Cited by 1,081Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEarly Childhood Education and DevelopmentAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 91 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment

CAMPBELL, SUSAN B., SHAW, DANIEL S., GILLIOM, MILES·2000·Development and Psychopathology

DOI 10.1017/s0954579400003114

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The early emergence and developmental implications of externalizing behavior problems in toddlers and preschoolers are discussed with an emphasis on which young children are truly at risk for continuing problems. The extant literature is reviewed with a focus on the stability of early externalizing behavior and the diverse pathways that young children, primarily boys, with early-emerging problems may follow. Findings from a number of studies, both epidemiological and high risk, suggest that the small subgroup of boys with multiple risk factors that include especially high levels of early hyperactivity and aggression, and high levels of negative parenting and family stress, are most likely to evidence continuing problems at school entry. Sociodemographic and neighborhood influences are also discussed, as are implications for future research and policy.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/s0954579400003114

Cites

91 of 91 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
Moffitt, T. E. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.4.674 · Cited by 9,987
Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment
Rever, G. W. (1972) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197211000-00011 · Cited by 8,446
Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723 · Cited by 7,684
Current patterns of parental authority.
Baumrind, D. (1971) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030372 · Cited by 5,292
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
Barkley, R. A., & Poillion, M. J. (1994) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874299401900205 · Cited by 4,635
Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children
Panagos, R. J. (1998) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/074193259801900609 · Cited by 4,183
Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development
McLoyd, V. C. (1998) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.53.2.185 · Cited by 3,763
When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor.
Scott, D. M., & Wilson, W. J. (1998) · African American Review · doi:10.2307/3042249 · Cited by 3,616
Patterns of attachment
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e550432011-004 · Cited by 2,140
A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior
Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.2.329 · Cited by 2,048

Show all 92 references

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 1,000

Parenting and children's externalizing behavior: Bidirectionality during toddlerhood
Verhoeven, M., Junger, M., van Aken, C., Deković, M., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2009) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2009.09.002 · Cited by 119
Assessment of Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Infancy: A Systematic Review
Bagner, D. M., Rodriguez, G. M., Blake, C. A., Linares, D., & Carter, A. S. (2012) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-012-0110-2 · Cited by 131
“In addition, high levels of harsh parenting and family stress have been shown to increase the stability of early childhood behavior problems (Campbell et al. 2000).”
Predicting aggressive behavior in the third year from infant reactivity and regulation as moderated by maternal behavior
Crockenberg, S., Leerkes, E. M., & Jó, P. S. B. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000023 · Cited by 130
Infant risk factors associated with internalizing, externalizing, and co-occurring behavior problems in young children.
Edwards, R. C., & Hans, S. L. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038800 · Cited by 118
Classroom-based interventions and teachers’ perceived job stressors and confidence: Evidence from a randomized trial in Head Start settings
Zhai, F., Raver, C. C., & Li-Grining, C. P. (2011) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.03.003 · Cited by 131
Cross-sectional study of social behaviors in preschool children and exposure to flame retardants
Lipscomb, S. T., McClelland, M. M., MacDonald, M., Cárdenas, A., Anderson, K. A., & Kile, M. L. (2017) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-017-0224-6 · Cited by 119
“Collectively this represents substantial risk for difficulty with academics, social relationships, and mental health [3, 4, 6, 7].”
