The DOI matches its Crossref record; 473 of the 473 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 390 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: a sketch of the evidence.
Open accessAbstract
Human cooperation is highly unusual. We live in large groups composed mostly of non-relatives. Evolutionists have proposed a number of explanations for this pattern, including cultural group selection and extensions of more general processes such as reciprocity, kin selection, and multi-level selection acting on genes. Evolutionary processes are consilient; they affect several different empirical domains, such as patterns of behavior and the proximal drivers of that behavior. In this target article, we sketch the evidence from five domains that bear on the explanatory adequacy of cultural group selection and competing hypotheses to explain human cooperation. Does cultural transmission constitute an inheritance system that can evolve in a Darwinian fashion? Are the norms that underpin institutions among the cultural traits so transmitted? Do we observe sufficient variation at the level of groups of considerable size for group selection to be a plausible process? Do human groups compete, and do success and failure in competition depend upon cultural variation? Do we observe adaptations for cooperation in humans that most plausibly arose by cultural group selection? If the answer to one of these questions is “no,” then we must look to other hypotheses. We present evidence, including quantitative evidence, that the answer to all of the questions is “yes” and argue that we must take the cultural group selection hypothesis seriously. If culturally transmitted systems of rules (institutions) that limit individual deviance organize cooperation in human societies, then it is not clear that any extant alternative to cultural group selection can be a complete explanation.
Overview
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Written from a shortened version of the paper’s full text (it is longer than we read).
TL;DR
Richerson et al. argue that cultural group selection (CGS) is an essential and empirically plausible explanation for human cooperation among non-relatives, drawing on evidence from five domains. They conclude that culture acts as an inheritance system, group-level cultural variation is substantial, groups compete, and group-functional adaptations exist, though quantitative estimates of CGS strength remain incomplete.
Key findings
- Culture acts as an inheritance system: developmental evidence shows imitation and teaching emerge in the first 12 months, and historical/linguistic data show phylogenetic descent with modification; in Tupi cultural domains, rates were usually less than five transitions in 10 millennia.
- Cultural F_ST between neighboring groups is consistently greater than 0.01, with some traits above 0.6; for neighboring groups that might compete, cultural F_ST is approximately an order of magnitude larger than genetic F_ST.
- Intergroup competition is documented: among the Turkana, 1% of male mortality is from within-Turkana violence versus 50% from inter-ethnic raids; average raids include 315 men, with some up to 1,000; large-scale warfare can involve mostly unrelated individuals (e.g., Stalingrad involved more than 1.7 million soldiers and over two million casualties).
- Group-functional institutions and religion show effects: costly ritual displays correlate with commune longevity across more than 800 U.S. communes over 200 years; Soltis et al. estimated group extinction rates could spread a group-beneficial cultural trait to most of a metapopulation in 500–1,000 years.
Methods
- The target article is a synthetic review or “sketch” of evidence from five domains: culture as an inheritance system, group-level cultural variation, intergroup competition, group-level functionality, and gene-culture coevolution.
- Quantitative component: cultural F_ST was calculated from survey responses (World Values Survey, AfroBarometer, Public Policy Institute of California surveys, Scottish Health Survey, Anwar Sadat Chair Arab Public Opinion Surveys, among others) for neighboring political, religious, ethnic, geographic, and socioeconomic groups; the Price equation was used to express conditions for group selection.
- Evidence is drawn from developmental psychology, historical linguistics and phylogenetics, ethnography, archaeology, economic organization, religion, and warfare.
Limitations
- The paper states it cannot provide a precise quantitative account of CGS importance relative to competing processes; too few quantitative studies exist, and direct evidence for culture-led gene-culture coevolution is strong only for genes that do not directly affect behavior.
- The paper notes uncertainty about how similar modern foragers are to Pleistocene foragers and that direct evidence for Pleistocene warfare is very limited.
- The text makes evident that cultural F_ST from ethnographic data is often impossible because ethnographers typically report only normative behavior and neglect individual variation; the survey-based F_ST estimates also rely on group classifications that may not capture heritable cultural variation or cooperation-relevant traits.
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328 Not checked yet · 224 Own interpretation · 97 No basis given · 7 Own result · 6 Own method
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In the paper
“Consistent with the hypothesis that individual variation for many normative beliefs and behaviors is small within groups and large between groups, we find large betweengroup differences among all groups of all scales (Fig. 1).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.1. Quantitative evidence of cultural differences between groups
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In the paper
“Our data reach well into the plateau of the L-shaped region of the group selection condition.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.1. Quantitative evidence of cultural differences between groups
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In the paper
“The results (Fig. 1A) show that the extent of allomaternal care directed at immatures is the best predictor of experimentally assessed proactive prosociality within a group, far better in fact than any other factor proposed so far, including brain size, social tolerance, cooperative hunting, or the presence of strong social bonds.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Data description
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burkart et al. 2014
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In the paper
“perceive a greater degree of external threat, reflected in the desire for more national defense spending and greater rates of military recruitment, as compared to loose states.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrington and Gelfand (2014)
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under low threat, the evolutionary pressures resulted in a more diverse mix of all possible strategies.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“evolutionary game theoretical (EGT) models show that groups that face a high degree of threat require stronger norms and greater punishment of deviance in order to survive (Roos et al. 2015).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roos et al. 2015
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In the paper
“and supported more isolationist policies (such as buying American products exclusively and supporting government restriction of imported products) compared to loose states.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrington and Gelfand (2014)
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In the paper
“fewer resources (indicated by greater rates of food insecurity)”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrington and Gelfand (2014)
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In the paper
“a greater incidence of disease and health vulnerabilities”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrington and Gelfand (2014)
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In the paper
“Tighter states also had significantly lower residential mobility”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrington and Gelfand (2014)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 157
- Probably not a substantial claim. 154
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In the paper
“Among small political or ethnic groups, nations, and religious majorities, we consistently report F ST values greater than 0.01, with some traits showing F ST scores above 0.6.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.1. Quantitative evidence of cultural differences between groups
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In the paper
“Moreover, stronger N400 responses mediated cultural differences in a number of attitudes and behaviors, including higher self-control and ethnocentrism, but lower creativity, among Chinese as compared to U.S. groups.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mu et al. 2015
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In the paper
“These animals developed humanly attractive faces with short snouts, floppy ears, patches of white fur on their heads, and curly tails (Gibbons 2014).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gibbons 2014
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In the paper
“Indigenous peoples of Amazonia, for example, commonly make pets of captured wild animals such as monkeys and birds.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diamond 1993
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In the paper
“Further, social norms governing relationships with pets can shift dramatically over time.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pet-keeping is highly variable across cultures in both frequency and form.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“unlike language, music, and prohibitions against sex with first-degree relatives, pet-keeping is not a human universal.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This practice, however, is rare among tribal peoples of New Guinea (Diamond 1993).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Diamond 1993
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In the paper
“In Medieval Europe, cats were routinely subjected to torture and mass slaughter, as they were linked with witchcraft.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bradshaw 2013
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, the frequency and form of pet-keeping vary widely among cultures.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“with the complete transformation of the cat from pariah to household pet occurring by the end of the 18th century (Bradshaw 2013).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bradshaw 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Third, preferences for pets are transmitted vertically from parent to child and horizontally across cultural landscapes.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the United States, over the last two decades, the proportion of homes with companion animals has increased only slightly while the amount of money Americans spend on their pets has risen fivefold.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
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In the paper
“Dogs substantially increase the success of Mayangna hunters in Nicaragua”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Koster 2009
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In the paper
“The acquisition of horses by Apache and Comanche Indians in the 17th century profoundly changed the nature of tribal warfare on the Great Plains of the United States (Hämäläinen 2003).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hämäläinen 2003
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In the paper
“in the aftermath of World War II, Japan ended state Shintoism and hundreds of religious groups sprang up in a very quick succession; Iannaccone 1998.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Iannaccone 1998
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“in relatively poor regions Europeans settled in large numbers and implemented institutions that encourage prosperity today (Acemoglu et al. 2001;2002).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acemoglu et al. 2001
- Not checked yetcites Acemoglu et al. 2002
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In the paper
“Loci related to olfaction, immunity, and metabolism (connected to subsistence strategies) are among those most positively selected in recent human history (Akey 2009).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Akey 2009
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In the paper
“The tendency to copy others' behaviour was highly variable and individuals were less likely to copy more cooperative strategies, that is, behaviour that bore higher costs by depositing more money into a group pot.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Shakti Lamba
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lamba 2014
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In the paper
“(3) individuals are more selfish in larger populations and less likely to copy increasingly cooperative behaviour (Lamba 2014;Lamba & Mace 2011).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Shakti Lamba
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lamba 2014
- Not checked yetcites Lamba & Mace 2011
