The multiple facets of empathy: a survey of theory and evidence

Leiberg, Susanne; Anders, Silke

doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56023-6

Cited by 134Action Observation and SynchronizationEmotions and Moral BehaviorEmpathy and Medical Education

The multiple facets of empathy: a survey of theory and evidence

Leiberg, Susanne, Anders, Silke·2006·Progress in Brain Research

DOI 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56023-6

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Empathy is the ability to perceive and understand other people's emotions and to react appropriately. This ability is a necessary prerequisite for successful interpersonal interaction. Empathy is a multifaceted construct including low-level mechanisms like emotional contagion as well as high-level processes like perspective-taking. The ability to empathize varies between individuals and is considered a stable personality trait: some people are generally more successful in empathizing than others. In this chapter we will first present different conceptualizations of the construct of empathy, and refer to empathy-regulating processes as well as to the relationship between empathy and social behavior. Then, we will review peripheral physiological and brain imaging studies pertaining to low- and high-level empathic processes, empathy-modulating processes, and the link between empathy and social behavior. Further, we will present evidence regarding interindividual differences in these processes as an important source of information for solving the conundrum of how the comprehension of others' emotions is achieved by our brains.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56023-6

Cites

170 of 170 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

More automatic, bottom-up driven mapping and awareness of others' emotional states in empathy might be modulated by more controlled, top-down processes involved in attributing mind states (ToM).
“more automatic, bottom-up driven mapping and awareness of others emotional states in the context of self–other distinction (i.e., empathy) might be modulated by more controlled, top-down processes involved in attributing mind states (i.e., ToM)”
From Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy (2012) · cites this paper as Leiberg and Anders 2006

Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835 · see citing works
Self-efficacy: the exercise of control
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1826 · Cited by 24,409 · see citing works
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1994) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,542 · see citing works
Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach.
Davis, M. H. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113 · Cited by 10,272 · see citing works
A Handbook of Child Psychology
(1932) · Nature · doi:10.1038/130331a0 · Cited by 10,133 · see citing works
Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00076512 · Cited by 8,743 · see citing works
DESCARTES' ERROR: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
Marg, E. (1995) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.1995.tb03988.x · Cited by 8,177 · see citing works
Handbook of Social Psychology
DeLamater, J., & Ward, A. (2013) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0 · Cited by 7,565 · see citing works
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., & Rizzolatti, G. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.2.593 · Cited by 4,968 · see citing works
Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Gross, J. J. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577201393198 · Cited by 4,890 · see citing works
Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions
Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Gallese, V., & Fogassi, L. (1996) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0926-6410(95)00038-0 · Cited by 4,870 · see citing works
The cognitive control of emotion
OCHSNER, K., & GROSS, J. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010 · Cited by 4,495 · see citing works
Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases
Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000018 · Cited by 4,126 · see citing works
The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022607.19833.00 · Cited by 4,093 · see citing works
Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093535 · Cited by 3,929 · see citing works
The chameleon effect: the perception–behavior link and social interaction
Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893 · Cited by 3,674 · see citing works
Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update
Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D., & Carter, C. S. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.003 · Cited by 3,623 · see citing works
Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies
Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137585 · Cited by 3,598 · see citing works
Review of personality and social psychology
Wheeler, L. S., & Shaver, P. R. (1980) · UMI Books on Demand · Cited by 3,593 · see citing works
The functional architecture of human empathy
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582304267187 · Cited by 3,407 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(2000), Vaughan and Lanzetta (1980), Dimberg (1982), (1992), Sonnby-Borgström (2002), Carr et al.”
Review of personality and social psychology
Davies, M. (1983) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(83)90072-7 · Cited by 3,393 · see citing works
Pattern and growth in personality
Allport, G. W. (1961) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,361 · see citing works
Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action
Rizzolatti, G., Fogassi, L., & Gallese, V. (2001) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35090060 · Cited by 3,302 · see citing works
Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading
Gallese, V (1998) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01262-5 · Cited by 3,201 · see citing works
Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025589 · Cited by 3,083 · see citing works
The Theory of Event Coding (TEC): A framework for perception and action planning
Hommel, B., Müsseler, J., Aschersleben, G., & Prinz, W. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01000103 · Cited by 3,082 · see citing works
The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex
Damasio, A. R. (1996) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0125 · Cited by 2,847 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2002) as well as in linking a specific situation with its emotional value (Damasio, 1996) and emotional self-reflection (Lane et al.”
Background
Cortical mechanisms of human imitation
Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5449.2526 · Cited by 2,683 · see citing works
Rethinking feelings: an fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760807212 · Cited by 2,520 · see citing works
Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach
Davis, M. H. (1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2454 · Cited by 2,442 · see citing works
Emotion, regulation, and moral development
Eisenberg, N. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665 · Cited by 2,422 · see citing works
The altruism question: toward a social-psychological answer
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4797 · Cited by 2,401 · see citing works
Handbook of social psychology
Dantzer, R. (1990) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90065-v · Cited by 2,367 · see citing works
A measure of emotional empathy1
Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x · Cited by 2,360 · see citing works
Progress in experimental personality research
Maher, W. B., & Maher, B. A. (1964) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 2,347 · see citing works
Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306 · see citing works
Descartes’ Error. Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain. New York (Grosset/Putnam) 1994.
Damasio, A. R. (1994) · Cited by 2,266 · see citing works
A unifying view of the basis of social cognition
GALLESE, V, KEYSERS, C., & RIZZOLATTI, G. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.002 · Cited by 2,236 · see citing works
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula
Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00679-2 · Cited by 2,185 · see citing works
Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis (2000)
Peyron, R., Laurent, B., & García-Larrea, L. (2000) · Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0987-7053(00)00227-6 · Cited by 2,171 · see citing works
For better or for worse: neural systems supporting the cognitive down- and up-regulation of negative emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gross, J. J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030 · Cited by 2,113 · see citing works
Functional imaging of ‘theory of mind’
Gallagher, H. L., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)00025-6 · Cited by 2,092 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas
Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M.-C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0935845100 · Cited by 1,978 · see citing works
Psychology
