Developmental systems and psychopathology

“Children exposed to political violence may present with similar difficulties to those who are direct and indirect victims of domestic violence (Sameroff, 2000).”

“…interventions for children with ASD build on theoretical accounts of developmental cascades (see e.g. Masten and Cicchetti, 2010; Sameroff, 2000) where intervention effects first deliver improvements on behaviours or skills specific to the intervention targets and then these are…”

“Our findings are more consistent with a cumulative risk model (Appleyard et al., 2005; Sameroff, 2000) in which multiple risk factors may each independently increment the risk for higher levels of anxiety symptoms.”

“Sameroff and Chandler’s (1975) model takes into account the interrelationships among dynamic systems and the processes by which compensatory, self-regulating tendencies are initiated whenever higher level monitors detect deviances in a system (Sameroff, 2000; Waddington, 1966).”

“An important aspect of a dynamic systems framework approach to intervention involves understanding how the interaction between the characteristics of the student and the ecology operate in relation to each other and become fused in the expression of maladaptive patterns (T. W. Farmer, 2013; T. W. Farmer, Gatzke-Kopp,…”

“disorders [1–6].”

“Genetic influences are viewed as the seminal force behind cascade models (Dodge et al., 2009; Sameroff, 2000; Zucker et al., 1995).”

““Promotive” factors facilitate positive outcomes regardless of risk exposure level, whereas “protective” factors operate when risk exposure is high (Sameroff, 2000).”

“In this view, developmental trajectories demonstrate continuity not only because individual and environmental influences persist, but also because patterns of transactional processes become established at early ages and persist at later ages (Caspi, 2000; Sameroff, 2000).”

“Resiliency research has shown that compensatory factors, such as positive attributes, benefit adolescents independently of risk status (Masten, 2014; Sameroff, 2000).”

“With respect to the college population specifically, higher cumulative levels of trauma have been found to be associated with more difficulty adjusting to college (Banyard & Cantor, 2004; Duncan, 2000; Elliott et al., 2009), consistent with the cumulative risk model (Sameroff, 2000).”

“tends numerous negative outcomes for children and adults [16–18].”

“In addition, family characteristics suggestive of low socioeconomic status have also been associated with psychiatric disorder in children (Sameroff, 2000).”

“Ecological and transactional perspectives support the view that the interaction between contextual factors and child characteristics contribute to development and outcomes (Bronfenbrenner 1979; Sameroff 2000).”

“The results of the current study also fit with the literature on developmental cascades which focuses on how functioning in different developmental domains is linked (Sameroff, 2000).”

“[103] Sameroff AJ.”

“dently of the other, and both were equally deterministic of developmental outcomes (Sameroff, 2000; Sameroff & Mackenzie, 2003).”

“From a developmental science perspective that draws on person–context interactionism (Lerner, 2006; Sameroff, 2000), it is the ongoing interaction between individuals and contexts that contributes to the direction of development, so it is inaccurate to suggest that picking up midstream in such…”

“In other words, we support a probabilistic multi-causality approach to development, in which prenatal stress is associated with a variety of developmental outcomes, given variability in other biological, psychological, and environmental factors which could positively or negatively affect outcome (Boyce et aZ., 1998; C…”

“Behavior serves in this role as it operates as a leading edge that can rapidly change in response to changes in any particular subsystem in ways that may influence other subsystems and evoke the (mal) adaptation and eventual reorganization of the entire system (Cairns, 2000; Gariepy, 1996; Sameroff, 2000).”

“stressors is uniformly negative (Sameroff, 2000), although high social competence diminishes the strength of this effect.”

“This result confirmed the cumulative risk hypothesis that the accumulation of multiple risk factors increases the possibility of adverse health conditions (Sameroff, 2000).”

“Poorly regulated children also tend to be more dependent on parental support to manage their arousal (Sameroff, 2000; Sroufe, Duggal, Weinfield, & Carlson, 2000), which mothers with depressive symptoms are less likely to provide (Choe, Olson, & Sameroff, in press; Lovejoy et al., 2000).”

“SPP is based on a model of psychosis which, in accordance with the developmental psychopathology approach, understands the condition as a result of pathogenic pathways that involve an array of biological, psychological, and social risk factors as well as developmental risk processes (Sameroff, 2000).”

“Within the risk and resilience framework, promotive factors are those features of individuals or their environment that are associated with positive outcomes in both high- and low-risk populations (Sameroff, 2000).”

“…(e.g., parenting) are viewed as affecting the development of problems and competencies in an individual, which in turn influence the social environment and development of competencies and problems at later developmental stages (e.g., Cicchetti & Schneider-Rosen, 1986; Sameroff, 1975; 2000).”

“According to a developmental psychopathology perspective (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2002), the development of psychological problems depends on the dynamic interaction between the individual and the individual’s contexts (Sameroff, 2001).”

