The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment
Abstract
The early emergence and developmental implications of externalizing behavior problems in toddlers and preschoolers are discussed with an emphasis on which young children are truly at risk for continuing problems. The extant literature is reviewed with a focus on the stability of early externalizing behavior and the diverse pathways that young children, primarily boys, with early-emerging problems may follow. Findings from a number of studies, both epidemiological and high risk, suggest that the small subgroup of boys with multiple risk factors that include especially high levels of early hyperactivity and aggression, and high levels of negative parenting and family stress, are most likely to evidence continuing problems at school entry. Sociodemographic and neighborhood influences are also discussed, as are implications for future research and policy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“While such difficulties usually resolve naturally across the transition into the pre-school years [86], for a small proportion of children, difficulties persist and represent the start of a pathway to mental health challenges [4, 11, 15, 16, 24, 44, 71].”
From Optimizing parenting and child outcomes following parent–child interaction therapy – toddler: a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
Citations
Cites
Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446
Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723 · Cited by 7,684
Current patterns of parental authority.
Baumrind, D. (1971) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030372 · Cited by 5,292
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
Barkley, R. A., & Poillion, M. J. (1994) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874299401900205 · Cited by 4,635
Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
Panagos, R. J. (1998) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193259801900609 · Cited by 4,183
Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development
McLoyd, V. C. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.185 · Cited by 3,763
When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor.
Scott, D. M., & Wilson, W. J. (1998) · African American Review · doi:10.2307/3042249 · Cited by 3,616
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e550432011-004 · Cited by 2,140
A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior
Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.2.329 · Cited by 2,048
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,000
Acceptability of parent-child interaction therapy
Titus, J. M. (2009)
Henninger, W. R. (2010) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-2055
“Specifically, these behaviors include anxiousness, depression, withdrawal, (Campbell et al., 2000; Eisenberg et al., 2001; Gresham et al., 1999).”
Chadwell, M. R. (2015) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Antecedents and Continuity of Compliance in Preschoolers
Gindin, L. (2011) · OpenCommons - UConn (University of Connecticut)
January, A. M. (2012) · Human Biology
Temperament and behavior problems in early childhood : a longitudinal family study
Heesbeen, D. G. M. (2001) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam)
Identifying Emotional Disturbance: Implications for Consistent Practice
Patillo, R. L. (2013) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine)
Within-Family Dynamics and Self-Regulation in Preschoolers
Karreman, A. (2006) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Off the Charts? Considerations for Interpreting Parent Reports of Toddler Hyperactivity
Schellinger, K. B., & Talmi, A. (2013) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21404
“Importantly, previous research has found that maternal mental health problems and parenting stress not only impact toddler behavior, but also impact maternal perceptions of toddler behavior (Campbell et al., 2000; DuPaul, McGoey, Eckert, & VanBrakle, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialZdravković, A. (2008) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
August, E. G. (2011) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Brennan, L. M. (2015) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Crowell, S. E., Beauchaine, T. P., Sylvers, P. D., Mead, H., & Chipman, J. (2015)
DESISTANCE FROM CHILDHOOD PHYSICAL AGGRESSION
Gilliom, M. (2004)
Self-citationGómez, A., & Gómez, G. D. (2014)
Musser, E. D. (2013) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon)
Emotion Regulation in At-Risk Youth: The Influence of the Family Check-Up
Shelleby, E. C. (2011) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
FACTORES DE RIESGO Y PSICOPATOLOGÍA INFANTO-JUVENIL.