Koch, S., & Albert, E. (1962) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-196210000-00015 · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
Empathy
Davis, M. H. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429493898 · Cited by 1,859 · see citing works
Prosocial Development
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0311 · Cited by 1,829 · see citing works
Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions
Dimberg, U., Thunberg, M., & Elmehed, K. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00221 · Cited by 1,788 · see citing works
Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J. P., Stephan, K. E., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04271 · Cited by 1,726 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A very recent fMRI study (Singer et al., 2006) employing the Prisoner’s Dilemma paradigm has shown that the brain activity of male subjects during observing an opponent in pain was modulated by the perceived fairness of the opponent.”
Background
Empathy and its development
Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987) · Cited by 1,708 · see citing works
Progress in Experimental Personality Research
Roth, D. L. (1986) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198609000-00013 · Cited by 1,546 · see citing works
Other minds in the brain: a functional imaging study of “theory of mind” in story comprehension.
Fletcher, P. (1995) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(95)00692-r · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: An event-related functional MRI study
Garavan, H., Ross, T. J., & Stein, E. A. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.14.8301 · Cited by 1,394 · see citing works
Folk Psychology as Simulation
Gordon, R. M. (1986) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0017.1986.tb00324.x · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations
Blair, R. J. R. (2005) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Altruism and Prosocial Behavior
Batson, C. D., & Powell, A. A. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0519 · Cited by 1,353 · see citing works
Emotions, cognition, and behavior
Izard, C. E., Kagan, J., & Zajonc, R. B. (1984) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · Cited by 1,347 · see citing works
Movement and Mind: A Functional Imaging Study of Perception and Interpretation of Complex Intentional Movement Patterns
Castelli, F., Happe, F. G. E., Uta Frith, A., & Frith, C. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0612 · Cited by 1,299 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation: Past, Present, Future
Gross, J. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379186 · Cited by 1,299 · see citing works
Perspective Taking: Imagining How Another Feels Versus Imaging How You Would Feel
Batson, C. D., Early, S., & Salvarani, G. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297237008 · Cited by 1,296 · see citing works
Empathic: An Unappreciated Way of Being
Rogers, C. R. (1975) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/001100007500500202 · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
How do we perceive the pain of others? A window into the neural processes involved in empathy
Jackson, P. L., Meltzoff, A. N., & Decety, J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.006 · Cited by 1,257 · see citing works
The roots of empathy: the shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity
Gallese, V. (2003) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000072786 · Cited by 1,249 · see citing works
Simulating minds: the philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience of mindreading
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2399 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Effect of subjective perspective taking during simulation of action: a PET investigation of agency
Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2001) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/87510 · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior.
Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.324 · Cited by 1,130 · see citing works
Neural correlates of conscious self-regulation of emotion
Beauregard, M., Lévesque, J., & Bourgouin, P. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-18-j0001.2001 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Response Conflict: Effects of Frequency, Inhibition and Errors
Braver, T. S. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.9.825 · Cited by 1,016 · see citing works
Neuronal correlates of theory of mind and empathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a nonverbal task
Vӧllm, B., Taylor, A. N. W., Richardson, P., Corcoran, R., Stirling, J., McKie, S., Deakin, J. F. W., & Elliott, R. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.022 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Mind reading: Neural mechanisms of theory of mind and self-perspective
Vogeley, K., Bussfeld, P., Newen, A., Herrmann, S., Happé, F., Falkai, P., Maier, W., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Zilles, K. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0789 · Cited by 998 · see citing works
A functional imaging study of cooperation in two-person reciprocal exchange
McCabe, K., Houser, D., Ryan, L., Smith, V., & Trouard, T. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.211415698 · Cited by 984 · see citing works
Perspectives on Perception and Action
(2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/978131562799 · Cited by 924 · see citing works
The distinction between sympathy and empathy: To call forth a concept, a word is needed.
Wispe, L. G. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.314 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Social cognition and the human brain
Adolphs, R. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01399-6 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Neural substrates for voluntary suppression of negative affect: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Phan, K. L., Fitzgerald, D. A., Nathan, P. J., Moore, G. J., Uhde, T. W., & Tancer, M. E. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.030 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury
Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Manes, F., Antoun, N., & Young, A. W. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/80586 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Reflecting upon Feelings: An fMRI Study of Neural Systems Supporting the Attribution of Emotion to Self and Other
Ochsner, K. N., Knierim, K., Ludlow, D. H., Hanelin, J., Ramachandran, T., Glover, G., & Mackey, S. C. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042947829 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Facial Reactions to Facial Expressions
Dimberg, U. (1982) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02516.x · Cited by 844 · see citing works
The Link between Social Cognition and Self-referential Thought in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Mitchell, J. P., Banaji, M. R., & Macrae, C. N. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929055002418 · Cited by 806 · see citing works