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In the paper
“In addition, no significant differences in cooperation were found between the two cultural groups when taking into account individual socio-economic characteristics, which in turn best predicted the variation in cooperative behaviour (Silva & Mace 2014;2015).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Shakti Lamba
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Silva & Mace 2014;2015
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In the paper
“Individual and neighbourhood exposure to conflict explained a reduction in out-group cooperation, but crucially had either no effect or also reduced cooperation toward the in-group.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Shakti Lamba
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Silva & Mace 2014;2015
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Shakers had 6,000 members in the mid-19th century but the norm of celibacy shrank the group by outmigration and lack of reproduction, so only one small community remains.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We outline here the evidence that supports the hypothesis that cultural group selection (CGS) was and still is an important force in the evolution of human societies.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result of these three features, we should also find evidence of: (4) group-level functionality in cultures, particularly in their social norms and institutions.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 1. Introduction
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Human cooperation is highly unusual.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Abstract
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three distinct CGS processes exist, united by being driven by group-level heritable cultural variation, but differing in the mechanism of selection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2. The cultural group selection hypothesis
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In the paper
“We typically live in large, rule-bound, anonymous societies in which the mean genetic relatedness between members is low (Moffett 2013).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moffett 2013
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We live in large groups composed mostly of non-relatives.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Abstract
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, if CGS is an active process in human social evolution, then we should see evidence that: (1) culture acts as an inheritance system; (2) group-variable culturally transmitted social norms and institutions are among the domains of culture so transmitted; and (3) success or failure in intergroup competition is frequently caused by institutional variation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 1. Introduction
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In the paper
“If people tend to differentially copy locally common behaviors, the homogenizing effect of migration will be reduced and group differences will be maintained (Boyd & Richerson 1985).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2. Conformist social learning.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyd & Richerson 1985
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In the paper
“The dramatic changes of modern environments are resulting in detectable selection on genes related to health and fertility (Byars et al. 2010;Kohler et al. 1999).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2.2. The tribal social instincts hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Byars et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Kohler et al. 1999
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the three CGS processes described in the previous section have operated over spans of time consistent with the evolution of genes, then culture-led gene-culture coevolution may have favored genes that encourage group advantageous behavior.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2.2. The tribal social instincts hypothesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given their short history, selection on modern groups will not have had a major impact on genes, but we argue that it has been very important in the ongoing evolution of complex societies.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2. The cultural group selection hypothesis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cultural evolution will thus tend to be the leading process, and genetic evolution the lagging process, in gene-culture coevolution.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2.2. The tribal social instincts hypothesis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence currently exists that supports the hypothesis of culture-led gene-culture coevolution for a few simple genetic traits whose function is well known, but unfortunately not yet for genes related to behavior.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2.2. The tribal social instincts hypothesis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent molecular evidence suggests that the genes associated with these and other phenotypic changes swept to appreciable frequencies in the Holocene, as agricultural diets exerted selective pressures on digestive physiology (Itan et al. 2009;Tishkoff et al. 2007) and human populations became dense enough to carry epidemic diseases (Wolfe et al. 2007).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2.2. The tribal social instincts hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Itan et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Tishkoff et al. 2007
- Not checked yetcites Wolfe et al. 2007
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Infants younger than one year prefer puppets that are helpful to others over those that are antisocial (Hamlin et al. 2011), suggesting that our social predispositions are partly innate.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2.2. The tribal social instincts hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hamlin et al. 2011
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A population of more docile individuals could then permit the cultural evolution of slightly more sophisticated and effective norms.This would allow groups to maintain more reliable cooperation and tools, which would, in turn, be favored by CGS acting on this variation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2.2. The tribal social instincts hypothesis
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“So far, too few quantitative studies have been performed on CGS and competing processes to allow for much but qualitative judgments.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that many cultural evolutionary processes generate cultural variation and cause evolution.CGS is only relevant to situations in which groups compete; it is not a complete theory of the evolution of cultural variation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CGS is potentially acting on more than one of these groups simultaneously, leading many authors to speak of multi-level selection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2. The cultural group selection hypothesis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The resulting diminution of unsuccessful groups may weaken their competitive ability and/or encourage leaders to adopt successful foreign norms, strengthening the two processes defined previously.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyd & Richerson 2009
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three selective processes will tend to reduce grouplevel variation.Thus, the standing group-level variation is a balance between variation-creating and variation-reducing forces.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is an empirical matter whether cultural evolutionary processes can maintain substantial between-group variation or whether, as is the case with genetic variation, appreciable group variation is hard to maintain.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evolution of complex societies in the last five millennia has generated a diverse array of social groups that can vary culturally, compete, and be subject to group selection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 2. The cultural group selection hypothesis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Language phylogenies appear to be a reasonable proxy for population movements, often matching phylogenetic patterns based on genes reasonably well (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1988), albeit not perfectly.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 3.2. Descent with modification
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1988
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recently, phylogenetic methods, originally borrowed from biology, have been applied to detecting descent-with-modification patterns in cultural data (Mace & Jordan 2011).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 3.2. Descent with modification
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mace & Jordan 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Historical linguists established that languages evolved by descent with modification before Darwin and his contemporaries began to apply the idea to biological evolution (Müller 1862).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 3.2. Descent with modification
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Müller 1862
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Currie and Mace (2009) found that the area over which a language is spoken is more closely related to its political complexity than to any other variable tested, consistent with the hypothesis that CGS on social organization features correlated with language played an important role in the creation of patterns of linguistic diversity.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 3.2. Descent with modification
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Currie and Mace 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certainly, no evidence carefully examined to date suggests that non-evolutionary patterns dominate the archaeological and historical record, as would be suggested by strong versions of the evoked culture and improvisational intelligence hypotheses.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 3.2. Descent with modification
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonhuman social learners tested so far lack the skills necessary to acquire a large repertoire of complex skills, and there are so far no reports of nonhumans having acquired complex traits (traits composed of more than two or three separate innovations) by social learning.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 3.1. A cognitive system for accurate, voluminous cultural transmission
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If CGS processes are to operate on cultural variation, then we must document appreciable variation at the level of groups.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4. Culture exhibits group-level variation
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individuals use a variety of strategies to acquire social information, tending to favor success-based strategies when such information is available to them; conformist strategies are typically employed when payoff-based information is unavailable or uninformative (Molleman et al. 2014).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 3.1. A cognitive system for accurate, voluminous cultural transmission
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Molleman et al. 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They detected a strong effect of vertical inheritance of cultural traits related to family and kinship and the economy, and a medium vertical effect on traits related to social stratification and house type.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 3.2. Descent with modification
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guglielmino et al. (1995)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, children as young as 14 months will readily provide instrumental help to an adult, and children of 18 months will help and cooperate with unfamiliar adults.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.2. The transmission of social norms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They tend to preserve locally successful social behaviors and reduce the diffusion of cultural variation from one social group to another (see sects.2.1 and 6.1).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.2. The transmission of social norms
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children show adult levels of racial in-group bias by age 6 (Dunham et al. 2008), although language difference seems to be a more intuitively salient marker than differences in skin color (Kinzler et al. 2009).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.2. The transmission of social norms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dunham et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Kinzler et al. 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, preschool children preferred to learn both linguistic and non-linguistic information from individuals who spoke with the same accent as themselves (Kinzler et al. 2011), and 12-month-olds preferentially copy the food selection choices of adult native speakers of their own language (Shutts et al. 2009).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.2. The transmission of social norms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kinzler et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Shutts et al. 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Identification with a group sometimes results in derogation of other groups.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.2. The transmission of social norms
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Attitudes toward out-groups are certainly not invariably invidious, however, contrary to some theories of ethnocentrism (Brewer 2007).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.2. The transmission of social norms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brewer 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Norm transmission has not been extensively studied in adults or undergraduate volunteers.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.2. The transmission of social norms
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ethnographers and historians tacitly assume that individual variation for normative behaviors is typically small within groups, is large between groups, and grows larger with time in most lineages.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.1. Quantitative evidence of cultural differences between groups
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Equation ( 1) says that traits will be favored if they have zero individual costs and positive group benefits.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.1. Quantitative evidence of cultural differences between groups
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If this is correct, the scope for CGS is large.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.1. Quantitative evidence of cultural differences between groups
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Group selection on genes is generally implausible because migration between groups prevents substantial genetic variation from arising in groups larger than those composed of close kin.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4. Culture exhibits group-level variation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, in some societies, participants sanctioned high contributors as well as low contributors.In such societies, rates of cooperation in the games were low.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Herrmann et al. (2008)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Institutions are important because they create and maintain variation between groups while simultaneously damping down variation among individuals within groups.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Symbolic markers thus serve to identify members of distinct social groups and subgroups and to define who is and who is not entitled to benefits from the activities of the organization.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Institutions are probably an ancient feature of human social life, ancient enough to have generated the coevolution of genes related to social behavior.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the Sukuma have a unique, elaborate institution of village governance, which the Pimbwe lack, and the Sukuma organize the provision of public goods much more effectively than the Pimbwe.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paciotti et al. (2005)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a system of commonly accepted norms, they are a property of a group and often vary qualitatively from group to group.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, early experiments showed a strong conformity effect (Jacobs & Campbell 1961), and rather firm socialization pressure with normative content is observed in some experiments (Baum et al. 2004;2012).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.2. The transmission of social norms
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jacobs & Campbell 1961
- Not checked yetcites Baum et al. 2004;2012
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Sukuma, who are an expanding population of agro-pastoral colonizers, were found to have one of the highest average offers in the ultimatum game ever measured.The Pimbwe, in contrast, made quite low offers.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Paciotti et al. (2005)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Greif's (2006) study of the evolution of early modern Mediterranean trading systems notes that institutional evolution occurs when ongoing changes destabilize an equilibrium previously regulated by an institution.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greif's (2006)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“If punishing is sufficiently cheap for punishers and sufficiently costly to the punished, punishment can stabilize any behavior (Boyd & Richerson 1992b).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyd & Richerson 1992b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Institutions only function when large numbers of people conform to them.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 32 present-day foraging societies, Hill et al. (2011) found evidence of frequent inter-band relations, low group genetic relatedness of co-residents within a band, and substantial interaction networks consisting of unrelated individuals, all structured by institutions that differ from society to society.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hill et al. (2011)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The average raid includes 315 men, with some raids including up to a thousand.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathew & Boyd 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A theoretically significant set of institutions are those that regulate family life and small-scale partnerships.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Kinship institutions specify the responsibilities of family members toward each other.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mating according to such a contract confers social benefits of the cooperative breeding system on the couple, and mating outside it is often significantly sanctioned.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Combatants experience the hazards of war, but the benefits of victory are widely shared, even by those who avoid the risks.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a consequence of warfare, the cultural traits of the successful groups often spread and the cultural traits of defeated groups and polities often decline.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, in the Turkana, a tribe of about one million people living in northern Kenya, 1% of mortality among Turkana men is from violence among Turkana, whereas 50% is from inter-ethnic raids (Mathew & Boyd 2011).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathew & Boyd 2011
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Losers of military competitions are sometimes killed outright and are sometimes voluntarily or involuntarily incorporated into the victorious society.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two conditions needed for warfare to cause CGS are (1) that variation in cultural traits between groups influences variation in success in warfare, and (2) that variation in success in warfare influences the spread of cultural traits.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The strategies used to formulate tribal institutions are widely applied to modern organizations such as churches, villages, neighborhoods, clubs, business organizations, and bureaucracies.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Most participants are not close kin, and participants come from a wide swathe of Turkana society, including multiple sub-territories.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathew & Boyd 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Instead, the Turkana have cultural norms that discourage cowardice, norms that are enforced by peers who sanction violators in their local group.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathew & Boyd 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, class and regional variations are usually marked by linguistic differences (Labov 2001).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Labov 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Mathew et al. (2013) note that humans routinely engage in a broader set of small-scale cooperative activities than do our primate relatives, and they argue that institutionalized third-party rewards and punishments often regulate such activities.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathew et al. (2013) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the direct evidence for warfare in the Pleistocene is very limited, and doubts about war's importance before the Holocene persist (Guthrie 2005).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guthrie 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These institutional differences among groups in turn facilitate CGS via any of the three processes identified in section 2.1.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.3. Institutions are group-level cultural traits
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cultural traits that affect military success are highly variable, and success in war tends to spread such traits by all three forms of CGS.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Economists routinely study all three mechanisms of CGS in competitive market systems.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.2. Competition between economic organizations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Soltis et al. (1995) estimated group extinction rates from the differential group extinction and conversion of losers in a sample of societies in Papua New Guinea.They found that the estimated extinction rates would allow a group beneficial cultural trait to spread to most of a meta-population in 500-1,000 years.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Soltis et al. (1995)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, cultural differences between firms tend to persist, and differential expansion and contraction of firms is very active despite attempts to acquire the practices of more successful firms.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.2. Competition between economic organizations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Absorption may be passive, in which defeated people adopt the identity of the dominant group through marriage and/or migration, or it can be coercive.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Soldiers from democratic nations also seem to fight more effectively than soldiers from non-democratic nations, even after controlling for wealth and other measures of power, perhaps because they more consistently report that they find their government's war policies legitimate (Reiter & Stam 2002).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reiter & Stam 2002
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Humans use language to formulate and transmit social norms and to operate institutional systems of reward and punishment that stabilize these norms.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“New employees acquire the firm's culture through formal and informal socialization and incorporate the firm's culture as part of their social identity.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.2. Competition between economic organizations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Democratic leaders seem to be better at picking the wars they fight, and they are more politically accountable when wars are lost.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reiter & Stam 2002
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Well-run firms profit and survive, while poorly run firms with losses expire.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.2. Competition between economic organizations
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Economic CGS has a long history (Curtin 1984) and is very important in modern societies.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.2. Competition between economic organizations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Curtin 1984
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tilly (1992) argues that sovereign territorial states out-competed both empires and feudal societies because they were better able to raise capital for military campaigns.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 5.1. Warfare
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tilly (1992)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In such systems, very little information is transmitted and syntactic complexity is quite limited (Hurford 2007).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hurford 2007
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Merlin Donald (1991) hypothesizes that Homo erectus and related Lower and Middle Pleistocene hominins were talented mimics, and that mimesis served as the evolutionary basis on which language could subsequently evolve.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Merlin Donald (1991)