Background
Maternal Depression, Paternal Psychopathology, and Toddlers' Behavior Problems
Dietz, L. J., Jennings, K. D., Kelley, S. A., & Marshal, M. P. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802575362 · Cited by 114
Instantiating the multiple levels of analysis perspective in a program of study on externalizing behavior
Beauchaine, T. P., & Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M. (2012) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579412000508 · Cited by 120
Outcomes of Parenting Interventions for Child Conduct Problems: A Review of Differential Effectiveness
Shelleby, E. C., & Shaw, D. S. (2014) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0431-5 · Cited by 114
“Further, basic research has shown that children with the most elevated rates of CP at young ages are at greater risk for long-term persistence and exacerbation of CP [1, 20].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Stability, Change, and Correlates of the Peer Relationships of Young Children With Mild Developmental Delays
Guralnick, M. J., Hammond, M. A., Connor, R. T., & Neville, B. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00872.x · Cited by 114
The impact of parents, child care providers, teachers, and peers on early externalizing trajectories
Silver, R. B., Measelle, J. R., Armstrong, J. M., & Essex, M. J. (2010) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2010.08.003 · Cited by 125
Enhancing Children’s Social Emotional Functioning Through Virtual Game-Based Delivery of Social Skills Training
Craig, A. B., Brown, E., Upright, J. J., & DeRosier, M. E. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0274-8 · Cited by 128
“However, a signiﬁ-cant number of children experience difﬁculties interacting with their peers, resulting in bullying, social isolation, and peer rejection (Buhs et al. 2006; Campbell et al. 2000; Johnson et al. 2000).”
Background
Predictors and sequelae of trajectories of physical aggression in school-age boys and girls
Campbell, S. B. G., Spieker, S. J., Vandergrift, N., Belsky, J., & Burchinal, M. A. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990319 · Cited by 109
“…parenting as well as limited use of physical punishment and negative, coercive childrearing strategies should likewise be associated with less physical aggression in children (Campbell et al., 2000; Coie & Dodge, 1998; Kochanska, 2002; Patterson et al., 1998; Snyder, Reid, & Patterson, 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Single Mother Parenting and Adolescent Psychopathology
Daryanani, I., Hamilton, J. L., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0128-x · Cited by 108
“youth externalizing disorders, as mother-child conflicts over autonomy increase the likelihood of a child behaving defiantly (Campbell et al. 2000).”
Background
Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties in Preschool
Poulou, M. S. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9828-9 · Cited by 146
“Limited research in the early manifestation of behaviour problems was among other things due to conceptual and measurement gaps (Campbell et al. 2000).”
Background
The Effects of Parental Depressive Symptoms, Appraisals, and Physical Punishment on Later Child Externalizing Behavior
Callender, K. A., Olson, S. L., Choe, D. E., & Sameroff, A. J. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9572-9 · Cited by 107
“The preschool years provide an optimal time for examining the effects of depressed parenting on child outcomes, because it is a period in which parents are the primary socializing agents of their children (Campbell et al. 2000).”
Background
Child Effortful Control as a Mediator of Parenting Practices on Externalizing Behavior: Evidence for a Sex-Differentiated Pathway across the Transition from Preschool to School
Chang, H., Olson, S. L., Sameroff, A. J., & Sexton, H. R. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9437-7 · Cited by 104
“However, for others, these symptoms predict persistent and cascading patterns of maladjustment including peer rejection, conduct problems, and juvenile delinquency (e.g., Broidy et al. 2003; Campbell et al. 2000 ).”
Background
A parallel process growth mixture model of conduct problems and substance use with risky sexual behavior
Wu, J., Witkiewitz, K. A., McMahon, R. J., & Dodge, K. A. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.04.013 · Cited by 110
“Most children show decreasing frequencies of conduct problems as a function of age (Campbell, Shaw, and Gilliom, 2000), despite a relatively small group of children who show clinically elevated symptoms into adolescence (Nagin and Tremblay, 2001).”
Background
Impact findings from the Head Start CARES demonstration: National evaluation of three approaches to improving preschoolers' social and emotional competencePreprint
Morris, P., Mattera, S. K., Castells, N., Bangser, M., Kierman, K., & Raver, C. C. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 103
The role of language ability and self-regulation in the development of inattentive–hyperactive behavior problems
Petersen, I. T., Bates, J. E., & Staples, A. D. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000698 · Cited by 116
Predictors and outcomes of persistent or age‐limited registered criminal behavior: a 30‐year longitudinal study of a Swedish urban population
Bergman, L. R., & Andershed, A. (2009) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20298 · Cited by 102
“…that when a child is exposed to risk factors on different levels simultaneously (e.g., within the individual him-/herself, and within the family), the risk for antisocial behavior is larger than when the child is exposed to risk factors on one level alone [Campbell et al., 2000; Shaw et al., 2003].”