Cerebral Representation of One’s Own Past: Neural Networks Involved in Autobiographical Memory
Fink, G. R., Markowitsch, H. J., Reinkemeier, M., Bruckbauer, T., Kessler, J., & Heiss, W.-D. (1996) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-13-04275.1996 · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Pretending and believing: Issues in the theory of ToMM
Leslie, A. M. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90029-9 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
The Neural Correlates of Moral Sensitivity: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of Basic and Moral Emotions
Moll, J., de Oliveira-Souza, R., Eslinger, P. J., Bramati, I. E., Mourão-Miranda, J., Andreiuolo, P. A., & Pessoa, L. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-07-02730.2002 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Empathy: A physiological substrate.
Levenson, R. W., & Ruef, A. M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.234 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Facial mimicry and emotional contagion to dynamic emotional facial expressions and their influence on decoding accuracy
Hess, U., & Blairy, S. (2001) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(00)00161-6 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Neural circuitry underlying voluntary suppression of sadness
Lévesque, J., Eugène, F., Joanette, Y., Paquette, V., Mensour, B., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J.-M., Bourgouin, P., & Beauregard, M. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01817-6 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
The manifold nature of interpersonal relations: the quest for a common mechanism
Gallese, V. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1234 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Pain-related neurons in the human cingulate cortex
Hutchison, W. D., Davis, K. D., Lozano, A. M., Tasker, R. R., & Dostrovsky, J. O. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/8065 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
How Would <i>You</i> Feel versus How Do You Think <i>She</i> Would Feel? A Neuroimaging Study of Perspective-Taking with Social Emotions
Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929041502661 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Is empathy-induced helping due to self-other merging?
Batson, C. D., Sager, K., Garst, E., Kang, M., Rubchinsky, K., & Dawson, K. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.495 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
A PET Investigation of the Attribution of Intentions with a Nonverbal Task
Brunet-Gouet, É., Sarfati, Y., Hardy-Baylé, M. C., & Jean Decety, A. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1999.0525 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Exploratory Investigations of Empathy
Stotland, E. (1969) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60080-5 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Transcranial magnetic stimulation highlights the sensorimotor side of empathy for pain.
Avenanti, A., Bueti, D., Galati, G., & Aglioti, S. M. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1481 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Demystifying social cognition: a Hebbian perspective
Keysers, C., & Perrett, D. I. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.09.005 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Viewing facial expressions of pain engages cortical areas involved in the direct experience of pain
Botvinick, M., Jha, A. P., Bylsma, L. M., Fabian, S., Solomon, P. E., & Prkachin, K. M. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.043 · Cited by 589 · see citing works
International Affective Picture System
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2005) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t66667-000 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Imaging the Intentional Stance in a Competitive Game
Gallagher, H. L., Jack, A. I., Roepstorff, A., & Frith, C. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1117 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Left temporoparietal junction is necessary for representing someone else's belief
Samson, D., Apperly, I. A., Chiavarino, C., & Humphreys, G. W. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1223 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Neural activation during selective attention to subjective emotional responses
Lane, R. D., Fink, G. R., Chau, P. M.-L., & Dolan, R. J. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199712220-00024 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of First-Person Perspective as One Constituent of Human Self-Consciousness
Vogeley, K., May, M., Ritzl, A., Falkai, P., Zilles, K., & Fink, G. R. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892904970799 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
Functional imaging of face and hand imitation: towards a motor theory of empathy
Leslie, K. R., Johnson-Frey, S. H., & Grafton, S. T. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.038 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
An fMRI study of intentional and unintentional (embarrassing) violations of social norms
Berthoz, S. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf190 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Vicarious responses to pain in anterior cingulate cortex: Is empathy a multisensory issue?
Morrison, I., Lloyd, D., Di Pellegrino, G., & Roberts, N. (2004) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.4.2.270 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Dissociable neural systems for recognizing emotions
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., & Damásio, A. R. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00009-5 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
"I show how you feel": Motor mimicry as a communicative act.
Bavelas, J. B., Black, A., Lemery, C. R., & Mullett, J. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.322 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Suppression and enhancement of emotional responses to unpleasant pictures
Jackson, D. C., Malmstadt, J. R., Larson, C. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3740515 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Impaired “Affective Theory of Mind” Is Associated with Right Ventromedial Prefrontal Damage
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Tomer, R., Berger, B. D., Goldsher, D., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2005) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.wnn.0000152228.90129.99 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
ALTRUISM AND HELPING BEHAVIOR
Goldstein, J. H. (1980) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-287050-7.50011-4 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
When did her smile drop? Facial mimicry and the influences of emotional state on the detection of change in emotional expression
