The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; none of the 24 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
The expression of the emotions in man and animals.
Darwin, C. D. (1872) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.1037/10001-000 · Cited by 12,120
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1978) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4 · Cited by 10,586
The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916
Self-citationPsychological stress and the coping process
Lazarus, R. S. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,164
Murray, C. J. L., & López, A. D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2 · Cited by 7,007
Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1252 · Cited by 5,312
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671
Self-citationProgress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.8.819 · Cited by 3,272
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Buck, R. W. ~ 1979 ! . Individual differences in non-verbal sending accuracy and electrodermal responding: The externalizing-internalizing dimension. In R. Rosenthal ~ Ed. ! , Skill in non-verbal communication ~ pp. 140170 ! . Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
- Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.
- Clore, G. L. ~ 1994 ! . Why emotions vary in intensity. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson ~ Eds. ! , The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions ~ pp. 386-393 ! . New York: Oxford University Press.
- Frijda, N. H. ~ 1986 ! . The emotions . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. ~ in press ! . Wise emotion regulation. In L.
- Head, H. ~ 1921 ! . Release function in the nervous system. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biology , 92B , 184-209.
- Jones, H. E. ~ 1950 ! . The study of patterns of emotion expression. In M. Reymert ~ Ed. ! , Feelings and emotions ~ pp. 161-168 ! . New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Leary, M. R. ~ 1986 ! . Affective and behavioral consequences of shyness: Implications for theory, measurement, and research. In W. H. Jones & J. M. Cheek & S. R. Briggs ~ Eds. ! , Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment ~ pp. 27-38 ! . New York: Plenum Press.
- Levenson, R. W. ~ 1994 ! . Human emotions: A functional view. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson ~ Eds. ! , The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions ~ pp. 123-126 ! . New York: Oxford University Press.
- Mauss, I. B., & Gross, J. J. ~ in press ! . Emotion suppression and cardiovascular disease: Is hiding feelings bad for your heart? In L. R. Temoshok, I. Nyklicek, & A. Vingerhoets ~ Eds. ! , Emotions in health promotion and disease . London: Harwood Academic Press.
- Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E. ~ 2002 ! . The neural bases of reappraisal . Manuscript under review.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 4,801–4,870 of 4,870
Cognitive reappraisal changes cognitive evaluations of images more strongly than affective reactions
Vartiainen, H. I., & Nook, E. C. (2026) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-026-00387-4
Navigating Challenging Goals: The Role of Yoga Based Practices in Overcoming Goal Difficulties
Dutta, S., & Pandey, A. (2026) · IIMB Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.iimb.2026.100701
Racial discrimination and anger expression: a preliminary test of a social cognitive model
Graham‐Engeland, J. E., Witzel, D. D., Fair, E. V., Zawadzki, M. J., Peckins, M. K., Patel, A., Chkhaidze, A., Robles, P. L., Russell, M. A., Hussain, M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1711803
“Individuals who report habitually suppressing anger tend to have poorer relationships, psychological health, and physical health (Butler et al., 2003; Chapman et al., 2013; Chervonsky and Hunt, 2017; Gross, 2002; Jorgensen and Kolodziej, 2007).”
We feel you: affect-regulation strategy in Indonesian legal-entity state university lecturers
Yusainy, C., Burhan, O. K., Kusumawardani, I. N., & Eliyanah, E. (2026) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2026.2712699
Wang, M., Gu, J., & Wang, J. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02961-0
Johnson, S., & Geldenhuys, D. J. (2026) · SA Journal of Industrial Psychology · doi:10.4102/sajip.v52i0.2423
Pareek, S., Jain, G., & Nagar, R. (2026) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-026-00700-9
A Meta-Analysis of the Correlation between Sleep Quality and Rumination among College Students
徐, 金. (2026) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2026.168390
Infertile women's experience of stressful dilemmas during assisted reproductive technology treatment
Deng, L., Li, Y., Wang, F., Zeng, J., Li, Y., He, W., yao, J., & Meng, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Reproductive Health · doi:10.3389/frph.2026.1886332
Étude du craving : déficit d’autorégulation émotionnelle et du contrôle des impulsions
Msyguidine, N., Moulin, V., & Blatier, C. (2026) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2026.07.001
Xu, Y., Sun, M., & Tsai, W. (2026) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-026-00404-6
Beyond Cognition: The Role of Emotions in Engineering Students’ Problem-Solving
Tran, V., & McCall, C. (2026) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--59120
Keeping things in the right distance: Emotion triggers and regulation strategies of physicians
Uhrecký, B., & Baránková, M. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261477499
Guidotti, S., Fiduccia, A., Sanseverino, R., Chirco, D., Carli, E., & Pruneti, C. A. (2026) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941261480087
Alpay, E. H. (2026) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.70094
BÖLÜKBAŞI, A., & Önder, F. C. (2026) · Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17860/mersinefd.1852970
Guaita-Mateo, C., Esteller-Collado, G., Prieto-Vila, M., Santos-Cruz, S. D., & Muñoz‐Navarro, R. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.08.020
Emotion regulation and legal decision-making in sex trafficking cases
Wiener, R. L., Wiener, S. M., Cluver, D., Haselow, R., & Monnier, K. L. (2026) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-026-10270-1
Augusto-Landa, J. M., Barros-Camargo, C. D., Fernández, A. H., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1913567
“According to the process model proposed by Gross (2002), emotion regulation refers to the processes through which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how these emotions are experienced and expressed.”