BackgroundResult
Family risks and protective factors: Pathways to Early Head Start toddlers’ social–emotional functioning
Whittaker, J. V., Harden, B. J., See, H. M., Meisch, A. D., & Westbrook, T. R. (2010) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2010.04.007 · Cited by 115
Longitudinal Predictors of School-Age Academic Achievement: Unique Contributions of Toddler-Age Aggression, Oppositionality, Inattention, and Hyperactivity
Brennan, L. M., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2012) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9639-2 · Cited by 102
“because of gender, ethnic, socioeconomic, and language differences associated with externalizing behavior (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan 1997; Campbell et al. 2000; Hinshaw 1992), although no differences based on these factors were expected in the magnitude of associations between early externalizing and later academic achie…”
Self-citation
Predicting Young Children’s Externalizing Problems: Interactions among Effortful Control, Parenting, and Child Gender
Karreman, A., van Tuijl, C., van Aken, M. A. G., & Deković, M. (2009) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.0.0020 · Cited by 101
Testing a maternal attachment model of behavior problems in early childhood
McCartney, K., Owen, M. T., Booth, C. L., Clarke‐Stewart, A., & Vandell, D. L. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00270.x · Cited by 101
Aggression at Age 5 as a Function of Prenatal Exposure to Cocaine, Gender, and Environmental Risk
Bendersky, M., Bennett, D. S., & Lewis, M. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj025 · Cited by 101
“However research in children on the relations between biological factors such as autonomic reactivity or brain activity and externalizing problems suggests that the association is not direct, but rather mediated by underlying processes such as emotion regulation and impulse control (Campbell et al., 2000; Eisenberg &…”
BackgroundInfluential
Prior problem behavior accounts for the racial gap in school suspensions
WRIGHT, J. P., Morgan, M. A., Coyne, M. A., Beaver, K. M., & Barnes, J. C. (2014) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.01.001 · Cited by 100
A dose of nature: Two three-level meta-analyses of the beneficial effects of exposure to nature on children's self-regulation
Weeland, J., Moens, M. A., Beute, F., Assink, M., Staaks, J. P. C., & Overbeek, G. J. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101326 · Cited by 114
“…non-compliance, which are behavioral manifestations associated with child psychopathology, such as Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) (e.g., Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000; Caspi, Henry, McGee, Moffitt, & Silva, 1995; Compas et al., 2017).”
Background
The paradox of prematurity: The behavioral vulnerability of late preterm infants and the cognitive susceptibility of very preterm infants at 36 months post-term
Shah, P., Robbins, N. M., Coelho, R. B., & Poehlmann, J. (2012) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.11.003 · Cited by 107
The multiple faces of interparental conflict: Implications for cascades of children’s insecurity and externalizing problems.
Davies, P. T., Hentges, R. F., Coe, J. L., Martin, M. J., Sturge‐Apple, M. L., & Cummings, E. M. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000170 · Cited by 97
Adolescent dispositions for antisocial behavior in context: The roles of neighborhood dangerousness and parental knowledge.
Trentacosta, C. J., Hyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., & Cheong, J. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016394 · Cited by 97
Self-citation
THE WORLDWIDE BURDEN OF INFANT MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL DISORDER: REPORT OF THE TASK FORCE OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR INFANT MENTAL HEALTH
Lyons‐Ruth, K., Manly, J. T., von Klitzing, K., Tamminen, T., Emde, R. N., Fitzgerald, H. E., Paul, C., Keren, M., Berg, A., Foley, M., et al. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21674 · Cited by 98
Behavior Problems in Learning Activities and Social Interactions in Head Start Classrooms and Early Reading, Mathematics, and Approaches to Learning
Bulotsky-Shearer, R. J., Fernandez, V. A., Dominguez, X., & Rouse, H. L. (2011) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2011.12087727 · Cited by 95
Continuity and Change in Levels of Externalizing Behavior in School of Children From Economically Disadvantaged Families
Ackerman, B. P., Brown, E. D., & Izard, C. E. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00563 · Cited by 94
MOTHER–CHILD AND FATHER–CHILD PLAY INTERACTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF PARENTAL PLAYFULNESS AS A MODERATOR OF THE LINKS BETWEEN PARENTAL BEHAVIOR AND CHILD NEGATIVITY
Menashe‐Grinberg, A., & Atzaba‐Poria, N. (2017) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21678 · Cited by 93
Preventing preschool externalizing behavior problems through video-feedback intervention in infancy
Velderman, M. K., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Juffer, F., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Zevalkink, J. (2006) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20104 · Cited by 93
One-Year Follow-Up of Combined Parent and Child Intervention for Young Children with ADHD
Webster-Stratton, C. H., Reid, M. J., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.723263 · Cited by 92
Grandmother involvement as a protective factor for early childhood social adjustment.
