The future is now: comparing the effect of episodic future thinking on impulsivity in lean and obese individuals
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The choice of small immediate rewards as opposed to larger delayed rewards, or delay discounting, is an important dimension of impulsive decision making. The inability to delay gratification is related to obesity, as well as other maladaptive behaviors such as substance abuse, problem drinking, smoking, pathological gambling, and risky HIV behaviors. One way to reduce delay discounting (DD) may be to use prospective imagery in the form of episodic future thinking (EFT) during inter-temporal decision making. We have recently shown that EFT reduces DD and ad libitum energy intake in obese individuals. However, no studies have examined whether the magnitude of the EFT effect differs between lean and overweight/obese individuals. We conducted a within-subject design experiment to compare the efficacy of EFT versus a control task in reducing DD between lean (N=24) and overweight/obese (N=24) women. Participants attended two sessions in which they engaged in either EFT or control episodic thinking during a DD task. We also examined whether individual differences such as trait time perspective, behavioral inhibition or behavioral activation moderated the EFT effect on DD. Results showed EFT reduced DD similarly for lean and overweight/obese individuals. The EFT effect was moderated by behavioral activation. This suggests EFT is just as effective in reducing impulsive decision making in obese individuals as it is in lean individuals and may be useful in reducing other impulsive obesity related behaviors.
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EFT has previously been shown to decrease DD in individuals with alcohol use disorder, smokers, as well as normal weight, overweight, and obese populations.
“EFT has previously been shown to decrease DD in individuals with alcholol use disorder [32], smokers [33], as well as normal weight, overweight, and obese populations [34,35].”
From Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
EFT may reduce the demand for hypothetical drinks, self-administration of cigarettes, and self-administration and valuation of highly palatable snacks in overweight and/or obese adults and children.
“Consistent with the reinforcer pathology concept, EFT may reduce the demand for hypothetical drinks [32], self-administration of cigarettes [33], and self-administration and valuation of highly palatable snacks in overweight and/or obese adults and children [35,36].”
From Addiction Biomarkers: Dimensional Approaches to Understanding Addiction (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
Individual differences in future orientation are associated with more patient choices.
“individual differences in future orientation are associated with more patient choices (1, 21, 26).”
From Adolescent impatience decreases with increased frontostriatal connectivity (2015) · cites this paper as [26]
Episodic future thinking produces reductions in real calorie consumption in laboratory and field settings.
“and real calorie consumption in lab and field settings (Daniel et al., 2013; Tinuke Oluyomi Daniel, Said, Stanton, & Epstein, 2015; O’Neill, Daniel, & Epstein, 2016; Sze, Daniel, Kilanowski, Collins, & Epstein, 2015).”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Daniel et al., 2013
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Reinforcer Pathology: Implications for Substance Abuse Intervention
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Food reinforcement and parental obesity predict future weight gain in non-obese adolescents
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Self-citationEffects of prospective thinking on intertemporal choice: the role of familiarity
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DIETARY INFLUENCES ON COGNITION
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Reinforcing value and hypothetical behavioral economic demand for food and their relation to BMI
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Self-citationIndividual differences in impulsivity and their relationship to a Western-style diet
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Episodic future thinking and grocery shopping online
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A dual-process approach to exploring the role of delay discounting in obesity
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Future-oriented mental time travel in individuals with disordered gambling
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Self-citationCan episodic future thinking affect food choices?
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Neuroimaging, neuromodulation, and population health: the neuroscience of chronic disease prevention
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A Behavioral Economic Analysis of Demand for Texting while Driving
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An ecological momentary episodic future thinking intervention on mother’s weekly food purchases.
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- Authors
- Daniel, T. O., Stanton, C. M., & Epstein, L. H.
- Affiliations
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Epstein, Leonard H.
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 71
- Pages
- 120-125
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4185182
- OpenAlex
- W1969665329
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 12.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01DK088380)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- episodic future thinking, delay discounting, impulsivity, obesity, lean individuals, intertemporal choice, behavioral activation, behavioral inhibition, time perspective, ad libitum energy intake
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Energy Intake, Choice Behavior, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Individuality, Obesity, Prospective Studies, Reward, Thinking, Thinness, Health Behavior, Overweight, Young Adult
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