Oasis: Design of a Multimodal Emotional Healing Interactive Device
Hu, X., & Wang, Z. (2025) · International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design · doi:10.1109/iscid68789.2025.00023
“This model emphasizes that emotion regulation refers to the process by which individuals exert influence on the occurrence, cognition, and response of emotions [6].”
Close Friends, Closer Comparisons: Regulating Envy in Multiplex Relationships
Ameen, A., Beer, A. R., & Oh, J. K. (2026) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2024.0114
Goemaere, H., Braet, J., Verbeken, S., Claes, L., & Braet, C. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-026-01501-7
“From a mental health perspective, the ability to effec - tively downregulate and recover from negative emotions and upregulate and maintain positive emotions is generally considered adaptive (Gross, 2002; Koole, 2009).”
Suwito, B. M., Sabar, S., Sayatman, & Salsabila, M. A. (2026) · KnE Social Sciences · doi:10.18502/kss.v11i6.21564
Park, K., Na, E., Jeong, H., Shim, D., Jeong, Y., Lee, E., Kim, Y. J., Kim, J.-S., Suh, E., & Lee, H. K. (2026) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2026.2720783
Adolescent emotional dysregulation and suicide
Xu, F., & Xu, S. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000043127
“[20] Most studies have also found that cognitive reappraisal is associated with better mental health and lower levels of psychopathology.”
Xu, H., & LIU, W. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1956213
“Emotion-regulation processes are relevant to affective, cognitive, and social functioning, providing a broader basis for examining their association with psychological wellbeing (Gross, 2002).”
Yan, L., Li, R., Zhang, G., & Liu, W. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16091596
“Cognitive reappraisal refers to reframing a situation before the emotional response is fully developed, thereby changing how strongly the event is experienced emotionally (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
Burgstedt, C., & Hosser, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1913847
“Cognitive reappraisal is therefore an adaptive strategy (McRae and Gross, 2020) that can reduce the experience and expression of negative emotions (Abler and Kessler, 2009; Gross, 2002) and at the same time increase the experience and expression of positive emotions (Gross, 2002).”
Development and validation of the AI-assisted psychoemotional regulation scale (ERP-IA-6)
Briones-Llamoctanta, B. E., Pacheco-Cavero, J. A., Callacondo-Quispe, V. S., & Turpo-Chaparro, J. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1917798
“…according to which regulating an emotion involves influencing which emotion emerges, when it occurs, and how it is experienced or expressed through successive phases of identification, selection, implementation, and monitoring of the regulatory process (Gross, 2002; Rodriguez and Kross, 2023).”
Domic‐Siede, M., Granillo, L., Carvallo, C., Martín, C. S., Guzmán‐González, M., Sánchez‐Corzo, A., Silva, J. R., & Cruz, R. Z. (2026) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2026.113465
Jankovsky, A., Falcón, A. K., Moxley‐Kelly, N., Marini, V. A., & Stickle, T. R. (2026) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2026.2729572
An examination of the role of stress in increasing engagement
Kim, A., Laran, J., Bastaki, O., & Durante, K. M. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-10061-4
“If this strategy is not available or does not work, then people may engage in emotion regulation by reappraising or suppressing the emotion (Gross, 2002).”
Kállay, É., & Rus, C. L. (2026) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-026-00686-6
“These attempts have long been examined in the scientific literature under the terms of coping (e.g., Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004) and emotion regulation strategies (e.g., Gross, 2002).”
Emotional Regulation Strategies and Study Engagement: The Mediating Role of Well-Being
Laurent, S., Boizumault, M., Shankland, R., & Martinie, M. (2026) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829261487495
Lemmo, D., Capasso, M., Martino, M. L., Donizzetti, A. R., Freda, M. F., & Caso, D. (2026) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2026.2731416
Guo, Z., Liu, J., Chen, Q., Li, Z. H. U., Xie, S., Zhu, C., Yu, F., Ji, G., Wang, K., & Zhang, L. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-026-10785-4
O'Connor, P., Lime, T., Barrett, D. W., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026261478578
Mollaioli, D., Majoran, P., Ciocca, G., Sansone, A., Jannini, T. B., Gravina, G. L., Jannini, E. A., & Limoncin, E. (2026) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes7040052
“The difficulty in managing and responding to emotions is best situated within Gross’ process model of emotion regulation, which distinguishes strategies by when they intervene in the emotion-generative timeline [17,18].”