Barnett, M. A., Scaramella, L. V., Neppl, T. K., Ontai, L., & Conger, R. D. (2010) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020829 · Cited by 92
“However, they become indicators of maladjustment when they persist, increase, or intensify (e.g., Campbell et al., 2000).”
Influential
The influence of proximal risk on the early development of the autonomic nervous system
Propper, C. B., & Holochwost, S. J. (2013) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2013.05.001 · Cited by 95
Family Intervention Effects on Co-occurring Early Childhood Behavioral and Emotional Problems: A Latent Transition Analysis Approach
Connell, A. M., Bullock, B. M., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., Wilson, M. N., & Gardner, F. E. M. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9244-6 · Cited by 94
“For instance, studies have consistently documented the developmental continuity of conduct problems from early childhood to antisocial behavior in middle childhood and adolescence (Brook et al. 1992; Campbell et al. 2000; Caspi et al. 1998; Hawkins et al. 1986; Shaw et al. 2003; Vicary and Lerner 1983).”
Self-citation
The influence of perinatal complications and environmental adversity on boys’ antisocial behavior
Beck, J. E., & Shaw, D. S. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00336.x · Cited by 90
Self-citation
Dynamical systems modeling of early childhood self-regulation.
Cole, P. M., Bendezú, J. J., Ram, N., & Chow, S. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000268 · Cited by 92
Multi-domain Models of Risk Factors for Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Preschoolers: Evidence for Common and Specific Factors
Hopkins, J., Lavigne, J. V., Gouze, K. R., LeBailly, S. A., & Bryant, F. B. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9723-2 · Cited by 102
Pediatric behavioral telehealth in the age of COVID-19: Brief evidence review and practice considerations
Ros-Demarize, R., Chung, P., & Stewart, R. W. (2021) · Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2021.100949 · Cited by 79
“From an assessment perspective, early identification of externalizing disorders is key in preventing many of the functional outcomes associated with externalizing disorders such as impairments in academic achievement, behavioral adjustment, and social and cognitive functioning.(12) 15 Additionally, if left untreated,…”
Background
The Dopamine Receptor D4 Gene (DRD4) Moderates Family Environmental Effects on ADHD
Martel, M. M., Nikolas, M. A., Jernigan, K. A., Friderici, K. H., Waldman, I. D., & Nigg, J. T. (2010) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9439-5 · Cited by 90
“Among the numerous variables related to the family environment, there is mounting evidence suggesting that parenting behavior is part of the maintaining causal structure of ADHD from preschool into middle childhood (Campbell et al. 2000).”
Kindergarten Predictors of Recurring Externalizing and Internalizing Psychopathology in the Third and Fifth Grades
Morgan, P. L., Farkas, G., & Wu, Q. (2008) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/1063426608324724 · Cited by 85
“Use of small samples limits the identification of particular subgroups of children who may be most in need of early intervention (Bennett, Lipman, Racine, & Offord, 1998; Campbell et al., 2000).”