Santos, N. C. D., da Silva, S. H., Estevão, P. D. M., & Riesgo, F. D. (2009) · I Congreso Internacional de Investigación y Práctica Profesional en Psicología XVI Jornadas de Investigación Quinto Encuentro de Investigadores en Psicología del MERCOSUR
Sapotichne, B. (2015) · ScholarWorks @ The University of New Orleans (The University of New Orleans)
Foley, J. E. (2012) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Family Environment Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors Among Adolescents in St. Lucia
Alexander, S. C. P. (2011) · The Scholars Repository - LLU (Loma Linda University)
En studie av sammenhengen mellom alder og atferdsendring etter foreldrerådgivning
Lagerstrøm, M. S. (2013) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Grande, J. M. (2015) · ScholarWorks @ The University of New Orleans (The University of New Orleans)
Neger, E. N. (2015) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina)
Agca, F., Rayhi, Y., & Matthys, W. (2011)
Levels of attachment disorganization: its precursors and pathways toward maladaptation
Wang, F. (2011) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/0dtm-8y80
Catherine, N. L. A. (2010) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0054453
Особенности личности детей в семьях клиентов психологической консультации
Kapustin, S. (2015) · CyberLeninK (CyberLeninka)
Byrd, A. L. (2015) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Stary, A. K. (2016) · Aquila Digital Community (University of Southern Mississippi)
En studie av sammenhengen mellom alder og atferdsendring etter PMTO
Jacob, P. A. G., & Tollefsen, T. K. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Wirth, A. D. (2016) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Jeon, E. H., & Park, J. H. (2015) · Korean Journal of Childcare and Education · doi:10.14698/jkcce.2015.11.147
Feldstein, J. (2016) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
Las instrucciones como mediadoras entre la sensibilidad materna y la obediencia infantil
Vite-Sierra, A., García, D. A. M., Cortés, A. N., & Alfaro-Belmont, J. N. (2016) · Revista de psicología · doi:10.5354/0719-0581.2016.41694
A Study of Family Risk Contexts and Child Conduct Problems Among Rural, Low-Income Families
Zvara, B. J. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/jn45-h803
Major, S. D. O., & Seabra‐Santos, M. J. (2016) · Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.1590/1982-43272665201606
“…of difficulties in terms of interpersonal functioning and behavioral problems is crucial in the preschool period (Basten et al., 2016; Campbell et al., 2000; Studts & van Zyl, 2013; Upshur, Wenz-Gross, & Reed, 2013), as disobedient and aggressive children represent a real challenge…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLoth, W. (2016) · Familiendynamik · doi:10.21706/fd-41-4-359
Psychotherapeutenausbildung 2.0
Baumann, S. (2016) · Familiendynamik · doi:10.21706/fd-41-4-347
Peer and school externalizing behaviors among early adolescents: an ecological systems analysis
Hong, J. S. (2013) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Bruett, L. D. (2015) · TUScholarShare (Temple University)
Frei, I. (2016) · Familiendynamik · doi:10.21706/fd-41-4-353
Eltern werden in den Hilfen zur Erziehung ausgebootet
Epple, H. (2016) · Familiendynamik · doi:10.21706/fd-41-4-349
Parent, Teacher, and Child Interventions for Young Children with ADHD
Webster-Stratton, C. H., & Reid, J. (2012)
Middleton, M. (2012) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Disruptive Behavior Disorder (DBD) Rating Scale for Georgian PopulationPreprint
Bzhalava, V., & Inasaridze, K. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1702.03409
“Persons with oppositional defiant disorder do not reveal aggression toward people and animal, do not destroy property, and do not show a pattern of theft or deceit (Campbell et al., 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2014).”
BackgroundKim, S., & Lee, K. (2016) · Korean Journal of Childcare and Education · doi:10.14698/jkcce.2016.12.06.041
McLaughlin, A. A. (2010) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Contributions of Observed Coparenting and Infant Temperament to Child Social-Emotional Adjustment
Altenburger, L. E. (2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Middleton, M. (2009) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Doni, E., & Giotsa, A. Z. (2017) · Επιστημονική Επετηρίδα Παιδαγωγικού Τμήματος Νηπιαγωγών Πανεπιστημίου Ιωαννίνων · doi:10.12681/jret.10225
Prentice, S. (2013) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Margraf, H., & Pinquart, M. (2017) · Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties · doi:10.1080/13632752.2017.1332027
“In this context, one factor that seems to be especially important in the development and maintenance of externalising problems is parental behaviour (Campbell, Shaw, and Gilliom 2000).”
BackgroundIdentify effective emotion regulation behaviors in infancy
Qu, J. (2017) · NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)
Duff, C. K. (2017) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research
Simone, A. N. (2017) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Social Emotional Learning Skill Development And Application
Eide, S. (2017) · Digital Commons - Hamline (Hamline University)
ADHD-symptomen bij peuters en kleuters II
Oosterlaan, J. (2009) · Kind & Adolescent Praktijk · doi:10.1007/bf03088040
Pech, A. S. (2017) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Rizvi, S. F. I., & Najam, N. (2017) · Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research
Nwadinobi, O. K. (2017) · UTA ResearchCommons (University of Texas Arlington)
Treatment Response among Preschoolers with EBP: The Role of Social Functioning
Ros, R., Graziano, P. A., & Hart, K. C. (2018) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-018-9646-x
“Children with EBPs, such as ADHD, typically experience impairment across a host of functional domains including academic achievement, behavioral maladjustment, and cognitive functioning (Campbell et al., 2000; Hinshaw, 1992; Nigg & Barkley, 2014).”