Understanding stress from a cultural perspective: the role of self-construal
Hu, X., He, Y., Luo, J., Wei, Z., Liu, Z., & Yang, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1826049
“Previous research has shown that changing cognitive appraisals improves the effect of coping with stress and reduces stress reactions, improves psychological functioning (Gross, 2002; John and Gross, 2004).”
Lim, W. P. H., Savage, H. S., Longley, B. F., Critchley, H., Dalgleish, T., Nord, C. L., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2026) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2025.0138 · Cited by 1
“However, it is also possible that the reduction in emotional intensity observed during distancing reflects a deployment of mechanisms other than psychological distance alone, such as, suppression (or inhibition) of emotional reactions to the videos [69 ].”
Avunduk, S., Avunduk, S. A., & Gavcar, E. G. (2026) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045261491778
Du, J., Yu, D., & Hu, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1899912
“Research on emotion regulation by Gross (2002) and mindfulness training by Kabat-Zinn (2003) suggests that enhancing emotional awareness and non-judgmental attention may be helpful for improving emotion recognition dif fi - culties (38, 39).”
Psychologické koreláty tetanického syndrómu
Vavrová, M., Giertlová, M., & Rojková, Z. (2026) · doi:10.34135/2026ucm3
From seeing to showing: towards a neuroscience of emotion production
Lee, S., Hwang, S., & Kim, M. J. (2026) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2025.0136 · Cited by 1
“Suppression involves the intentional inhibition of expressive behaviour after emotion generation and is associated with reduced outward expression, minimal changes in subjective experience and increased physiological arousal [70 ].”
Tunç, A., Macit, Z. B., & Yiğit, A. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107865
Do Global Emotion Regulation Profiles Under COVID-19 Stress Predict Daily Strategy Use Later?
Liu, E. Y., Lin, J., Shaw, S., Lee, S., Cai, T., Ip, K. I., & Gendron, M. (2026) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-026-00407-3
Şekkeli, H. A., & Feyzioğlu, A. (2026) · İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17336/igusbd.1695369
Sarı, Y., Tanrıverdi, D., & Özgüç, S. (2026) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-026-10314-2
Lew, Z., Low, J., & Mar, Y. (2026) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmag023
Sensing and Interventions for Social Anxiety: A Review
Poprcova, V., Lefter, I., Warnier, M., & Brazier, F. M. T. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3850152
“There are two broad kinds of emotion regulation strategies: antecedent-focused strategies used before the emotional response has fully begun, and response-focused strategies used once the emotional response is ongoing [63, 65].”
Li, X., You, Q., Tao, Y., Yang, C., & Yu, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1948213
Li, J., Luo, M., Guo, Y., & Yin, H. (2026) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2026.102013
Twelve tips on engaging effectively with emotion in Health Professions Education
Mills, L. M., & Merkebu, J. (2026) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2026.2743045 · Cited by 1
Don’t Just Do Something, Sit There! Decisiveness as a Product of Mindfulness and Acceptance Traits
Anderson, C. J., & Lynn, S. J. (2026) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/02762366261492677
Identitetskonstruktion genom Facebooks statusuppdateringar : En kvalitativ explorativ studie
Hellquist, L. (2010) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Effects of imagery training on language in expressive writing
Cash, T. V. (2012) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/56j8-kz10
When Objects Become Part of Self: Effects of Ownership and Choice on Self-object Associations
Yang, Y. (2014) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Nielsen, H. L. (2003) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Wilkins, C. (2012) · Bournemouth University Research Online (Bournemouth University)
An Examination of the Moderators to the Effect of a Brief Mindfulness Intervention for Acute Pain
Pineau, D. (2015) · OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale)
Neural bases of emotional processing in affective disorders
Kanske, P. (2014) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society)
Interventionen zur Verbesserung der Emotionsregulation
Legenbauer, T., & Vocks, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-20385-5_11
Temporal Mechanisms Underlying Systematic Mood Fluctuation: Re-evaluating Time and Day
Lee, I. A. (2011) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)
Korean Adolescents’ Life Satisfaction: The Effects of Social Support and Psychological Factors
Lim, S. A., & You, S. (2015) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/ermm-15.2015.76
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Emotion Regulation in Couples With and Without Children
Weil, E. (2011) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Meyer, T. (2015) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20150423tm
Menezes, C. B. (2009) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Wolfe, J. E. (2013) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Anger Expression: Evaluating The Construct Validity Of Several Emotion Regulation Measures
Jasinski, M. J. (2013) · Human Biology
Beadman, M. (2014) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-01, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-01 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