“The assumption that child development shapes through a highly complex process of interplay between biological and environmental factors (Sameroff, 2000) explains the inclusion of prenatal stress in the list of adverse experiences which can affect development negatively, in particular when other risk factors are also p…”

“As previous theorizing and research (e.g., Sameroff, 2000) suggest that associations between stressors and individual adaptation are not necessarily linear, but rather a cumulation of stressors that is detrimental to physical and mental health, we want to model a non-linear relationship between…”

“For example, Sameroff (2000) explains how maternal mental health problems can often sit within the contexts of poverty, lack of social sup - port, stressful life events and low cultural capital; the theory that advantaged families (economically and socially) have greater access to knowledge and…”

“A developmental systems perpective suggests that internalizing problems and teacher–child elationship quality are mutually influential, with both children nd teachers adapting their behaviors in response to the other, upporting the transactional model (Sameroff, 2000).”

“…the many factors that influence children’s life (Belsky, 1980; Bronffenbrenner, 1977; Chicchetti, 2006; Chicchetti & Valentino, 2006; Elder, 2006; Flouri, 2008; Sameroff, 2000) and as discussed by Munro (2005) factors related to policy and culture might have a big impact on decision related to OHC.”

“One of the most relevant for the present study is the transactional perspective of developmental psychopathology, which views the etiology of adjustment problems as resulting, in part, from ongoing exchanges between children and their caregiving environments (Cicchetti & Toth, 1997; Sameroff, 2000).”

“This approach is consistent with the premise that aspects of stressful situations have synergistic rather than additive effects on sibling stress (Sameroff, 2000).”

“36 In other words, peer social standing seems to be the element that ‘‘triggers’’ the association be-tween individual emotion-related personality traits and cyber-bullying.”

“In this framework, change in one area of functioning is viewed as leading to effects on other areas of adaptation in later developmental periods (Sameroff, 2000).”

“A developmental psychopathology framework contends that it is important to identify not only risk factors but also protective factors that distinguish the variable trajectories associated with a life stressor such as interparental conflict (Sameroff, 2000).”

“For example, children with a high IQ are highly responsive to supportive environments (Sameroff, 2000) but they are also unresponsive to and protected from aversive environments (e.g. Rutter, 1987).”

“…that of others (Ialongo et al., 1999; Ronfelt, et al., 2011; Patterson, Reid, &Dishion, 1992) illustrates how the transactional model, originally proposed by Sameroff (1983, 1995, 2000), based on the early interactions of mother and child, can be applied to examine teacher and student interactions.”

“The significance of child neglect should be predictable since it is known that lack of parental care and nurture is one of the most substantial threats to the healthy growth and well-being of children (Rutter & Sroufe, 2000; Sameroff, 2000).”

“Collectively, these factors operate as a transactional system with continuous bidirectional feedback among the various developmental domains (Mahoney & Bergman, 2002; Sameroff, 2000).”

“This study revealed that a considerable number of adolescents engaged in multiple unhealthy behaviors simultaneously, and the results also suggested that the co-occurrence of multiple risk factors height-ens the likelihood of adverse health outcomes [50, 51].”

“The Thrive by Three intervention is grounded in transactional models for development (Sameroff, 2000; Shonkoff and Fisher, 2013), research showing that interactions between young children and caregivers are a primary mechanism of child mental health, development, and learning (Sroufe, 2000; Pianta…”

“It should be noted that a secure attachment does not guarantee positive outcomes; rather, attachment security has been considered a protective factor against maladaptive outcomes (Sameroff, 2000; Sroufe, 2005).”

“The findings were remarkable for the heterogeneity of outcome for these offspring, and this led Samaroff [4] to suggest that it was the number of serious risks, rather than the nature of any one risk, that was critical to the outcome.”

“some form of systems approach (e.g., as espoused by Cicchetti & Toth, 1997; Sameroff, 2000), and the encouragement”

“…view fits with a transactional perspective of human development in which behavior is considered to be a product of unique biological, social, and environmental interactions that act simultaneously on, and are subsequently changed, by individuals (Compas, Hinden, & Gerhardt, 1995; Sameroff, 2000).”

“There is a large and growing body of literature suggesting that parents and other adult caregivers serve an important role in terms of young children’s regulatory abilities in both typically developing children and those who are at risk for failures in regulatory functioning.(44,45,49-60) The development of attention…”

“Such different relations between derivatives can lead to important research questions that are more in line with the need for appropriate models to better explain the true nature of human behavior (Lewis, 2000; Richters, 1997; Sameroff, 2000; Sameroff & MacKenzie, 2003).”

“As the cumulative risk hypothesis (Sameroff, 2000) asserts, the accumulation of risk factors has increased the negative effects on developmental outcomes, such that the greater the number of risk factors, the greater the prevalence of maladjustment.”

“Models from these fields (Cicchetti and Toth 2009; Hyde et al. 2015), including Sameroff’s transactional model (Sameroff 2009, 2000), emphasize the two way interaction between a developing child and their environment.”

“In brief, protective factors often are grouped according to three levels of influence based on socioecological and transactional theories of development (e.g., Bronfenbrenner, 1986; Sameroff, 2000): child-specific characteristics, aspects of the home and family environment, and aspects of the broader social environmen…”

“Cascade effects are noted in a broad array of fields, and refer to processes in which changes in one part of a system resonate throughout the system over time, often via reciprocal processes (Ford and Lerner 1992; Sameroff 2000).”