BackgroundMartinovich, V. V. (2017) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3vx06h23
김수정, & 정익중 (2017) · Korean Journal of Child Care and Education Policy · doi:10.5718/kcep.2017.11.1.81
Carroll, B. (2018) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Young, S. M., Lee, B. S., & 류성연 (2017) · 한국유아교육·보육복지연구 · doi:10.16978/ecec.2017.12.4.003
片付け課題における2歳児の従順行動・不従順行動の経年変化 : 2004・2005年度と2010・2011年度の比較から
裕子, 坂., 金丸, 智., & 武田, 洋. /. 小. (2016) · doi:10.11201/jjdp.27.368
An Introduction to PCIT-T: Integrating Attachment and Behavioral Principles
Girard, E. I., Wallace, N. M., Kohlhoff, J. R., Morgan, S. S. J., & McNeil, C. B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93251-4_1
TDAH CON TRASTORNOS DEL ESTADO DE ÁNIMO
Carlson, G. A., & MEYER, S. E. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-84-458-2021-6.00007-5
Hassan, M. (2017) · The Open University of Tanzania Repository (The Open University of Tanzania)
Govindasamy, K. (2018) · International Journal of Yogic Human Movement and Sports Sciences · doi:10.22271/yogic.2018.v2.i2h.02
“~ 397 ~ International Journal of Yogic, Human Movement and Sports Sciences 2017; 2(2): 397-398”
BackgroundThe Impact of Mother and Father Stress on Child Externalizing Behaviors
McCobin, A. (2018)
Neurofeedback for Pediatric Emotional Dysregulation
Kahn, J., Gusman, M. S., & Wintner, S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812777-3.00012-x
Social Emotional Skills And Their Impact On Kindergarten Students
Hutchins-Haavisto, S. (2018) · Digital Commons - Hamline (Hamline University)
The Efficacy of Early Pathways Program on Parent-Child Interaction and Warmth
Panahipour, H., Hosseinian, S., & Ghasemzadeh, S. (2018) · Biannual Journal of Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.32598/bjcp.13.1.78
Broken Brains or Flawed Studies? an Update on Leo and Cohen's Critical Review of ADHD Neuroimaging
Marley, C., O'Leary, A. M., & Nikopoulou, V. A. (2018) · The Journal of mind and behavior
Kyoung, C. H., & jehuiseon (2017) · Journal of Educational Innovation Research · doi:10.21024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.199
The Development, Validity, and Reliability of Behavior Rating Scale for Elementary Students
Kim, A. Y., 유현실, Young, K. E., & 김의정 (2018) · Korean Journal of Physical Multiple & Health Disabilities · doi:10.20971/kcpmd.2018.61.1.339
진흥신, & Hieu, C. N. (2017) · 특수교육교과교육연구 · doi:10.24005/seci.2017.10.2.193
Kang, J. H. (2018) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.19.4.201808.1
Emotional Outbursts and Their Effects on Peer Relations in the Preschool Classroom
Paris, J. (2019) · Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science
EXTERNALIZING AND INTERNALIZING PROBLEMS IN YOUNG SCHOOL - AGE PUPILS
Popelková, M., & Jurišová, E. (2019) · EDULEARN proceedings · doi:10.21125/edulearn.2019.0653
Kohlhoff, J. R., Cibralic, S., Lennie, L., Rabbetts, L., & Morgan, S. S. J. (2019) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12431
Cammack, N. L., & Eck, K. V. (2017) · The Encyclopedia of Juvenile Delinquency and Justice · doi:10.1002/9781118524275.ejdj0088
[Methods in mixed ventilation: advantages, disadvantages and consequences for work of breathing].
Brochard, L. J. (1990) · PubMed
Kurdish migration waves to Rojava (Northern Syria)
Chukov, V. S. (2020) · International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.07085c
Psychotherapy of psychosomatic anxiety responses
Dimitrova, L. (2020) · International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.19219d
Tyszka, K., & Jagosz, M. (2020) · International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.09103t
The studying of Russian phraseological units and paroemias in English speaking audience
Baskakova, A. (2020) · International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.13153b
The problem of intersubjectivity in Western philosophy: Boundaries of the communicative approach
Андреевна, С. О., & Анатольевич, В. П. (2020) · International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.08095s
Pachkova, P. (2020) · International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.16183p
Situational map: A strategy to develop critical thinking in the teaching of scientific research
Carrasco, C. A. M., & Stevens, C. L. (2020) · International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.04041m
Nietzsche and the search of new values
Valchev, V. (2020) · International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.21225v
Metadata
- Authors
- CAMPBELL, S. B., SHAW, D. S., & GILLIOM, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- ORCID
- SHAW, DANIEL S.
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 467-488
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2149804058
- Cited by
- 1,081
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 13.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (32735, 50907)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- externalizing problems, toddlers, preschool children, aggression, negative parenting, family stress, developmental pathways, boys, school entry, sociodemographic risk factors, neighborhood effects
- MeSH terms
- Adjustment Disorders, Age Factors, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review