Developmental systems and psychopathology

“cannot be ascertained whether the early event, the later events, or the accumulation of adverse events over a lifetime (Evans & Kim, 2007; Sameroff, 2000) caused the adult outcome.”

“This interpretation fits with transactional models of child development, in which children both shape and are shaped by their environments (Sameroff 1994; Magnusson and Stattin 1998; Maccoby 2000; Sameroff 2000).”

“Further, family factors can jointly influence risk for internalizing problems both incrementally (Appleyard, Egeland, van Dulmen, & Sroufe, 2005; Sameroff, 2000) and jointly or interactively (Schleider, Patel, Krumholz, Chorpita, & Weisz, 2015; Weems & Stickle, 2005), although the structure and…”

“Dynamic systems theory posits that small changes in one area of functioning can trigger a chain of consequences that can snowball into large developmental effects (Sameroff, 2000).”

“The concept of cumulative risk has been usefully applied to the study of developmental psychopathology (Sameroff, 2000) and recently it has been shown to also account for dating aggression among adolescents (Williams et al.”

“, 2005), academic problems (e.g., Forehand et al., 1998; Sameroff, 2000), and academic performance and self-competence (Sameroff et al.”

“Specifically, this approach suggests a greater appreciation of the multiple influences on adaptive and maladaptive child behavior, incorporating how biological and environmental forces impact children in a dynamic and transactional manner throughout development (Cicchetti, 1993; Cummings, Davies, & Campbell, 2000; Rut…”

“Although teacher ratings originally were intended to D ow nl oa de d by [ L in ko pi ng s un iv er si te ts bi bl io te k] a t 0 5: 07 1 4 D ec em be r 20 11 complement this primary assessment of the children’s mental health, the teachers at the reference school declined the assessment at Time 2.”

“According to a dynamic cascade conceptualization (Masten et al., 2005; Obradović, Burt, & Masten, 2010; Sameroff, 2000), processes associated with different domains of development may influence each other both concurrently and longitudinally.”

“As researchers seek to examine interactions between domains of competency, it is important to consider the salient tasks associated with successful adjustment at each stage of development (Rutter & Sroufe, 2000; Sameroff, 2000).”

“One key implication of a transactional approach is that risky dispositions should lead to higher levels of AB in riskier contexts (Sameroff, 2000).”

“Here, categories are not inherent in the individual but in the relationships between individuals and situations " (Sameroff, 2000, p. 304).”

“In reciprocal transactional fashion (Sameroff, 2000), maladaptive parenting behaviors may, in turn, inadvertently reinforce challenging child behaviors, escalating parents’ level of parenting stress and depressive symptoms.”

“Factors associated with better outcomes among all individuals, regardless of risk, are known as promotive factors (Gutman et al. 2003; Sameroff 2000).”

“Aspects of the social environment affect the development of problems and competencies in an individual, which in turn influence the social environment and development of competencies and problems at later developmental stages (Sameroff, 2000).”

“Our perspective is also broadly consistent with the transactional perspectives long espoused by Sameroff (e.g., Sameroff, 2000; Sameroff & Chandler, 1975).”

“In transactional models, aspects of the social environment affect the development of problems and competencies in an individual, which in turn influence the social environment and development of competencies and problems at later developmental stages (e.g., Sameroff, 2000).”

“This theory postulates that it is the accumulation of risk factors, not the presence of any particular risk factor, that negatively affects outcomes (Rutter, 1979; Sameroff, 2000; Sameroff, Seifer, Baldwin, & Baldwin, 1993).”

“…in early and middle childhood (Cicchetti et al., 1994, 1997; Cicchetti & Toth, 1998), an emphasis that is entirely consistent with tenets of developmental psychopathology (see Cicchetti, 1990; Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995a, 1995b; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1999; Sameroff, 1995, 2000; Sroufe & Rutter, 1984).”

“Also noted was parents’ efforts to track and know of their children’s activities, again, a construct of established significance and distinct from actual knowledge (which requires parents’ interest as well as the child’s willingness to share information; cf. Crouter, Bumpus, Davis, & McHale, 2005; Sameroff, 2000; Same…”

“These findings corroborate prior suggestions that more than a mother’s history of particular mental illnesses, it is the current context of the child’s environment, including their caregivers’ negative and positive behaviors, that is likely to be reflected in children’s outcomes ~Sameroff, 2000!.”

“…react to violence by becoming overprotective of their children or by exhibiting dominant, authoritarian parenting strategies that limit the environmental exploration that is critical for children’s movement toward self- (rather than other-) regulation [Osofsky, 1995; Pynoos, 1993; Sameroff, 2000].”

“…that emphasize the dynamic interplay between child dispositions and (social) environmental influences on child development (Bronfenbrenner, 1977; Sameroff, 2000), but contradicts child-driven or disorder-driven models (Ladd, 2006), which state that the course of development is determined by…”

“According to ecological (Bronfenbrenner, 1977) and transactional (Sameroff, 2000) models, these factors interact in determining human development.”

“…analytic models in the study of human development (Carothers, Farris, & Maxwell, 2007; Cicchetti, Toth, & Maughan, 2000; Granic & Hollenstein, 2003; Sameroff, 2000) and for research directly assessing the transactional relationship between maternal psychological wellbeing and children’s behavior…”

“This theoretical framework emphasises the dynamic associations between a developing adolescent and their changing internal and external contexts (Sameroff, 2000).”

“Research on the negative impact of unemployment and workplace insecurity on family life, for instance, has demonstrated that the domains of work and family are closely intertwined with each other (e.g., Larson et al. 1994).”

“Still others, bioecological and transactional theories might view DG as a result of reciprocal interaction between children and their embedded environment, including parenting practice, neighborhoods with gang violence, mothers’ low level educations, or cultural influences (Bronfenbrenner 1986; Sameroff 2000; Li-Grini…”

“Second, dynamic systems models demonstrated that change in one domain may elicit or inhibit change in another domain (Granic & Hollenstein, 2003; Sameroff, 2000; Thelen, 1992).”

“, parenting) affect the development of child problems and competencies, which in turn influence the social environment and development of child competencies and problems at later developmental stages (Cicchetti & Sroufe, 2000; Sameroff, 2000).”

“that proofed the cumulation of Stressors as the actual risk factor for psychosocial adaptation (e.g., Rutter 1979; Sameroff 2000).”

“Following a transactional model, which recognizes the complex interplay between the individual characteristics of the mother and the child in the origin of developmental psychopathology (Sameroff, 2000), we aimed to expand longitudinal research on IA by exploring whether the children’s severity of malnutrition, matern…”

“The study of transactional effects between parents and children is consistent with a developmental psychopathology perspective in investigating interactions among systems at multiple levels, and the roles of bidirectional influence on development (Cowan & Cowan, 2006; Sameroff, 2000).”

“In this first category, resources—also known as promotive factors (Sameroff, 2000), or assets—compensate or neutralize the effects of adversity (e.g., intellectual ability, extraversion), whereas risk factors act against positive adjustment or might precipitate the occurrence of adversity itself…”

“A dynamic (rather than static) conceptualization of environmental influences should be embraced, wherein individuals are not seen as passive subjects of environmental influence but rather as helping to shape their environments through their behaviors and emotional states [87].”

“Parents are one of the more proximal factors affecting adolescent development (Sameroff 2000).”

“The cumulative risk hypothesis posits that additive risk factors increase the probability of adverse outcomes [47, 48].”

“Related research does demonstrate that supportive parent–child relationships buffer the effects of developmental stressors and contribute positively to youths’ self-esteem (Bulanda &Majumdar, 2009; Sameroff, 2000).”

“According to a number of models of child development, such development is a function of the interaction between internal characteristics of the child and environmental factors (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Bonfenbrenner & Ceci, 1994; Greenbaum & Auerbach, 1998; Rutter, 1999, 2003; Sameroff, 2000a, 2000b).”

“, community violence, poverty), and influences from broader cultural and societal values (macrosystem; e.g., societal view of disability, resources and supports available; Bronfenbrenner 1979; Cicchetti and Toth 1997; Sameroff 2000).”

“Not only do a mother’s qualities and experiences influence her sensitivity toward her child, but also the child’s temperament and qualities influence the type of reactions elicited from the mother (Sameroff, 2000).”

“Additionally, promotive factors play a further role in the decreased likelihood of health problems [7].”

“Developmental systems theory has permeated this framework, emphasizing the dynamic nature of human development and the importance of many embedded and interacting systems at different levels of analysis for shaping the course of development (Ford & Lerner, 1992; Sameroff, 2000).”

“Resilience has been found to protect against psychopathology in diverse contexts of trauma.(22,23) To the authors’ knowledge, no studies have examined resilience as a protective factor against ACE-associated poor mental health outcomes among homeless adults.”

“Thus, often encompasses children whose scores on achievement tests are average or above average but are discrepant from their expected performance. effects (Sameroff 2000), or a developmental cascade (Masten and Cicchetti 2010).”

“Secondly, decades of research make clear the important role environment and context play in children’s socialemotional development (e.g., Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998; Jones & Molano, 2016; Milkie & Warner, 2011; Osher et al., 2018; Sameroff, 2000).”

“Outcomes such as emotion regulatory problems and psychopathological risk are almost certainly determined by cumulative risk factors, originating at multiple, reciprocally interacting biopsychosocial levels (Sameroff, 2000).”

“A person-centered approach to studying risk factors acknowledges the processes of multifinality, whereby the contributions of risk factors to development may vary between individuals (Cicchetti & Rogosch, 1996; Sameroff, 2000b).”

“The goal of this approach is to examine patterns of interpersonal interactions and the behavioral outcomes that occur from these interactions across development (e.g. Caspi and Moffi t, 1995; Caspi et al. 2003; Hinshaw, 2002; Sameroff, 2000).”

“Specifically, consistent with several theories that highlight the interaction between child characteristics and contextual factors (e.g., Sameroff, 2000), the relation between cumulative risk and emotion dysregulation was expected to be stronger for children with higher vs. lower levels of negative…”

“Developmentally sensitive diagnostic approaches suggest that difficulties in regulation of motor and/or affect impulses might express themselves differently, depending on whether or not the child is already confronting the challenges of the school environment [4, 5].”

“In general, the presence of multiple risk factors increases the probability of negative developmental outcomes (Rutter & Sroufe, 2000; Sameroff, 2000).”

“The diathesis–stress/dual-risk model (Monroe & Simons, 1991; Sameroff, 2000; Zuckerman, 1999) is based on the claim that early exposure to adversity contributes to the development of behavior and mental health problems in individuals manifesting early-life vulnerability factors, such as difficult…”

“In addition to emphasizing the salience of early experience, the DP perspective acknowledges the importance of contextual influences across the life span (Cicchetti & Toth, 2009; Sameroff, 2000).”

“Risk factors tend to co-occur and accumulate over time, thereby exponentially increasing odds of negative outcomes (e.g., Sameroff, 2000).”

“Therefore, consideration of the broader social and cultural context of psychopathology and maladjustment must be incorporated into research and conceptualization of the development of psychopathology and maladjustment [26].”

“Because the child is nested in a complex network of related systems, multiple sources may contribute to the development of behavioral problems (Bronfenbrenner, 1986; Sameroff, 2000), among which the parent–child relationship has been known to be central (Muris et al., 2001; Stormshak et al., 2000).”

“…are contemporary advances in systems theory that emphasize the interconnection between support providers and the need to examine specific relationships in the context of the entire social network system (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998; Levitt et al., 1993; Magnusson & Stattin, 1998; Sameroff, 2000).”

“A risk factor indicates an elevated possibility for a specified negative outcome, often representing a direct threat to adaptive function or development of the individual regardless of the context in which it occurs (Masten, 2007; Sameroff, 2000).”

“This is in consensus with the importance of the social context of the classroom for the development of normative social behaviors through interactions and observations (Lerner, 1998; Sameroff, 1995, 2000).”