Niedenthal, P. M., Brauer, M., Halberstadt, J. B., & Innes-Ker, Å. H. (2001) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930143000194 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Regulation of emotional responses elicited by threat-related stimuli
Eippert, F., Veit, R., Weiskopf, N., Erb, M., Birbaumer, N., & Anders, S. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20291 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Self-citation
What you believe versus what you think they believe: a neuroimaging study of conceptual perspective‐taking
Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02673.x · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Understanding intentions in social interaction: The role of the anterior paracingulate cortex
Walter, H., Adenzato, M., Ciaramidaro, A., Enrici, I., Pia, L., & Bara, B. G. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042947838 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
The social context of nonverbal behavior
Philippot, P., Feldman, R. S., & Coats, E. J. (1999) · Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme eBooks · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Differential role of the orbital frontal lobe in emotional versus cognitive perspective-taking
Hynes, C. A., Baird, A. A., & Grafton, S. T. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.011 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy.
Hoffman, M. L. (1985) · Cited by 390 · see citing works
The impact of extensive medial frontal lobe damage on 'Theory of Mind' and cognition.
Bird, C., Castelli, F., Malik, O., Frith, U., & Husain, M. (2004) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awh108 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Expectations of cooperation and competition and their effects on observers' vicarious emotional responses.
Lanzetta, J. T., & Englis, B. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.4.543 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Automatic mimicry reactions as related to differences in emotional empathy
Sonnby‐Borgström, M. (2002) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00312 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Seeing it my way: a case of a selective deficit in inhibiting self-perspective
Samson, D., Apperly, I. A., Kathirgamanathan, U., & Humphreys, G. W. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh464 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Emotional reactions to a political leader's expressive displays.
McHugo, G. J., Lanzetta, J. T., Sullivan, D. G., Masters, R. D., & Englis, B. G. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.6.1513 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Altruism and Helping Behavior
Batson, C. D., Lange, P. A. M. V., Ahmad, N. Y., & Lishner, D. A. (2007) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781848608221.n11 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Nonverbal behavior and the theory of emotion: the facial feedback hypothesis
Buck, R. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.811 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Blood, Sweat, and Fears
LEVENSON, R. W. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1280.016 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Investigating the functional anatomy of empathy and forgiveness
Farrow, T. F. D., Zheng, Y., Wilkinson, I. D., Spence, S. A., Deakin, J. F. W., Tarrier, N., Griffiths, P. D., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200108080-00029 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Frontal and Temporo-Parietal Lobe Contributions to Theory of Mind: Neuropsychological Evidence from a False-Belief Task with Reduced Language and Executive Demands
Apperly, I. A., Samson, D., Chiavarino, C., & Humphreys, G. W. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929042947928 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
“... As you Would have Them Do Unto You”: Does Imagining Yourself in the Other's Place Stimulate Moral Action?
Batson, C. D., Lishner, D. A., Carpenter, A., Dulin, L., Harjusola-Webb, S. M., Stocks, E. L., Gale, S., Hassan, O. M., & Sampat, B. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203254600 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Stress, affiliation, and emotional contagion.
Gump, B. B., & Kulik, J. A. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.305 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAGIOUS
Lundqvist, L., & Dimberg, U. (1995) · Journal of Psychophysiology · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Against simulation: the argument from error
Saxe, R. R. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.012 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Evaluating Self-Generated Information: Anterior Prefrontal Contributions to Human Cognition.
Kalina Christoff, A., Ream, J. M., Geddes, L. P. T., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.6.1161 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
A valid procedure for obtaining self-report of affect in marital interaction.
Gottman, J. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.53.2.151 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
A valid procedure for obtaining self-report of affect in marital interaction.
Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.53.2.151 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Understanding children's and adults' limitations in mental state reasoning
Birch, S., & Bloom, P. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.04.011 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Neural correlates of regulating negative emotions related to moral violations
Harenski, C. L., & Hamann, S. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.034 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Inferring false beliefs from the actions of oneself and others: an fMRI study
Grèzes, J., Frith, C., & Passingham, R. E. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00665-7 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Functional Segregation within Pars Opercularis of the Inferior Frontal Gyrus: Evidence from fMRI Studies of Imitation and Action Observation
Molnar-Szakacs, I., Iacoboni, M., Koski, L., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh199 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Volitional Control of Autonomic Arousal: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Study
Critchley, H. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1147 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Cognitions Associated With Attempts to Empathize: How Do We Imagine the Perspective of Another?
Davis, M. H., Soderlund, T., Cole, J. D., Gadol, E., Kute, M., Myers, M. W., & Weihing, J. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271183 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Personality and socialization correlates of vicarious emotional responding.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Schaller, M., Miller, P. A., Carlo, G., Poulin, R., Shea, C., & Shell, R. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.459 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Convergence in the physical appearance of spouses