Child Routines and Self-Regulation Serially Mediate Parenting Practices and Externalizing Problems in Preschool Children
Bater, L. R., & Jordan, S. S. (2016) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-016-9377-7 · Cited by 89
Substance use and related behaviors among suburban late adolescents: The importance of perceived parent containment
Luthar, S. S., & Goldstein, A. S. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000291 · Cited by 91
The expression and regulation of anger in toddlers: Relations to maternal behavior and mental representations
Feldman, R., Dollberg, D. G., & Nadam, R. (2011) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.02.001 · Cited by 87
Intergenerational Continuity of Hostile Parenting and its Consequences: The Moderating Influence of Children's Negative Emotional Reactivity
Scaramella, L. V., & Conger, R. D. (2003) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00241 · Cited by 86
“An abundance of empirical work supports the theoretical expectation that highly reactive and emotionally negative children are at heightened risk for later conduct problems because of the hostile responses such reactivity elicits from parents (Bates et al., 1998; Campbell, 1995; Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000; Hinde,…”
Background
The interplay of externalizing problems and physical and inductive discipline during childhood.
Choe, D. E., Olson, S. L., & Sameroff, A. J. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032054 · Cited by 85
Psychopharmacology for Young Children: Clinical Needs and Research Opportunities
Vitiello, B. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.108.4.983 · Cited by 85
Relations among maternal socialization, effortful control, and maladjustment in early childhood
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., Silva, K. M., Reiser, M., Hofer, C., Smith, C. L., Gaertner, B. M., Kupfer, A., Popp, T., et al. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000246 · Cited by 84
Developmental dynamics between children’s externalizing problems, task-avoidant behavior, and academic performance in early school years: A 4-year follow-up.
Metsäpelto, R., Pakarinen, E., Kiuru, N. H., Poikkeus, A., Lerkkanen, M., & Nurmi, J. (2014) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037389 · Cited by 103
The role of context in preschool learning: a multilevel examination of the contribution of context-specific problem behaviors and classroom process quality to low-income children's approaches to learning.
Dominguez, X., Vitiello, V. E., Fuccillo, J. M., Greenfield, D., & Bulotsky-Shearer, R. J. (2011) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2010.11.002 · Cited by 83
Associations of Maternal Prenatal Smoking with Early Childhood Physical Aggression, Hyperactivity-Impulsivity, and Their Co-Occurrence
Huijbregts, S. C. J., Séguin, J. R., Zoccolillo, M., Boivin, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9073-4 · Cited by 88
“Biederman, Milberger, & Faraone, 1995; Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000; Huijbregts et al., 2006; Linnet et al., 2003; Maughan et al., 2004; NICHD EC-CRN, 2004; Tremblay et al., 2004; Nagin & Tremblay, 2001; Romano et al., 2006; Shaw et al., 2005).”
The Incredible Years Series: A Review of the Independent Research Base
Pidano, A. E., & Allen, A. R. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9991-7 · Cited by 93
“In particular, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and early-onset Conduct Disorder (CD) have been cited as troubling diagnoses that may predict more serious behavioral and emotional difficulties (Campbell et al. 2000; Hinshaw and Lee 2003).”
Background
Independent and Interactive Contributions of Parenting Behaviors and Beliefs in the Prediction of Early Childhood Behavior Problems
Barnett, M. A., Shanahan, L., Deng, M., Haskett, M. E., & Cox, M. J. (2010) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295190903014604 · Cited by 83
“…untimely and inappropriate responses to infant/toddler signals, interfere with emotion regulation development, placing children at risk for increased internalizing (e.g., Briggs-Gowan, Carter, Bosson-Heenan, Guyer, & Horowitz, 2006) and externalizing symptoms (e.g., Campbell et al., 2000).”
Elucidating Early Mechanisms of Developmental Psychopathology: The Case of Prenatal Smoking and Disruptive Behavior
Wakschlag, L. S., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Pine, D. S., Pickett, K. E., & Carter, A. S. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00909.x · Cited by 82
Patterns of risk and trajectories of preschool problem behaviors: A person-oriented analysis of attachment in context
Keller, T. E., Spieker, S. J., & Gilchrist, L. D. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050170 · Cited by 82
Predictive validity of preschool screening tools for language and behavioural difficulties: A PRISMA systematic review
Sim, F., Thompson, L., Marryat, L., Ramparsad, N., & Wilson, P. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211409 · Cited by 81
“childhood; behavioural patterns of aggression, non-compliance, hyperactivity and destructive behaviour may all be part of normal development until they are displayed at high levels indicating increased risk of continued behaviour problems [20].”