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Linguistic variation is extremely important in maintaining social structure and influencing social judgments, as we saw in the case of children's early learning biases (sect.4.2).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They also acquired basic social norms and integrated themselves into complex institutions.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Donald
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Following the arguments for the efficiency of having innate, information-rich cognitive modules (Tooby & Cosmides 1992), having tight constraints on languages ought to make them easier and quicker to learn both for children and for people wanting to be able to speak multiple languages.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tooby & Cosmides 1992 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such rituals today have powerful group-bonding effects and are therefore commonly incorporated into religious and secular patriotic celebrations (see sect.6.3).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A plausible answer is that culture was already tolerably complex before the capacity for language began to evolve.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Stone tool manufacture may go back three million years, and edge-wear evidence suggests that early stone tools were used to make a toolkit of perishable materials such as wood and hides.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evolution of symbolic boundaries to communication will help protect group-level cultural variation from the homogenizing effects of migration, and thus favor the operation of CGS.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theories differ mainly in the extent to which genes have responded to the coevolutionary pressure with language-specific cognitive structures.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It might be that language differences, like other symbolic differences, evolve to limit communication between groups (see sect.2.1).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“All the recent evolutionary theories of the capacity for language, beginning with Pinker and Bloom's (1990) pioneering article, are culture-led gene-culture coevolutionary hypotheses.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pinker and Bloom's (1990)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is as if CGS favors not being able to understand those whom you likely cannot trust.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Language variation helps maintain between-group variation in other cultural domains, contributing to CGS, but it is also likely to be a product of it.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They find much individual variation both in propensities to cooperate and to punish non-cooperators (Henrich et al. 2010a;Kurzban & Houser 2005).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.2. Crime, deviance, and punishment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Henrich et al. 2010a
- Not checked yetcites Kurzban & Houser 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even at the scale of businesses and similar groups whose members speak the same language, group-specific jargon often distinguishes insiders from outsiders.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.1. Language
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Religions furnish group-boundary-defining symbols, moral justifications for institutions of social control, and rituals that celebrate and facilitate an organization's solidarity.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.3. Religion and ritual
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Elite groups do provide services in such societies, but they have a tendency to grow and become increasingly corrupt over time.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.2. Crime, deviance, and punishment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Turchin and Nefedov (2009)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We are inclined to think that evolution has built an element of genuine empathy and true altruism into our social psychology because monitoring and punishment are costly to punishers and to punishees, but many people obey norms mainly because deviance is punished.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.2. Crime, deviance, and punishment
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Institutions include mechanisms of selective punishment and reward that reduce small-scale variation in behavior.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 7. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“McNeill (1995) gives evidence that the ritual of close-order drill reshaped warfare by facilitating in-group cooperation and camaraderie, leading to the higher success of groups that perform these seemingly functionally meaningless rituals.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.3. Religion and ritual
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McNeill (1995)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Human organizations compete, often in highly organized ways, and the success and failure of groups in such competitions is often determined by institutional and other cultural differences.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 7. Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is reflected by the observation that young children learn norms and act on them, but chimpanzee societies have, at best, rudimentary norms.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 7. Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ethnographic, historical, and experimental evidence suggest that synchronized dance and rhythmic ritual facilitate coordination and bonding of groups, and relieve low-level in-group conflict (Kirschner & Tomasello 2010;McNeill 1995;Rappaport 1999).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.3. Religion and ritual
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kirschner & Tomasello 2010
- Not checked yetcites McNeill 1995
- Not checked yetcites Rappaport 1999
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Theoretical arguments (Iannaccone 1992), supported by quantitative observations (Sosis & Bressler 2003;Sosis & Ruffle 2003), suggest that costly signals of group membership, such as hard-to-perform rituals and other sacrifices, help groups weed out free-riders and foster ingroup altruism.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.3. Religion and ritual
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Iannaccone 1992
- Not checked yetcites Sosis & Bressler 2003
- Not checked yetcites Sosis & Ruffle 2003
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current direct evidence for culture-led gene-culture coevolution is only strong for genes that do not directly affect behavior, but evidence regarding behavioral traits is likely to improve greatly in the next decade.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 7. Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual-level human decisions regarding the invention of new cultural variants, the spread of variants by diffusion, and the choices of group affiliation are likely to be strongly colored by moral intuitions like sympathy and patriotism.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 7. Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These groups are often symbolically marked, have more or less formal criteria for membership, and possess distinctive social institutions.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 7. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the same time, of course, religions (and other ideologies), when used to create in-group solidarity, sometimes create fear and hatred of out-groups (West 1941).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.3. Religion and ritual
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites West 1941
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A common characteristic of religions is sacred rules (Durkheim 1912;Rappaport 1999).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.3. Religion and ritual
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Durkheim 1912
- Not checked yetcites Rappaport 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These often manifest as prosocial rules, including norms of fairness and norms of group defense, and also as symbolic systems that demarcate in-group membership.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.3. Religion and ritual
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Non-religious institutions also carry out rituals as part of their group culture, and they have similar effects.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 6.3. Religion and ritual
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most importantly, humans perfectly fit the nonhuman primate regression, suggesting that we do not need a special explanation for our proactive prosociality.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Data description
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participants experiencing a social environment that favors defection are dramatically less prosocial in subsequent one-shot anonymous interactions, but only if they rely on intuitive, heuristic processing”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Data description
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peysakhovich & Rand 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the SHH accomplishes this without an appeal to group selection or intergroup conflict.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Data description
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The good news is that evolutionary biologists have struggled fairly successfully with similar complexities in organic evolution (Endler 1986).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 7. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Endler 1986
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We do not see how any of the alternatives to CGS can easily account for the institutionalized cooperation that characterizes human societies.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 7. Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we will argue that the adoption of cooperative breeding suffices to explain the origin of human hyper-cooperation in early forager societies, as it resulted in increased prosociality and social transmission and favored the emergence of language.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Data description
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Psychological and cognitive consequences of cooperative breeding in nonhuman primates also arose when our hominin ancestors, but none of the other great apes, started to engage in cooperative breeding.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, cultural evolution and learning need not be linked to grouplevel selection, and genetic evolution to individual-level selection, as is done in the target article”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Data description
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The total fitness of a population can be carved up in multiple ways and attributed to any number of traits, so long as fitness and trait values covary.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Data description
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Price 1972
- Not checked yetcites Hamilton 1975
- Not checked yetcites Queller 1992
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they have not shown that it is “essential” to human cooperation, or even that it has operated on any single trait.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Data description
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, improving the group's welfare occurs as a side effect of selection maximizing individual payoffs, rather than as the cause of that selection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Data description
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We have pointed to excellent pioneering studies showing that a proper quantitative investigation of cultural evolution and gene-culture coevolution is possible (e.g., Bouckaert et al. 2012;Hout et al. 2001;Itan et al. 2009).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 7. Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bouckaert et al. 2012
- Not checked yetcites Hout et al. 2001
- Not checked yetcites Itan et al. 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although individual-level and multi-level fitness partitions are predictively equivalent, they are not causally so”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Data description
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Birch & Okasha 2015
- Not checked yetcites Okasha 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like Richerson et al., we do not think that kin selection and reciprocity are sufficient to explain large-scale cooperation, but again, think they can explain where our cooperative motivations came from and how they were exposed to selection”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, we believe that the tribal social instincts and CGS were important very early in human evolution as our infant ancestors evolved the enhanced social-cognitive skills (theory of mind) that enabled them to “bargain and negotiate” their way through parent-offspring conflict.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Selection operates only on phenotypes, and phenotypes must develop before they are exposed to selection.
- Rests on an assumption: Everyone's first group, tribe, society, institution, ethnolinguistic unit, and culture is the mother-infant group.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, regardless of whether CGS is needed to explain the Holocene transition to large-scale societies, cooperative breeding is necessary to explain its operation in the first place.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Psychological and cognitive consequences of cooperative breeding in nonhuman primates also arose when our hominin ancestors, but none of the other great apes, started to engage in cooperative breeding.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Extensive allomaternal care is a better explanation than the other source of human cooperation, male bonding and the resulting cooperative hunting and indirect reciprocity in food sharing, because in other male-bonded or cooperatively hunting species, we do not see similar prosocial tendencies, unless they also are cooperative breeders”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burkart et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Burkart & van Schaik 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We think the earliest cultural norms evolved through mother-infant cooperation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Everyone's first group, tribe, society, institution, ethnolinguistic unit, and culture is the mother-infant group.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, group prosperity rests on in-group love (rather than out-group hate) that emerges also absent intergroup competition or comparison.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because intergroup interactions often are mixed-motive rather than strictly zero-sum, groups often negotiate settlements that enable both cultures to thrive.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, intergroup competition strengthens in-group love rather than out-group hate (Halevy et al. 2008;2012), both among adults (De Dreu et al. 2014;Halevy et al. 2008) and young children”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Halevy et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites De Dreu et al. 2014
- Not checked yetcites Buttelmann & Böhm 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While they make a solid case for the role of cultural group selection (CGS) in human evolution and history, we think it is the evolution of human cooperation that made the tribal social instincts and CGS possible in the first place, and that this occurred much earlier than the authors think.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, intergroup interactions often involve some corresponding interests and can and are settled peacefully through negotiated deals that allow both sides, and their respective cultures, to survive and prosper.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, a more parsimonious and empirically more valid perspective may be that cultural group selection is the outcome of individuals and their groups seeking to survive and prosper, and who, therefore, create norms and cultural practices that sustain and promote biologically prepared tendencies for in-group love.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More generally, pronounced neural reactions to norm violations should enable groups to enforce social norms and punish deviant behavior, which, according Richerson et al., should further enhance intragroup cohesion and intergroup variation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The article also misapplies the F st statistic.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Agustin Fuentes and Marc Kissel
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Mrazek et al. (2013) argue that higher frequencies of short (S) allele in the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) persist in regions of the world prone to ecological threat because heightened threat sensitivity may be adaptive in such regions.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mrazek et al. (2013)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the current proposal lacks connection to relevant evidence from the human evolutionary record and requires a better integration with contemporary evolutionary theory.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Agustin Fuentes and Marc Kissel
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We suggest that key aspects of CGS emerged previous to identifiable symbol-making and then coevolved, via niche construction and selection (alongside drift and gene flow), with that capacity to develop a baseline for the radical leaps in complexity in the last 20,000 years that Richerson et al. focus on.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Agustin Fuentes and Marc Kissel
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They are influenced by multiple contextual and contingent (and linguistic) cultural variables and cannot be treated as independent material measures analogous to the number of alleles at a locus or inter-parietal breadth on a cranium.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Agustin Fuentes and Marc Kissel
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, in-group love can emerge both in the presence and absence of intergroup competition, and intergroup competition motivates in-group love more than out-group hate.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Communication and language.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By building on the intuitions and motivations supplied by our evolved kin psychology, cultural evolution can, for example, spread social norms for treating distant cousins more like genetic siblings, thereby fostering greater cooperation while inhibiting sex and marriage.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“they suggest that threat-driven genetic variance in the S allele may underlie differences in moral attitudes across cultures.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mrazek et al. (2013)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, it is a framework within which such an explanation can fruitfully be developed.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The position of the hyoid bone, which is a point of attachment for a tongue muscle, developed in Homo sapiens in a manner permitting highly precise and flexible tongue movements.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Modern humans have a larynx low in the throat, a position that allows the throat to serve as a resonating chamber capable of a great number of sounds (Relethford 2007).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Relethford 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Concurrently, nerves and muscles to the mouth, larynx, and tongue became more numerous to handle the complexities of speech (Jurmain et al. 1997).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jurmain et al. 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cultural group selection is not an explanation of anything.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the production of consonants requires a short oral cavity, whereas our nearest primate relatives have much too long an oral cavity for this purpose.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The lack of need for brachiation freed the hand, arms, and shoulders of proto-humans to evolve for other purposes (Gintis et al. 2015).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gintis et al. 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“few have explored it as a phenomenon that is modified by the ecological and historical contexts in which human groups are embedded.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Societal threat as a moderator of cultural group selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, there is overwhelming evidence for this process as central to the constitution of Homo sapiens”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Humans are unique in possessing a torso musculature optimized for the powerful and accurate throwing of projectile weapons.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first hominids that had skeletal structures supporting this laryngeal placement were the Homo heidelbergensis, who lived from 800,000 to 100,000 years ago.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Regions in the motor cortex expanded in early humans to facilitate speech production.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jurmain et al. 1997
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The more powerful such evolved mechanisms are, the more effectively culture can potentially harness and manipulate them to generate greater phenotypic variation across groups, thereby fueling cultural group selection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“some argue, often in opposition to cultural evolutionary accounts, that such life history switches account for between-group variation in prosociality and the growth of moralizing religions (Baumard et al. 2015).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baumard et al. 2015
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intergroup competition can favor those social norms which maximize the effectiveness of direct reciprocity under particular conditions, and this may help explain why the importance of direct reciprocity varies so dramatically among societies (Fiske 1992).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fiske 1992
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The spread of normative monogamous marriage provides an example of an institution that harnesses various evolved mechanisms to increase paternal investment, household relatedness, and infant/child survival while reducing male-male competition (Henrich et al. 2012b).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Henrich et al. 2012b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, environmental cues may evoke evolved psychological responses that influence human sociality.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Herbert Gintis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These factors eventually became barriers to their further development and prevented efficient cooperation”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olsson & Paik 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Culture adoption elasticity is highly dependent on the geographical, historical, and intragroup factors and on development of competing cultures, but the direction of influence is not straightforward (Acemoglu et al. 2005).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acemoglu et al. 2005
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genetic diversity has greater effects on comparative development than Richerson et al. admit.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“antimonopoly law is often a tool of adjustment of government politics (Armentano 1986) or a product of lobby groups' pressure.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Armentano 1986
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“competitive forces do shape aspects of human-animal interactions that are precursors to affection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Genetic make-up can influence aspects of cultural evolution, which along with resource accessibility may in turn give advantage to bearers of certain genetic markers in a gene-culture coevolutionary process”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Havlícěk & Roberts 2013
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An example of our point consists in thriving Neolithic agricultural societies, which formed large and successful autocratic cultures, but in which high power inequality and rent-seeking emerged.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Harold Herzog
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olsson & Paik 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Religion often has the characteristics of a trait designed for group promotion and cohesion (e.g., costly rituals, apostasy punishment, and clear between-group demarcation) making it a strong candidate for spread through intergroup competition.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Shakti Lamba