Zajonc, R. B., Adelmann, P. K., Murphy, S. T., & Niedenthal, P. M. (1987) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00992848 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Toward brain correlates of natural behavior: fMRI during violent video games
Mathiak, K., & Weber, R. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20234 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Evidence for a different role of the ventral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex for social reactive aggression: An interactive fMRI study
Lotze, M., Veit, R., Anders, S., & Birbaumer, N. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.028 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mimicry and the Judgment of Emotional Facial Expressions
Blairy, S., Herrera, P., & Heß, U. (1999) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1021370825283 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Studies of empathic behavior in children.
Feshbach, N. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Vicarious instigation and conditioning of facial expressive and autonomic responses to a model's expressive display of pain.
Vaughan, K. B., & Lanzetta, J. T. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.38.6.909 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The Role of Emotion in Social Support Provision: Gender, Empathy and Expressions of Distress
Trobst, K. K., Collins, R. L., & Embree, J. M. (1994) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407594111003 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Vicarious instigation and conditioning of facial expressive and autonomic responses to a model's expressive display of pain.
Vaughan, K. B., & Lanzetta, J. T. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.6.909 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Perspectives on Perception and Action
(2012) · doi:10.5040/9781492595151.ch-002 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Prosocial behavior and empathy: A multimethod developmental perspective.
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1991) · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Corticospinal facilitation during first and third person imagery
Fourkas, A. D., Avenanti, A., Urgesi, C., & Aglioti, S. M. (2006) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0076-0 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Facial EMG responses to dynamic emotional facial expressions in boys with disruptive behavior disorders
DEWIED, M., Boxtel, A. V., Zaalberg, R., Goudena, P. P., & Matthys, W. (2005) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.08.003 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-Awareness and Feeling Transparent: Failing to Suppress One's Self
Vorauer, J. D., & Ross, M. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1388 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Physiological Correlates of Tension and Antagonism During Psychotherapy
DiMascio, A., BOYD, R. W., & Greenblatt, M. (1957) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-195703000-00002 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
GOALS AND METHODS OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
Ax, A. F. (1964) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1964.tb02616.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Biological substrates of empathy and facial modulation of emotion: Two facets of the scientific legacy of John Lanzetta
LEVENSON, R. W. (1996) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf02251886 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Individual differences among adult women in sensitivity to infants: Evidence in support of an empathy concept.
Wiesenfeld, A. R., Whitman, P. B., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.46.1.118 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The neural correlates of understanding the other's distress: A positron emission tomography investigation of accurate empathy
Shamay‐Tsoory, S., Lester, H., Chisin, R., Israel, O., Bar‐Shalom, R., Peretz, A., Tomer, R., Tsitrinbaum, Z., & Aharon‐Peretz, J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.012 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The psychiatric interview: a sociophysiologic study.
MASCIO, A. D., Rw, B., Greenblatt, M., & Hc, S. (1955) · PubMed · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The false dichotomy between simulation and theory-theory: the argument's error
Mitchell, J. P. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.010 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Physiological evidence of rapport during psychotherapeutic interviews.
Coleman, R., Greenblatt, M., & Hc, S. (1956) · PubMed · Cited by 61 · see citing works
E-Skala: Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Empathie - Beschreibung und psychometrische Eigenschaften
Leibetseder, M. M., Laireiter, A., Riepler, A., & Köller, T. (2001) · Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie · doi:10.1024//0170-1789.22.1.70 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Individual differences among adult women in sensitivity to infants: Evidence in support of an empathy concept.
Wiesenfeld, A. R., Whitman, P. B., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.1.118 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
THE USE OF SOCIOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Kaplan, H. B., & Bloom, S. W. (1960) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-196008000-00006 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Simulation, mirroring, and a different argument from error
GOLDMAN, A., & Sebanz, N. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.05.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Einfühlung, innere Nachahmung und Organempfindungen
(2018) · Ergon Verlag eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783956504174-33 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Simulation and systematic errors in prediction
Gordon, R. M. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Biometric Findings on Cardiac Neurosis. III. Changes in ECG and Heart Rate in Cardiophobic Patients and their Doctor during Psychoanalytical Initial Interviews
Stanek, B., Hahn, P. A., & Mayer, H. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000286534 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hybrid vigour: Reply to Mitchell
Saxe, R. R. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.017 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Empathy and facial reactions to facial expressions.
Dimberg, U., Andréasson, P., & Thunberg, M. (2005) · Psychophysiology · Cited by 3 · see citing works
On ignorance and being wrong: Reply to Gordon
Saxe, R. R. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.06.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1997)23:6

