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New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre?
Open accessAbstract
Epidemiological studies have clearly shown that whole-grain cereals can protect against obesity, diabetes, CVD and cancers. The specific effects of food structure (increased satiety, reduced transit time and glycaemic response), fibre (improved faecal bulking and satiety, viscosity and SCFA production, and/or reduced glycaemic response) and Mg (better glycaemic homeostasis through increased insulin secretion), together with the antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties of numerous bioactive compounds, especially those in the bran and germ (minerals, trace elements, vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols and alkylresorcinols), are today well-recognised mechanisms in this protection. Recent findings, the exhaustive listing of bioactive compounds found in whole-grain wheat, their content in whole-grain, bran and germ fractions and their estimated bioavailability, have led to new hypotheses. The involvement of polyphenols in cell signalling and gene regulation, and of sulfur compounds, lignin and phytic acid should be considered in antioxidant protection. Whole-grain wheat is also a rich source of methyl donors and lipotropes (methionine, betaine, choline, inositol and folates) that may be involved in cardiovascular and/or hepatic protection, lipid metabolism and DNA methylation. Potential protective effects of bound phenolic acids within the colon, of the B-complex vitamins on the nervous system and mental health, of oligosaccharides as prebiotics, of compounds associated with skeleton health, and of other compounds such as α-linolenic acid, policosanol, melatonin, phytosterols and para-aminobenzoic acid also deserve to be studied in more depth. Finally, benefits of nutrigenomics to study complex physiological effects of the ‘whole-grain package’, and the most promising ways for improving the nutritional quality of cereal products are discussed.
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“Many of these compounds have previously been linked to a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including CVD and neurodegenerative diseases and certain cancers, in dietary intervention and epidemiological studies.”
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“This estimated magnitude of difference would be equivalent to the amount of antioxidants/(poly)phenolics present in one to two of the five portions of fruits and vegetables recommended to be consumed daily and would therefore be significant/meaningful in terms of human nutrition, if information linking these plant secondary metabolites to the health benefits associated with increased fruit,”
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Aune, D., Keum, N., Giovannucci, E., Fadnes, L. T., Boffetta, P., Greenwood, D. C., Tonstad, S., Vatten, L. J., Riboli, E., & Norat, T. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i2716 · Cited by 1,013
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fardet, A.
- Affiliations
- Unité de Nutrition Humaine (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Fardet, Anthony
- ORCID
- Fardet, Anthony
- Venue
- Nutrition Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-06
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-134
- ISSN
- 0954-4224 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2700
- OpenAlex
- W2167433110
- Cited by
- 1,030
- References
- 1,031
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 87 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nutrition Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Lunds Universitet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- whole grain cereals, whole wheat, dietary fiber, magnesium, bioactive compounds, polyphenols, sulfur compounds, lignin, phytic acid, methyl donors, DNA methylation, prebiotics, oligosaccharides, bound phenolic acids, B vitamins, nutrigenomics, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, cancer prevention
- MeSH terms
- Antioxidants, Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular Diseases, Edible Grain, Diabetes Mellitus, Dietary Fiber, Flavonoids, Gastrointestinal Motility, Health Promotion, Humans, Lignin, Neoplasms, Obesity, Phenols, Phytic Acid, Satiation, Sulfur Compounds, Anticarcinogenic Agents, Butyric Acid, Polyphenols
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