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, individuals from different villages did not share a common cultural norm of cooperation despite their common ethnicity, and their behaviour varied in response to the demographic and ecological features of their environment.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Shakti Lamba
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The adaptationist approach of George Williams (1966) revolutionized evolutionary biology.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams (1966)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Cognitive niche hypotheses propose mechanisms that extract information from the environment and make appropriate inferences (Tooby & DeVore 1987).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tooby & DeVore 1987
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While CGS models invoke cultural transmission to explain the evolution of large-scale cooperation, empirical data suggest that cultural transmission is less likely as behaviour gets more cooperative and cooperation is less likely in large populations.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Shakti Lamba
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, if individuals do not copy cooperative behaviour, the behavioural variation between groups is unstable due to the demographic changes that groups experience over time, and behaviour is more selfish in larger populations, then we must question the existence of stably transmitted cultural norms of cooperation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Shakti Lamba
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Not all traits are adaptations: some are merely incidental by-products of adaptations and need no special adaptive explanation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Its red color when oxygenated is a by-product of its chemistry and needs no adaptive explanation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Williams had a further insight: Selection is most efficient at the lowest, most faithfully replicating levels in the hierarchy of life.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Evoked culture hypotheses propose facultative cognitive mechanisms that modulate behavior based on available information (Tooby & Cosmides 1992).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tooby & Cosmides 1992 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, as we and others have argued elsewhere, high levels of variation in cooperative behaviour are also found within ethnic groups (Lamba & Mace 2011;2012;Nettle et al. 2011), suggesting that variation attributed to different cultural norms could in fact reflect individual adaptations to different environments.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Shakti Lamba
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lamba & Mace 2011;2012
- Not checked yetcites Nettle et al. 2011
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Political systems have to be properties of the group rather than the individual, so group selection should be in operation in these cases (Currie & Mace 2009;Currie et al 2010).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Shakti Lamba
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Currie & Mace 2009
- Not checked yetcites Currie et al 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genes reproduce more faithfully than individuals, who reproduce more faithfully than groups.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, adaptions generally arise in the service of transmitting the genes that build them, not in the service of perpetuating the groups where individuals carrying those genes reside.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Theories of cultural group selection, gene-culture coevolution, and dual inheritance are now at least 30 years old (e.g., Boyd & Richerson 1985).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyd & Richerson 1985
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To the extent that our evolved social psychology is richly articulated, features of this evoked culture can act as further inputs to other facultative mechanisms and evoke further novel cultural features (Tooby & Cosmides 1992).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tooby & Cosmides 1992 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although police forces and the rule of law did not exist in Paleolithic society, our evolved psychology of personal aggression can be exploited by these institutions to evoke cultures that never existed before.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Group selection should only be invoked with clear evidence of group-level adaptation, not merely group-level phenomena, an error repeatedly made by the target article.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More critically, no evidence is offered that these traits arise from cultural group selection; we argue that apparent group-level effects are by-products arising from individual-level benefits when this alternative is taken seriously.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This was surely the case for punishment, as the utility of using coercive power to get one's way would have ancestrally varied between people (e.g., aggression pays more for the strong; Sell et al. 2009) and between ecologies (e.g., aggression pays more when there are gains it can recruit; Krasnow et al. 2012).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sell et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Krasnow et al. 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Blood contains adaptations for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide; its transport properties were crafted by natural selection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > The sketch is blank: No evidence for an explanatory role for cultural group selection
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Williams (1966)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Migration and imitation are more likely to work toward equilibrium selection: We can expect people to join the societies, or adopt the institutions, that give them a better deal.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Types 2 and 3 of CGS must, at least occasionally, create group-level selection pressures that are fully aligned with individual-level selection pressures, and thus undistinguishable from them (unless we assume that human decision-making is so maladaptive as to decreases individual fitness systematically).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Type 2 CGS is migration, when individuals vote with their feet to join the societies that offer them the best deal (Boyd & Richerson 2009).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyd & Richerson 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cultural norms vary, change, and influence cooperation; but that is not group selection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, in the third form of CGS (selective imitation) preferential cooperation must also be dropped, as is obvious from Richerson et al.'s logic and examples.Group members are defined by their common adoption of some institutional innovationthat is all:”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two of these lack the key features associated with group selection: they do not present us with group-level selection pressures counteracting individual-level ones, need not produce behavioral altruism, and do not require competition between groups whose members cooperate preferentially with one another.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While language is a classic frequency-dependent group trait, the exact design of particular languages is not generally considered to confer any particular benefit over any other, therefore it is unlikely that CGS is operating on languages.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Shakti Lamba
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cultural diffusion need involve no demographic change, and no change in the composition of coalitions.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we have sheer equilibrium selection with no differential growth, and no competition between coalitions.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, to be preferred as a partner requires striving to get resources and a reputation for sharing them.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“West-Eberhard's core insight was that social selection occurs for competition over resources other than matings.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites West-Eberhard 1979;1983
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social selection for competition opens up a whole world of important explanations, but partner choice is more important for explaining cooperation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Science needs lumpers as well as splitters; but to test three very different hypotheses as if they were one, is to test only their weakest common denominator.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CGS is not, however, the only plausible explanation for extreme human prosociality, and it does little to explain how the process gets going.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The functional equivalent for CGS would be a group-level, cultural system with boundaries resistant to the introduction of competing cultural traits.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most desirable relationship partners pair with each other, and this selective association gives them a selective advantage.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The benefits experienced by prosocial individuals, and the benefits of preferring such individuals as partners or group members, shape social traits as extreme and costly as a peacock's tail.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This requires no kin selection, reciprocity, group selection, or CGS, although all of those phenomena are also involved in selecting for prosocial traits.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After a tipping point was reached, however, investments in careful partner choice and traits that make one a preferred partner could coevolve in a possibly runaway process that may have been crucial in making culture possible (Nesse 2010).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nesse 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Kinship terminologies, with their algebraic-like structure (Leaf & Read 2012;Read 1984;2012;Read et al. 2014) are symbolic, computational systems with an underlying, generative logic and no more emergent from behavior than is arithmetic (contra Smaldino 2014)hence, their evolutionary change is at the global level of organization and not the population level of individual traits (see Lane et al. 2”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Leaf & Read 2012
- Not checked yetcites Read 1984;2012
- Not checked yetcites Read et al. 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The F ST statistic belongs to a broad family of “fixation indices”statistics developed by population geneticists to study genetic differentiation between populations (Holsinger & Weir 2009).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Cultural differentiation does not entail grouplevel structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holsinger & Weir 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The system of sealing partners expresses the cultural meaning of being a seal hunter and makes the actions of others, as hunters, predictable, hence forming the basis for cooperation among the sealing partners.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Olivier Morin
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Discontinuities do exist (typically associated with geographic obstacles), but many apparent genetic barriers have proven to be artefacts of heterogeneous spatial sampling (Handley et al. 2007).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Cultural differentiation does not entail grouplevel structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Handley et al. 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the group level, they found significant cultural differentiation, with geography predicting differentiation in ornaments but not pottery.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Cultural differentiation does not entail grouplevel structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shennan et al. 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This means that geographically close individuals/tales from neighbouring groups tend to be more similar than is suggested by the relatively large average cultural Φ ST , thereby limiting the scope for cultural group selection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Cultural differentiation does not entail grouplevel structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Intriguingly, however, cultural Φ ST was found to be an order of magnitude smaller than genetic Φ ST for the same groups, contra Bell et al.'s (2009) hypothesis that human groups generally show a higher degree of cultural differentiation than genetic differentiation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Cultural differentiation does not entail grouplevel structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brown et al. 2014
- Not checked yetcites Bell et al. 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the level of individual artefacts, cultural affiliation was an independent predictor of pottery variation, while geography was not; but both cultural affiliation and geography were independent predictors of ornament variation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Cultural differentiation does not entail grouplevel structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shennan et al. 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, this cooperative feature of Spanish Catholic culture was resisted by many of the conquered peoples, even while cultural traits irrelevant to differential success (e.g., the names of deities) were adopted.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Cultural differentiation does not entail grouplevel structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Natural selection chooses those activities that correlate either with Phylogenetically Important Events (PIE) that ultimately enhance fitness or ontogenetic proxies of these PIEs (Baum 2012).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baum 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While CGS may be a factor, we can also appeal to other factors not accounted for by CGS, including the direct appeal of that trait or pure chance.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Cultural differentiation does not entail grouplevel structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To estimate an activity's effect on an individual's or a group's fitness, we need to weigh the long-term effects of the sum of local acts against the long-term effect of the behavioral pattern as a whole.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“On the contrary, it has long been recognized that the spread of religion in the face of differential success of cultural groups involves syncretism, defined as “a type of acceptance characterized by the conscious adaptation of an alien form or idea in terms of some indigenous counterpart” instead of the replacement of the indigenous trait by the foreign one (Madsen 1967, p. 369).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Cultural differentiation does not entail grouplevel structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Madsen 1967
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The key to understanding cooperation lies in understanding that the effect of an extended behavioral pattern does not equaland might even be opposite tothe added effects of its parts.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although, for instance, Mayan communities adopted the practice of saint worship from the conquering Spanish, Mayan saint worship tends to “evince a more profound parochialism than did saint worship in 16th-century Spain.Cosmologically, Maya saints have become decidedly local personages relatively independent of the remote … God” (Watanabe 1990, p. 137).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Cultural differentiation does not entail grouplevel structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Watanabe 1990
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Instead, cultural groups in competitive situations adopt only some features of competing groups, or more frequently, new hybrid cultural traits emerge through the fusion of features from multiple groups.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Cultural differentiation does not entail grouplevel structure: The case for geographically explicit analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In different environmental situations, natural selection occurring within groups and between groups may have different relative strengths.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Even if cooperation, defined as “working together toward a shared aim” (Wehmeier and Hornby 2000), was selected because it commonly enhanced the individual's long-term fitness, it neither follows that cooperation enhances all cooperators' fitness, nor that all acts that we classify as parts of cooperative behavior do so.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wehmeier and Hornby 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“CGS leads to group-functional culture by selecting on cultural variation (Boyd & Richerson 2010), but such selection presupposes that group-functional equilibria exist already, suggesting that other processes, including within-group dynamics, contribute to the emergence of groupfunctional culture.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyd & Richerson 2010
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If, however, enough group members cooperate, those activities lead to fitness-enhancing PIEs or their proxies.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering the role of coercive rule-makers offers an alternative explanation not only for the origin of group-functional culture, but also for its maintenance, because powerful rule-makers should continue to enforce group-functional rules as long as the rules satisfy their own perceived self-interest.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first emerges when asymmetries in power or influence allow parties to create and impose rules that satisfy their own interests.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An alternative form of this hypothesis develops when power is more evenly distributed.In these cases, coordinated groups of individuals can consensually create, modify, and enforce rules that control defection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most instances, however, the whole group benefits, which means that those who contributed at their own immediate cost often do indeed benefit in the long run.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We would first like to note that behavioral imitation, which the authors focus on, is not the only form of social learning that could reduce intergroup cultural variation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did choose questions (see the appendix at the end of the target article) that seem intuitively to be cultural and related to norms and institutions.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but we cannot be certain about the extent to which the traits represent culturally heritable variation as opposed to variation influenced by direct environmental effects or genetic variation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, this may be because preschoolers are more sensitive to violations of commonly held cultural knowledge (Stephens & Koenig 2015;Koenig & Stephens 2014).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stephens & Koenig 2015
- Not checked yetcites Koenig & Stephens 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is not to say that children are always critical in the face of message conflicts: Preschoolers have been found to trust a deceptive adult who provides inaccurate information about an object's location (Jaswal 2010;Jaswal et al. 2010).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jaswal 2010
- Not checked yetcites Jaswal et al. 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The individual-level data that we used in section 4.1 to estimate F ST between various cultural units provide a large number of responses collected from large samples”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Along these lines, we would argue that the selective learner's ability to critically evaluate cultural information on the basis of its accuracy, support, and coherence contributes to CGS in two main ways.First, as previously described, the social learner can reduce intergroup cultural variation by rationally evaluating outgroup cultural information and adopting that which is deemed to be not only”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Carsta Simon
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences in other cultural traits, such as subsistence strategy and bride wealth, are likely also important.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adaptive evolution of an altruistic trait therefore must be due to group-level selection (although not necessarily CGS).”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, broader cultural differences between groups, or measurements across a range of cultural traits, may approximate the relevant suite of differences resulting in a cultural expansion due to group selection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These categories are in some sense ad hoc, in that we could classify these same individuals into any number of other categories/groups and produce a different F ST value.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Every cultural or genetic trait can have its own evolutionary trajectory, and this trajectory can be decomposed using the Price equation (Price 1970) into change due to individual-level and group-level effects.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Price 1970
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, (2) we note that there is no reason why we would need to limit cultural F ST calculations to beliefs or behaviors related to altruism or cooperation.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These boundaries are never completely impermeable.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Many human groups have formal criteria for membership and are often symbolically marked by language, dialect, and other differences.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the data we used were obtained from opinion surveys which sampled units that the survey formulators considered to be meaningful social units.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, the military expansion of the Nuer at the expense of the Dinka (Kelly 1985) is presumably not just due to differences in political organization.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kelly 1985
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main thing all three have in common is that they are driven by variation among groups.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R4. Little unites the three forms of CGS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinal geographic structure is a kind of group structure, as is nominal group identification.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ross & Atkinson's finding that geographic variation explains more variation in folktales than currently observed”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R3. Measuring cultural variation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ross & Atkinson
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Morin is quite right that one form of CGS we describe, the differential growth, proliferation, and extinction of cultural groups, is a form of natural selection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R4. Little unites the three forms of CGS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The other two, differential imitation and differential migration, are selective decision-making processes, not natural selection.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > R4. Little unites the three forms of CGS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The most ancient human groups are the ethnolinguistic tribes into which simpler societies are generally divided.
“The most ancient groups are the ethnolinguistic tribes into which simpler societies are generally divided.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The debate about the importance of CGS relative to competing explanations for human cooperation has not been fully engaged.
“Heretofore, the debate about the importance of CGS relative to competing explanations for human cooperation has not been fully engaged.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Stone tool manufacture may go back three million years, and edge-wear evidence suggests that early stone tools were used to make a toolkit of perishable materials such as wood and hides.
“Stone tool manufacture may go back three million years, and edge-wear evidence suggests that early stone tools were used to make a toolkit of perishable materials such as wood and hides.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Psychological and cognitive consequences of cooperative breeding in nonhuman primates also arose when our hominin ancestors, but none of the other great apes, started to engage in cooperative breeding.
“It is thus most parsimonious to assume that such psychological and cognitive consequences also arose when our hominin ancestors, but none of the other great apes, started to engage in cooperative breeding”
The paper relies on this without support.
Selection operates only on phenotypes, and phenotypes must develop before they are exposed to selection.
“Because selection operates only on phenotypes, and phenotypes must develop before they are exposed to selection, we are skeptical of models of the evolution of cooperation that attribute fitness benefits to adults only.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Everyone's first group, tribe, society, institution, ethnolinguistic unit, and culture is the mother-infant group.
“From the perspective of attachment theoryand infantseveryone's first group, tribe, society, institution, ethnolinguistic unit, and culture is the mother-infant group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The debate on CGS lacks sufficient consideration of CGS's potential moderators.
“the debate lacks sufficient consideration of CGS's potential moderators.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Substantive explanations of human evolution must be located within culture-led gene-culture coevolution.
“Culture-led gene-culture coevolution is a framework within which substantive explanations of human evolution must be located.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Cultural group selection models assume that individuals copy the behaviour of others and acquire cooperative strategies via social learning.
“A central assumption of CGS models is that individuals copy the behaviour of others and acquire cooperative strategies via social learning.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Cultural difference is one of the foundational assumptions of anthropology.
“Cultural difference is one of the foundational assumptions of anthropology, so we should expect to find it.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Netsilik did not trust a hunter to be altruistic or to voluntarily cooperate, and created an organizational system that depended on neither.
“In their social contract, the Netsilik did not trust a hunter to be altruistic or to voluntarily cooperate, and they instead created an organizational system that depended on neither of these.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Individual Netsilik hunters would likely not survive without averaging hunting risks over a pool of hunters.
“Cheating, in the sense of opting out of acting in accordance with being a sealing partner, was not a viable option in a context in which individual hunters would likely not survive without averaging hunting risks over a pool of hunters.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Information on variation within societies is very scanty compared to estimates of between-society variation.
“Unfortunately, information on variation within societies is very scanty compared to estimates of between-society variation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Competition between the political units known as "countries" is seldom the key level at which selection takes place.
“It is also undoubtedly the case that competition between the political units known as "countries" is seldom the key level at which selection takes place.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
A given classification of individuals into groups can be assumed for the purpose of calculating the scope for group selection on a focal cultural trait.
“We simply illustrate that, if we assume a given classification of individuals into groups, we can calculate the scope for group selection to act on the focal cultural trait as a function of this classification.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many human groups have formal criteria for membership and are often symbolically marked by language, dialect, and other differences.
“It is true that many human groups have formal criteria for membership and are often symbolically marked by language, dialect, and other differences.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These informational shielding properties of MBs connect with debates regarding units of selection in evolutionary theory, in that only organismic phenotypes—and sometimes groups of organisms (Laland et al., 2015; Richerson et al., 2016)—are “visible” to natural selection with respect to phylogeny.”
From An Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) of Consciousness (2020) · cites this paper as Richerson et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“Hypotheses for the evolution of increased cooperation could therefore in theory contribute to explaining why docility evolved (e.g., Henrich, 2016; Richerson et al., 2016).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Richerson et al., 2016
In the citing paper
“Gene-culture coevolution would then include selection in favor of an increasingly parochial-altruistic psychology: tendencies for docility and conformity would be favored because individuals with those characteristics would readily acquire group norms (Richerson et al., 2016).”
From Hypotheses for the Evolution of Reduced Reactive Aggression in the Context of Human Self-Domestication (2019) · cites this paper as Richerson et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > 4.1. Quantitative evidence of cultural differences between groups
“Among small political or ethnic groups, nations, and religious majorities, we consistently report F ST values greater than 0.01, with some traits showing F ST scores above 0.6.”
§ Cultural group selection plays an essential role in explaining human cooperation: A sketch of the evidence > Data description
“Likely scenario for peace or war with Israel Muslims (748), Christians (92) 1 0.009”
Citations
Cites
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
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The cultural evolution of prosocial religions
Norenzayan, A., Shariff, A. F., Gervais, W. M., Willard, A. K., McNamara, R. A., Slingerland, E., & Henrich, J. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14001356 · Cited by 934
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Metadata
- Authors
- Richerson, P., Baldini, R., Bell, A. V., Demps, K., Frost, K., Hillis, V., Mathew, S., Newton, E. K., Naar, N., Newson, L., Ross, C., Smaldino, P. E., Waring, T. M., & Zefferman, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Boise State University (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Dominican University of California (US)
- Santa Fe Institute (US)
- University of Maine (US)
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-10-28
- Volume
- 39
- Pages
- e30-e30
- ISSN
- 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1825
- OpenAlex
- W2155058526
- Cited by
- 639
- References
- 473
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 108.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarWorks (Boise State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (CAREER)
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- cultural group selection, human cooperation, cultural transmission, institutions, norms, group competition, reciprocity, kin selection, multilevel selection, non-relatives
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Altruism, Competitive Behavior, Cooperative Behavior, Cultural Evolution, Biological Evolution, Group Processes, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Selection, Genetic, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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