Background
Association of maternal dopamine transporter genotype with negative parenting: evidence for gene x environment interaction with child disruptive behavior
Lee, S. S., Chronis-Tuscano, A. M., Keenan, K. E., Pelham, W. E., Loney, J., HULLE, C. A. V., Cook, E. H., & LAHEY, B. B. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.102 · Cited by 85
Inhibitory Control and Harsh Discipline as Predictors of Externalizing Problems in Young Children: A Comparative Study of U.S., Chinese, and Japanese Preschoolers
Olson, S. L., Tardif, T. Z., Miller, A. L., Felt, B. T., Grabell, A. S., Kessler, D. A., Wang, L., Karasawa, M., & Hirabayashi, H. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9531-5 · Cited by 82
“Moreover, individual differences in externalizing behaviors persist at moderate levels across the transition from early to middle childhood (Campbell et al. 2000).”
The Relations among Maternal Depressive Disorder, Maternal Expressed Emotion, and Toddler Behavior Problems and Attachment
Gravener, J. A., Rogosch, F. A., Oshri, A., Narayan, A. J., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9598-z · Cited by 88
“Results suggest that mothers with depression who are critical of their toddlers have offspring who may be at heightened risk for developing externalizing symptoms, which can be a precursor to later psychopathology, including oppositional behavior and conduct problems (Campbell et al. 2000).”
Background
Physical attractiveness in preschoolers: Relationships with power, status, aggression and social skills
Hawley, P. H., Johnson, S. E., Mize, J. A., & McNamara, K. A. (2007) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2007.04.001 · Cited by 85
Predictors of the persistence of conduct difficulties in children with cognitive delay
Emerson, E., Einfeld, S., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02413.x · Cited by 87
Prenatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Behavioral Development in Children
Quaak, I., de Cock, M., de Boer, M. R., Lamoree, M. H., Leonards, P. E. G., & van de Bor, M. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13050511 · Cited by 90
“Externalizing behavior is defined as outward behavior whereby the child negatively reacts to the external environment [44–46].”
Background
Deconstructing the externalizing spectrum: Growth patterns of overt aggression, covert aggression, oppositional behavior, impulsivity/inattention, and emotion dysregulation between school entry and early adolescence
Olson, S. L., Sameroff, A. J., Lansford, J. E., Sexton, H. R., Davis-Kean, P. E., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2013) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579413000199 · Cited by 86
Environmental risk factors associated with the persistence of conduct difficulties in children with intellectual disabilities and autistic spectrum disorders
Emerson, E., Blacher, J., Einfeld, S., Hatton, C., Robertson, J., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2014) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.039 · Cited by 84
Predicting emotional and social competence during early childhood from toddler risk and maternal behavior
Blandon, A. Y., Calkins, S. D., & Keane, S. P. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990307 · Cited by 96
PREMATURITY, NEONATAL HEALTH STATUS, AND LATER CHILD BEHAVIORAL/EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Cassiano, R. G. M., Gaspardo, C. M., & Linhares, M. B. M. (2016) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21563 · Cited by 77
Developmental Trajectories of Conduct Problems and Cumulative Risk from Early Childhood to Adolescence
Gutman, L. M., Joshi, H. E., & Schoon, I. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0971-x · Cited by 92
“On the other hand, there is evidence to suggest that adversity experienced during early childhood, as opposed to later exposure, has a crucial impact on future adjustment (Duncan et al. 1998; Schoon et al. 2011), or that concurrent risk plays a crucial role (Campbell et al. 2000).”
Background
Preschool interactive peer play mediates problem behavior and learning for low-income children
Bulotsky‐Shearer, R. J., Bell, E. R., Romero, S. L., & Carter, T. M. (2011) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2011.09.003 · Cited by 78
Mothers’ parenting and child sex differences in behavior problems among African American preschoolers.