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn279 · Cited by 1,544 · see citing works
The QCAE: a questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy
Reniers, R. L. E. P., Corcoran, R., Drake, R., Shryane, N. M., & Völlm, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.528484 · Cited by 961 · see citing works
Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy
Bzdok, D., Schilbach, L., Vogeley, K., Schneider, K., Laird, A. R., Langner, R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0380-y · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Racial bias reduces empathic sensorimotor resonance with other-race pain
Avenanti, A., Sirigu, A., & Aglioti, S. M. (2010) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.071 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences
Stern, J. A., & Cassidy, J. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2017.09.002 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Chatbot as an emergency exist: Mediated empathy for resilience via human-AI interaction during the COVID-19 pandemic
Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., & Pian, W. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103074 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Brains “in concert”: frontal oscillatory alpha rhythms and empathy in professional musicians
Babiloni, C., Buffo, P., Vecchio, F., Marzano, N., Del Percio, C., Spada, D., Rossi, S., Bruni, I., Rossini, P. M., & Perani, D. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.008 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Pain Sensitivity and Observer Perception of Pain in Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
Allely, C. S. (2013) · The Scientific World Journal · doi:10.1155/2013/916178 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Empathic deficits in schizophrenia: the potential role of rapid facial mimicry
VARCIN, K. J., BAILEY, P. E., & HENRY, J. D. (2010) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617710000329 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The bad things we do because of empathy
Breithaupt, F. (2018) · Interdisciplinary Science Reviews · doi:10.1080/03080188.2018.1450928 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Impairments in cognitive empathy and alexithymia occur independently of executive functioning in college students with autism
Ziermans, T., de Bruijn, Y., Dijkhuis, R., Staal, W., & Swaab, H. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318817716 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Authors: Leiberg, S., & Anders, S.
Affiliations: University of Tübingen (DE)
ORCID: Leiberg, Susanne
Anders, Silke
Venue: Progress in Brain Research
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 2006
Volume: 156
Pages: 419-440
ISSN: 0079-6123 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56023-6
OpenAlex: W1529908276
Cited by: 134
References: 170
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 7.21
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Progress in brain research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Empathy and Medical Education
Keywords: empathy, emotional contagion, perspective taking, social behavior, individual differences, emotional understanding, personality traits
MeSH terms: Brain, Cognition, Empathy, Humans, Psychological Theory, Psychophysics, Expressed Emotion

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The multiple facets of empathy: a survey of theory and evidence

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks