Cited by 1,081Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEarly Childhood Education and DevelopmentAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment

CAMPBELL, SUSAN B., SHAW, DANIEL S., GILLIOM, MILES·2000·Development and Psychopathology

DOI 10.1017/s0954579400003114

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Abstract

The early emergence and developmental implications of externalizing behavior problems in toddlers and preschoolers are discussed with an emphasis on which young children are truly at risk for continuing problems. The extant literature is reviewed with a focus on the stability of early externalizing behavior and the diverse pathways that young children, primarily boys, with early-emerging problems may follow. Findings from a number of studies, both epidemiological and high risk, suggest that the small subgroup of boys with multiple risk factors that include especially high levels of early hyperactivity and aggression, and high levels of negative parenting and family stress, are most likely to evidence continuing problems at school entry. Sociodemographic and neighborhood influences are also discussed, as are implications for future research and policy.

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“Externalizing behaviors can progress into more serious behavioral problems and disorders across childhood, including antisocial behaviors and conduct problems (Campbell et al. 2000; McGue and Iacono 2005).”
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Psychometric Evaluation of the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) in a Predominately Hispanic, Low-Income Sample
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“However, for some young children, these behaviors may be early signs of more serious long-term problems (Campbell et al. 2000).”
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Utendale, W. T., Hubert, M., Saint‐Pierre, A. B., & Hastings, P. D. (2011) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20403 · Cited by 48
Mothers’ Resolution of Their Young Children’s Psychiatric Diagnoses: Associations with Child, Parent, and Relationship Characteristics
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“Factors such as marital distress, divorce, parental psychopathology, maternal depression, and lack of social and economic resources have all been related to poor outcomes in early behavioral and psychological disorders [29].”
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Gender Differences in the Moderating Effects of Parental Warmth and Hostility on the Association between Corporal Punishment and Child Externalizing Behaviors in China
Xing, X., & Wang, M. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0610-7 · Cited by 42
“Externalizing problem behavior refers to a grouping of behavior problems that are manifested in children’s outward behavior and reflect the child’s acting negatively in the external environment, such as aggression and delinquency (Campbell et al. 2000; Eisenberg et al. 2001).”
Preschool Depression
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“The importance of measuring externalizing behaviors is evident in research suggesting that these behaviors are predictive of problematic psychosocial outcomes in children as young as preschool age (Campbell et al., 2000; Fischer et al., 1984).”
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EARLY LIFE RISKS, ANTISOCIAL TENDENCIES, AND PRETEEN DELINQUENCY
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Pathways and processes of risk in associations among maternal antisocial personality symptoms, interparental aggression, and preschooler's psychopathology
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“Developmental psychopathology frameworks have long regarded the early childhood years as a sensitive period for the impact of family risk factors on the development of child externalizing problems (Campbell et al., 2000; Cicchetti, Cummings, Greenberg, & Marvin, 1990; Moffitt, 1993).”
Background
Child, Family, and Community Protective Factors in the Development of Children's Early Conduct Problems
Vanderbilt‐Adriance, E., Shaw, D. S., Brennan, L. M., Dishion, T. J., Gardner, F. E. M., & Wilson, M. N. (2015) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12105 · Cited by 50
Self-citation
Screen Time, Sociodemographic Factors, and Psychological Well-Being Among Young Children
Kwon, S., Armstrong, B., Wetoska, N., & Capan, S. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.54488 · Cited by 53
Comorbid Development of Disruptive Behaviors from age 1½ to 5 Years in a Population Birth-Cohort and Association with School Adjustment in First Grade
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“Indeed, some evidence suggests stability from the preschool to the school age period is especially pronounced in children with comorbid DB, notably ADHD/CD (Campbell et al. 2000) and ADHD/ODD (Gadow and Nolan 2002).”
BackgroundResult
Family Factors in Child Care Research
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Predictors of Program Use and Child and Parent Outcomes of A Brief Online Parenting Intervention
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“Early child behavior problems have been shown to be stable over time [10].”
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Evaluating Differential Effects Using Regression Interactions and Regression Mixture Models
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“, 2010; Campbell, Shaw, & Gilliom, 2000; Olson, Lopez-Duran, Lunkenheimer, Chang, & Sameroff, 2011), parental psychopathology (Halperin, Schulz, McKay, Sharma, & Newcorn, 2003), and contextual risks including low socioeconomic status and neighborhood violence (Campbell et al., 2000).”
Identifying psychological problems in young children: How do mothers compare with child psychiatrists?
Clarke‐Stewart, K. A., Allhusen, V. D., McDowell, D. J., Thelen, L., & Call, J. D. (2003) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0193-3973(03)00006-6 · Cited by 38
Prediction of Preschool Aggression from DRD4 Risk, Parental ADHD Symptoms, and Home Chaos
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“Several studies have shown that parenting difficulties, such as reduced monitoring and inconsistent discipline practices, are associated with children’s disruptive behaviors (Campbell et al. 2000; Casas et al. 2006; Yu et al. 2010).”
BackgroundResult
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy with Toddlers in a community‐based setting: Improvements in parenting behavior, emotional availability, child behavior, and attachment
Kohlhoff, J., Morgan, S., Briggs, N., Egan, R., & Niec, L. (2020) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21864 · Cited by 37
Training Head Start Teachers to Conduct Trial-Based Functional Analysis of Challenging Behavior
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Examining the Link Between Infant Attachment and Child Conduct Problems in Grade 1
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“There is no single mechanism postulated through which children develop conduct problems; rather, research suggests that it is more likely that conduct problems develop in different ways for different children through an interaction among multiple risk factors including, but not limited to, inherent child factors, poor…”
Background

Authors: CAMPBELL, S. B., SHAW, D. S., & GILLIOM, M.
Affiliations: University of Pittsburgh (US)
ORCID: SHAW, DANIEL S.
Venue: Development and Psychopathology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2000-09
Volume: 12
Issue: 3
Pages: 467-488
ISSN: 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
1469-2198
DOI: 10.1017/s0954579400003114
OpenAlex: W2149804058
Cited by: 1,081
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 13.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Public Health Service (32735, 50907)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Keywords: externalizing problems, toddlers, preschool children, aggression, negative parenting, family stress, developmental pathways, boys, school entry, sociodemographic risk factors, neighborhood effects
MeSH terms: Adjustment Disorders, Age Factors, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Time Factors

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Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment

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