Barnett, M. A., & Scaramella, L. V. (2013) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033792 · Cited by 76
Affect dysregulation in the mother–child relationship in the toddler years: Antecedents and consequences
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2004) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579404044402 · Cited by 87
Direct and Indirect Effects of the Family Check-Up on Self-Regulation from Toddlerhood to Early School-Age
Chang, H., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Gardner, F. E. M., & Wilson, M. N. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9859-8 · Cited by 80
“Although toddlerhood marks an important period for emerging selfregulation, toddlers frequently display defiant, aggressive, and noncompliant behavior because of their limited cognitive and regulatory skills (Campbell et al. 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Warm Parenting and Effortful Control in Toddlerhood: Independent and Interactive Predictors of School-Age Externalizing Behavior
Reuben, J. D., Shaw, D. S., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Reiss, D., & Leve, L. D. (2015) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-015-0096-6 · Cited by 88
“The non-significant main effect of overreactive parenting is inconsistent with previous research that has consistently documented links between overreactive parenting and high levels of externalizing problems during early childhood and the early school-age years (Campbell et al. 2000; Maccoby 2000; Rothbaum andWeisz 1…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Psychopharmacological and Other Treatments in Preschool Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Evidence and Practice
GHUMAN, J. K., Arnold, L. E., & Anthony, B. J. (2008) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2008.022 · Cited by 77
“…behavior problems in preschool children persist to school-age years and continue to be associated with significant impairment (Campbell and Ewing 1990; Campbell et al. 2000; Egeland et al. 1990; Fischer et al. 1984; Lahey et al. 2004; Lavigne et al. 1998; McGee et al. 1991; Richman et al. 1982).”
Transactional relations across contextual strain, parenting quality, and early childhood regulation and adaptation in a high-risk sample
Yates, T. M., Obradović, J., & Egeland, B. R. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941000026x · Cited by 74
“…al., 2005; Mulsow, Caldera, Pursley, Reifman, & Huston, 2003), parenting (Kemppinenm, Kumpulainen,Raita-Hasu,Moilanen,&Ebeling,2006; Roberts, Block, & Block, 1984; Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, & Collins, 2005), and child adjustment (Campbell et al., 2000; Egeland et al., 1996; Lavigne et al., 1998).”
Background
Cortical thickness, cortico-amygdalar networks, and externalizing behaviors in healthy children.
Ameis, S., Ducharme, S., Albaugh, M. D., Hudziak, J., Botteron, K., Lepage, C., Zhao, L., Khundrakpam, B. S., Collins, D. L., Lerch, J. P., et al. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.06.008 · Cited by 79
“Severe and persistent externalizing behaviors are characteristic of externalizing disorders, such as oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (3).”
Influential
Temperament at 7, 12, and 25 months in children at familial risk for ADHD
Auerbach, J. G., Berger, A., Atzaba‐Poria, N., Arbelle, S., Cypin, N., Friedman, A., & Landau, R. (2008) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.579 · Cited by 83
Behavioral Problems of Infancy and Preschool Children (0–5)
Gardner, F. E. M., & Shaw, D. S. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444300895.ch53 · Cited by 75
Self-citation
Parenting styles and children’s internalizing-externalizing behavior: The mediating role of behavioral regulation
Marcone, R., Affuso, G., & Borrone, A. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9757-7 · Cited by 72
Confident Parents for Easier Children: A Parental Self-Efficacy Program to Improve Young Children’s Behavior
Mouton, B., Loop, L., Stievenart, M., & Roskam, I. (2018) · Education sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci8030134 · Cited by 61
“Most children demonstrate some of these behaviors, considered as part of a standard development path [2], but when pervasive and intensive—for 5% to 14% according to studies [3,4], EB can have negative effects on children’s social and learning skills, as well as on family life [5].”
Background
Do individual characteristics explain variation in sanction risk updating among serious juvenile offenders? Advancing the logic of differential deterrence.
Thomas, K. J., Loughran, T. A., & Piquero, A. R. (2012) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/h0093990 · Cited by 71
KidsMatter: A Population Health Model to Support Student Mental Health and Well-being in Primary Schools
GRAETZ, B. W., Littlefield, L., Trinder, M., Dobia, B., Souter, M., Champion, C., Boucher, S., Killick-Moran, C., & Cummins, R. (2008) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/14623730.2008.9721772 · Cited by 70
Positive and Negative Peer Interaction in 3- and 4-Year-Olds in Relation to Regulation and Dysregulation
Ramani, G. B., Brownell, C. A., & Campbell, S. B. (2010) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221320903300353 · Cited by 70
“In some cases, early aggressive behavior remains stable and becomes associated with peer rejection and other peer problems in childhood ( Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000 ; Cummings, Iannotti, & Zahn-Waxler, 1989 ; Denham, Blair, Schmidt, & DeMulder, 2002 ; NICHD Early Child Care Research Network [ECCRN], 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
What we have Learned about Early Childhood and the Development of Delinquency
Shaw, D. S., & Gross, H. E. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71165-2_3 · Cited by 71
Self-citation
Preadolescent Health Risk Behavior as a Function of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Gender
Bennett, D. S., Bendersky, M., & Lewis, M. (2007) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31811320d8 · Cited by 69
Physical environmental adversity and the protective role of maternal monitoring in relation to early child conduct problems
Supplee, L. H., Unikel, E. B., & Shaw, D. S. (2007) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2006.12.001 · Cited by 75
Self-citation
Disorganized and controlling patterns of attachment, role reversal, and caregiving helplessness: Links to adolescents’ externalizing problems.
Lecompte, V., & Moss, E. (2014) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000017 · Cited by 69
Parent–child relationships and Chinese children's social adaptations: Gender difference in parent–child dyads
Xu, L., Liu, L., Li, Y., Liu, L., & Huntsinger, C. S. (2018) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12254 · Cited by 68
The association between prenatal exposure to cigarettes and cortisol reactivity and regulation in 7‐month‐old infants
Schuetze, P. A., Lopez, F. A., Granger, D. A., & Eiden, R. D. (2008) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20334 · Cited by 71
Parental Reactions to Toddlers' Negative Emotions and Child Negative Emotionality as Correlates of Problem Behavior at the Age of Three
Engle, J. M., & McElwain, N. L. (2010) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00583.x · Cited by 67
Stability in infant frontal asymmetry as a predictor of toddlerhood internalizing and externalizing behaviors
Smith, C. L., & Bell, M. A. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20427 · Cited by 67
Identification and management of psychosocial problems among toddlers by preventive child health care professionals
Velderman, M. K., Crone, M. R., Wiefferink, C. H., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2009) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp169 · Cited by 67
Behavior problems of children in foster care: Associations with foster mothers’ representations, commitment, and the quality of mother–child interaction
Dubois‐Comtois, K., Bernier, A., Tarabulsy, G. M., Cyr, C. P., St‐Laurent, D., Lanctôt, A.-S., St-Onge, J., Moss, E., & Béliveau, M. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.06.009 · Cited by 67
Early Childhood Externalising Behaviour Problems: Child, Parenting, and Family-related Predictors Over Time
Miller-Lewis, L., Baghurst, P., Sawyer, M., Prior, M., Clark, J., Arney, F., & Carbone, J. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-006-9071-6 · Cited by 77
A Multi-Domain Model of Risk Factors for ODD Symptoms in a Community Sample of 4-Year-Olds
Lavigne, J. V., Gouze, K. R., Hopkins, J., Bryant, F. B., & LeBailly, S. A. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9603-6 · Cited by 74
Violent video games, externalizing behavior, and prosocial behavior: A five-year longitudinal study during adolescence.
Coyne, S. M., Warburton, W., Essig, L. W., & Stockdale, L. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000574 · Cited by 66

Authors: CAMPBELL, S. B., SHAW, D. S., & GILLIOM, M.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: SHAW, DANIEL S.
Venue: Development and Psychopathology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2000-09
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 467-488
ISSN: 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
1469-2198
DOI: 10.1017/s0954579400003114
OpenAlex: W2149804058
Cited by: 1,081
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 13.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (32735, 50907)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords: externalizing problems, toddlers, preschool children, aggression, negative parenting, family stress, developmental pathways, boys, school entry, sociodemographic risk factors, neighborhood effects
MeSH terms: Adjustment Disorders, Age Factors, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Time Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks