Cited by 1,081Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEarly Childhood Education and DevelopmentAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment

CAMPBELL, SUSAN B., SHAW, DANIEL S., GILLIOM, MILES·2000·Development and Psychopathology

DOI 10.1017/s0954579400003114

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Abstract

The early emergence and developmental implications of externalizing behavior problems in toddlers and preschoolers are discussed with an emphasis on which young children are truly at risk for continuing problems. The extant literature is reviewed with a focus on the stability of early externalizing behavior and the diverse pathways that young children, primarily boys, with early-emerging problems may follow. Findings from a number of studies, both epidemiological and high risk, suggest that the small subgroup of boys with multiple risk factors that include especially high levels of early hyperactivity and aggression, and high levels of negative parenting and family stress, are most likely to evidence continuing problems at school entry. Sociodemographic and neighborhood influences are also discussed, as are implications for future research and policy.

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Cabrera, N., Hofferth, S. L., & Hancock, G. R. (2014) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2013.873716 · Cited by 16
Early drinking onset: A study of prevalence and determinants among 13‐year‐old adolescents in Norway
Adolfsen, F., Kyrrestad, H., Martinussen, M., Natvig, H., Eisemann, M. R., Handegård, B. H., & Koposov, R. A. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12151 · Cited by 18
Children's negative emotionality moderates influence of parenting styles on preschool classroom adjustment
Paschall, K. W., Gonzalez, H., Mortensen, J. A., Barnett, M. A., & Mastergeorge, A. M. (2015) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2015.04.009 · Cited by 16
“Girls are typically found to exhibit lower aggression in and outside of the classroom compared to boys (e.g., Campbell et al., 2000), as well as closer and less conflictual relationships with teachers during early childhood and early elementary school (Baker, 2006; Griggs, Gagnon,”
Background
An Examination of the Quality of Discipline Policies in NAEYC-Accredited Early Care and Education Programs
Garrity, S. M., Longstreth, S. L., & Linder, L. K. (2016) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/0271121416672185 · Cited by 16
One or many? Which and how many parenting variables should be targeted in interventions to reduce children's externalizing behavior?
Loop, L., Mouton, B., Stiévenart, M., & Roskam, I. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.015 · Cited by 16
Altered Neuronal Responses During an Affective Stroop Task in Adolescents With Conduct Disorder
Fehlbaum, L. V., Raschle, N. M., Menks, W. M., Prätzlich, M., Flemming, E., Wyss, L., Euler, F., Sheridan, M. A., Sterzer, P., & Stadler, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01961 · Cited by 19
The Developmental Behavior Genetics of Drug Involvement: Overview and Comments
Zucker, R. A. (2006) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-006-9070-y · Cited by 17
“Moreover, these traits (a) are known to be relatively stable over the course of childhood and adolescence (Fuller et al. 2003; Olweus, 1979); and (b) are most likely to show a continuity pattern among individuals who thereafter develop the more chronic and severe forms of SUD (Biglan et al. 2004; Campbell et al. 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
Friendship and the Socialization of Sadness
Tillery, Cohen, Parra, Kitzmann, & Sharp, K. M. H. (2015) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.61.4.0486 · Cited by 16
Using Biosocial Criminology to Understand and Improve Treatment Outcomes
Vaske, J. C. (2017) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854817716484 · Cited by 17
A meta‐analytic approach to the association between inhibitory control and parent‐reported behavioral adjustment in typically‐developing children: Differentiating externalizing and internalizing behavior problems
Berger, P., & Buttelmann, D. (2021) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13141 · Cited by 17
“This subtype of maladaptive behavior is typically indicated by either physical aggression, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, or a combination of those (Campbell et al., 2000), and is recognized as an early pre-dictorofjuveniledelinquencyandmentalhealthproblemsinadulthood (Betz, 1995; Farrington, 1989).”
Bidirectional Associations between Child Conduct Problems and Parenting Practices in Early Childhood
Awada, S. R., & Shelleby, E. C. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02104-0 · Cited by 17
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Park, S., Meter, D. J., & Roggman, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02561-9 · Cited by 16
“Researchers have compared adolescent behaviors observed and reported by a single informant with those by multiple informants and concluded that using multiple informant data on children was more accurate than data from only a single informant (Campbell et al., 2000; Van Dulmen & Egeland, 2011).”
Parenting Styles and Youth’s Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors: Does Self-Control Matter?
Almeida, D., & Santos, G. (2024) · International Criminology · doi:10.1007/s43576-024-00137-1 · Cited by 15
“…and youth’s problem behavior, mainly due to its relation to difficulties in later behavioral, emotional, cognitive, and social adjustment (Calkins et al., 2007; Campbell et al., 2000; Keane & Calkins, 2004; Lier et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2011; Min et al., 2018; Rinaldi & Howe, 2012; Sommer, 2010).”
Maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and infant externalizing and internalizing behaviors
Vafai, Y., Steinberg, J. R., & Shenassa, E. D. (2016) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.12.002 · Cited by 15
Early risk pathways to physical versus relational peer aggression: The interplay of externalizing behavior and corporal punishment varies by child sex
Zulauf-McCurdy, C. A., Sokolovsky, A. W., Grabell, A. S., & Olson, S. L. (2018) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21744 · Cited by 15
Contact with biological parents following placement in foster care: Associations with preschool child externalizing behavior
Poitras, K., Tarabulsy, G. M., & Varela, N. (2021) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045211049295 · Cited by 20
“For preschoolers, externalized behavior usually centers around manifestations of aggressiveness, oppositional behavior, and noncompliance, and problems with regulatory behavior and impulses (Shaw & Gilliom, 2000).”
Background
The Contribution of Middle Childhood Contexts to Adolescent Achievement and Behavior
Magnuson, K., Duncan, G. J., & Kalil, A. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499760.009 · Cited by 15
Cascading effects of BPT for child internalizing problems and caregiver depression
Gonzalez, M. A., & Jones, D. J. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.007 · Cited by 15
Neighborhood and parenting both matter: The role of neighborhood collective efficacy and maternal spanking in early behavior problems
Ma, J. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.028 · Cited by 17
Parents with Intellectual Disabilities Experiencing Challenging Child Routines: A Pilot Study Using Embedded Self‐Determination Practices
Knowles, C., Blakely, A. W., Hansen, S. G., & Machalicek, W. (2016) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12303 · Cited by 15
Parental depression and parent and child stress physiology: Moderation by parental hostility
Merwin, S. M., Leppert, K. A., Smith, V. C., & Dougherty, L. R. (2017) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21556 · Cited by 15
The Emergence of Parent–Child Coercive Processes in Toddlerhood
Chang, H., & Shaw, D. S. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0559-6 · Cited by 15
“Disruptive behaviors such as noncompliance and aggression are most problematic when children are around the age of 2 years [13].”
Self-citation
Intersections of Biology and Behavior in Young Children's Antisocial Patterns: The Role of Development, Gender and Socialization
Zahn‐Waxler, C., Usher, B. A., Suomi, S. J., & Cole, P. M. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499883.008 · Cited by 15
Gene×Environment Interactions in Early Externalizing Behaviors: Parental Emotional Support and Socioeconomic Context as Moderators of Genetic Influences?
Cheung, A. K., Harden, K. P., & Tucker–Drob, E. M. (2014) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-014-9664-8 · Cited by 17
“Early externalizing behaviors are associated with increased risk for a variety of long-term maladaptive outcomes, including academic failure (Arnold 1997), later socioemotional maladjustment (Campbell et al. 2000; Moffitt 1993; Moffitt et al. 2002), and poor economic outcomes (Moffitt 1993; Moffitt et al.”
Background
Identifying Patterns of Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Preschool children : Facilitating Early Detection
Gustafsson, B. M. (2018) · Linköping University medical dissertations · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-153581 · Cited by 12
Neighborhood Crime and Externalizing Behavior in Toddlers: A Longitudinal Study With Neonatal fMRI and Parenting
Brady, R. G., Leverett, S. D., Mueller, L., Ruscitti, M., Latham, A. R., Smyser, T. A., Gerstein, E. D., Warner, B. B., Barch, D. M., Luby, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2023.09.547 · Cited by 14
Optimizing outcomes in ADHD treatment: from clinical targets to novel delivery systems
Mattingly, G., & Anderson, R. H. (2016) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852916000808 · Cited by 17
“and other countries around the world have found that ADHD commonly presents with a constellation of comorbid challenges and disorders.(13,36) Young children with ADHD frequently have associated learning disorders or developmental disabilities, such as difficulties with sensory integration, problems with working memory…”
Background
Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between verbal learning and internalizing, trauma-related and externalizing symptoms among early-onset, persistently delinquent adolescents
Lansing, A. E., Plante, W. Y., Golshan, S., Fennema‐Notestine, C., & Thuret, S. (2017) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.01.014 · Cited by 18
Neighbourhood Ethnic Density Effects on Behavioural and Cognitive Problems Among Young Racial/Ethnic Minority Children in the US and England: A Cross-National Comparison
Zhang, N., Beauregard, J. L., Kramer, M. R., & Bécares, L. (2017) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-017-9445-1 · Cited by 14
“…as mediated through family processes (e.g. maternal mental health, parenting, family dysfunction and the social support received by the mother) (Campbell et al. 2000; Chase-Lansdale et al. 1997; Klebanov et al. 1997; Kohen et al. 2008), since most of their time is spent at home, and their…”
Background
The association between social emotional development and symptom presentation in autism spectrum disorder
Reid, K., Sacrey, L.-A. R., Zwaigenbaum, L., Raza, S., Brian, J. A., Smith, I. M., Bryson, S. E., Armstrong, V. L., Roberts, W., Szatmári, P., et al. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000711 · Cited by 16
“…are associated in the long-term with poor academic performance (Campbell et al., 2006) and neurodevelopmental and mental health disorders (Campbell et al., 2000; Campbell et al., 2006; Fox, 2004; Shaw et al., 1994), collecting information on early social-emotional development is valuable…”
Background

Authors: CAMPBELL, S. B., SHAW, D. S., & GILLIOM, M.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: SHAW, DANIEL S.
Venue: Development and Psychopathology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2000-09
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 467-488
ISSN: 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
1469-2198
DOI: 10.1017/s0954579400003114
OpenAlex: W2149804058
Cited by: 1,081
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 13.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (32735, 50907)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords: externalizing problems, toddlers, preschool children, aggression, negative parenting, family stress, developmental pathways, boys, school entry, sociodemographic risk factors, neighborhood effects
MeSH terms: Adjustment Disorders, Age Factors, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Time Factors

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Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment

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