal fluency task
Rusu, A. C., & Pincus, T. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000740 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“, which was based on depressed but physically healthy participants.(15,36) Both depressed groups generated significantly more negative future thinking and fewer positive future thinking completions compared with the nondepressed pain group and the control participants.”
MethodResultInfluentialElledge, D. K., Zullo, L., Kennard, B. D., Diederich, A., Emslie, G. J., & Stewart, S. M. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1661896 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Future‐directed thinking in first‐episode psychosis
Goodby, E., & MacLeod, A. K. (2015) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12096 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationKaplan, V., Düken, M. E., Kaya, R., & Alkasaby, M. A. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.90 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“A study reported that individuals who exhibit suicidal behaviors also show a lack of positive expectations for the future (MacLeod et al. 1997).”
The Future is Bright? Effects of Mood on Perception of the Future
Hepburn, S. R., Barnhofer, T., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-008-9102-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Examining Highly Novel Positive Future Thinking in Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Adolescents
Nam, R. J., & Cha, C. B. (2023) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2023.2282660 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Among cognitive processes that have been linked with suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs), positive future thinking (PFT) has consistently been shown to be a protective factor (Cha et al., under review; Hunter & O’Connor, 2003; MacLeod et al., 1993, 1997, 1998, 2005; O’Connor et al., 2007).”
The Effects of Chronic Illness on Aspirations and Subjective Wellbeing
Lim, S. S. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00156-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Autobiographical memory and future episodic thinking among trauma‐exposed Rohingya refugee people
Khan, S. T., & Haque, S. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4014 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mpiana, P. M., Marincowitz, G. J. O., Ragavan, S., & Malete, N. H. (2004) · South African Family Practice · doi:10.1080/20786204.2004.10873109 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“, who described how depressed participants exhibit a lack of positive anticipation of future experiences as a result of continuous frustrations caused by longstanding and unresolved problems.(19) For the researchers, being involved in this study also contributed to developing compassion and understanding for patients…”
BackgroundTantalizing Fantasies: Positive Imagery Induces Negative Mood in Individuals High in Fear of Failure
Langens, T. A. (2002) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/hgh6-3rm6-2vcg-ycqh · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An empirical investigation of suicide schemas in individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Panagioti, M., Gooding, P. A., Pratt, D., & Tarrier, N. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.02.019 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The capacity to consent to treatment is altered in suicidal patients
Olié, E., Catanzaro, T., Malestroit, M., Guija, J. A., Giner, L., & Courtet, P. (2023) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-023-00459-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Indeed, suicide attempters display impaired decision-making abilities [15], lower problem-solving leading to feelings of entrapment [16, 17], and lack of future positive thinking [18].”
BackgroundDepression Accompanied by Hopelessness Is Associated with More Negative Future Thinking
Han, H., & Midorikawa, A. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12121208 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cha, C. B., Nam, R. J., Bell, K., Goger, P., Parvez, N., Pollak, O. H., Robinaugh, D. J., Sanghvi, D. E., & Schacter, D. L. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2024.2384038 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…pointing to future thinking deficits driven by poor positive future thinking (vs. greater negative future thinking) among suicidal individuals (MacLeod et al., 1993, 1997, 1998; O’Connor et al., 2007, 2008) and the theorized protective role of positive future thinking against the transition…”
The Measurement of Positive Attitudes: The Glass is Half Full
Fisher, L. B., & Overholser, J. C. (2013) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-013-0173-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
van Heeringen, K., Godfrin, K. A., & Bijttebier, S. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781119998556.ch9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Guidelines for managing self‐harm in a forensic setting
Gough, K. (2005) · The British Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/14636646200500009 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Clinical and electrophysiological correlates of hopelessness in the context of suicide risk✰
Ballard, E. D., Nischal, R. P., Burton, C. R., GREENSTEIN, D. K., Anderson, G. E., Waldman, L. R., Zarate, C. A., & Gilbert, J. R. (2024) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.12.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pollak, O. H., Shin, K. E., Baroni, A., Gerson, R. S., Bell, K., Tezanos, K. M., Fernandes, S. N., Robinaugh, D. J., Schacter, D. L., Spirito, A., et al. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02219-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Future‐Oriented Group Training for suicidal individuals: A randomized controlled trial
Jaegere, E. D., Stas, P., van Heeringen, K., Dumon, E., van Landschoot, R., & Portzky, G. (2023) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12944 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Suicidal Behavior: The Power of Prospection
MacLeod, A. K. (2016) · The Wiley Handbook of Positive Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781118468197.ch20 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationKöse, G., Evans, J. J., & O’Connor, R. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574315 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…for example, ‘I am worried about getting the results of a test next month’) is associated with suicide risk (i.e., suicidal thoughts and suicidal behaviours) independent of depression, verbal fluency or cognitive performance (MacLeod et al., 1997; O’Connor et al., 2000; Sargalska et al., 2011).”
- Authors
- MacLEOD, A. K., PANKHANIA, B., LEE, M., & MITCHELL, D.
- Affiliations
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- ORCID
- MacLEOD, A. K.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 973-977
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W56376859
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Keywords
- parasuicide, depression, replication
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Male, Suicide, Attempted, Thinking, Case-Control Studies, Self-Injurious Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
