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Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females
Abstract
This article reports a comparison on childhood risk factors of males and females exhibiting childhood-onset and adolescent-onset antisocial behavior, using data from the Dunedin longitudinal study. Childhood-onset delinquents had childhoods of inadequate parenting, neurocognitive problems, and temperament and behavior problems, whereas adolescent-onset delinquents did not have these pathological backgrounds. Sex comparisons showed a male-to-female ratio of 10:1 for childhood-onset delinquency but a sex ratio of only 1.5:1 for adolescence-onset delinquency. Showing the same pattern as males, childhood-onset females had high-risk backgrounds but adolescent-onset females did not. These findings are consistent with core predictions from the taxonomic theory of life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior.
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“Some aggressive behaviors in childhood predict aggression in later life; others are temporary and disappear at later ages, such as temper tantrums in toddlers [61] and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior [62].”
From An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Some aggressive behaviors in childhood predict aggression in later life; others are temporary and disappear at later ages, such as temper tantrums in toddlers [61] and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior [62].”
From An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
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Foster, K. T., Hicks, B. M., Durbin, C. E., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. K. (2017) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696817740453 · Cited by 32
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Brotman, L. M., Gouley, K. K., O’Neal, C. R., & KLEIN, R. G. (2004) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1207/s15566935eed1504_3 · Cited by 27
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BackgroundPiquero, A. R., Diamond, B., Jennings, W. G., & Reingle, J. M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5113-6_8 · Cited by 24
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“Five prospective research studies (i.e., Farrington, 1997; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Raine, Venables, et al., 1997; Raine, Venables, & Williams, 1990; Wadsworth, 1976) support that low resting heart rate predicts future aggression, rather than being a consequence of aggression.”
BackgroundMonshouwer, K., Harakeh, Z., Lugtig, P. J., Huizink, A. C., Creemers, H. E., Reijneveld, S. A., de Winter, A. F., van Oort, F. V. A., Ormel, J., & Vollebergh, W. (2012) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9624-9 · Cited by 26
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“It is well known that boys exhibit more antisocial behaviours than girls (Moffitt, 2001; Van Lier, Van Der Ende, Koot, & Verhulst, 2007).”
BackgroundCulture and the Development of Regulatory Competence: Chinese–U.S. Comparisons
Tardif, T. Z., Wang, L., & Olson, S. L. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511575877.012 · Cited by 27
Brown, G. W., Craig, T., Harris, T., Handley, R. V., Harvey, A. L., & Serido, J. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.007 · Cited by 26
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Hoofs, H., Jansen, N., Mohren, D. C. L., Jansen, M. W. J., & Kant, I. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120930 · Cited by 26
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Dowdall, N., Murray, L., Skeen, S., Marlow, M., Pascalis, L. D., Gardner, F. E. M., Tomlinson, M., & Cooper, P. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13619 · Cited by 25
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BackgroundResultLee, J. O., Herrenkohl, T. I., Jung, H., Skinner, M. L., & Klika, J. B. (2015) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.012 · Cited by 25
“…into adulthood (Cullerton-Sen et al., 2008; T. I. Herrenkohl, Tajima, Whitney, & Huang, 2005; Jaffee, Caspi, Moffitt, & Taylor, 2004; Klika et al., 2012; Loeber & Farrington, 2000; Maxfield & Widom, 1996; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Smith & Thornberry, 1995; Topitzes, Mersky, & Reynolds, 2011).”
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An independent evaluation of mode deactivation therapy for juvenile offenders.
Thoder, V. J., & Cautilli, J. D. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100925 · Cited by 25
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Hoeve, M., Colins, O. F., Mulder, E. A., Loeber, R., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2014) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854814558505 · Cited by 27
“Following Moffitt and colleagues (e.g., Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt, Caspi, Harrington, & Milne, 2002), we defined our groups a priori using a cutoff age of 12 to distinguish between the age-of-onset groups.”
MethodGaraigordobil, M., & Maganto, C. (2016) · Acción Psicológica · doi:10.5944/ap.13.2.17826 · Cited by 25
Petras, H., Ialongo, N. S., Lambert, S. F., Barrueco, S., Schaeffer, C. M., Chilcoat, H. D., & Kellam, S. G. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000166378.22651.63 · Cited by 25
Vloet, T. D., Herpertz, S. C., & Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917.34.2.101 · Cited by 23
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“…studies showing that adult antisocial behavior and criminal involvement often have roots in behavior problems that begin in early childhood (e.g. Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Patterson & Yoerger, 2002), and that trajectories leading to persistent adult antisocial behavior and criminal involvement can…”
BackgroundDecuyper, M., Colins, O. F., Clercq, B. J. D., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., Broekaert, E., Bijttebier, P., Roose, A., & Fruyt, F. D. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0320-3 · Cited by 28
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Early predictors of antisocial developmental pathways among boys and girls
Pitzer, M., Esser, G., Mh, S., et al. (2009) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01411.x · Cited by 24
“This is in agreement with recent research suggesting that the pattern of the EOP path and the processes involved are similar in both genders (10, 16, 18, 20, 21).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIncarcerated youth with personality disorders: Prevalence, comorbidity and convergent validity
Kaszynski, K. L., Kallis, D. L., Karnik, N. S., Soller, M. V., Hunter, S. J., Haapanen, R., Blair, J., & Steiner, H. (2013) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1241 · Cited by 29
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Nijhof, K. S., Scholte, R. H. J., Overbeek, G. J., et al. (2010) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854809355776 · Cited by 24
“This would even imply that delinquent friends would have a stronger influence on adolescence-limited offenders than on persistent offenders, which is confirmed by earlier studies (e.g., Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”
ResultGalán, C. A., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0209-x · Cited by 32
Bor, W., & Sanders, M. R. (2004) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2004.01452.x · Cited by 24
Biosocial Bases of Antisocial and Criminal Behavior
Chen, F. R., Gao, Y., Glenn, A. L., Niv, S., Portnoy, J., Schug, R. A., Yang, Y., & Raine, A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118512449.ch19 · Cited by 25
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Life-Course Persistent and Adolescence-Limited Antisocial Males: Longitudinal Followup to Adulthood
Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499883.009 · Cited by 25
Self-citationDoh, H.-S., Shin, N., Kim, M. J., Hong, J. S., Choi, M.-K., & Kim, S. (2012) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.05.008 · Cited by 24
“Despite the significance of research findings and theoretical support linking marital conflict and young children's aggression, it is unlikely that children who experience marital conflict at home immediately display aggressive behavioral tendencies (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”
BackgroundClarifying the Associations between Age at Menarche and Adolescent Emotional and Behavioral Problems
Vaughan, E. B., Hulle, C. A. V., Beasley, W. H., Rodgers, J. L., & D'Onofrio, B. M. (2015) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0255-7 · Cited by 25
Brief Behavioral Intervention for Young Children with Disruptive Behaviors
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“Retrospective studies identifying pathways for later conduct problems have repeatedly shown a large number of psychiatric disorders that begin in childhood or adolescence (Kessler et al., 2005; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”
BackgroundSocial Information-Processing Skills and Aggression
Terzian, M., Li, J., Fräser, M. W., Day, S. H., & Rose, R. A. (2014) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731514534898 · Cited by 24
“…Nagin, & Vitaro, 2001; Hanish & Guerra, 2000; Kochenderfer-Ladd, 2003; Jokela, Ferrie, & Kivimäki, 2008; Miller-Johnson, Winn, Coie, Malone, & Lochman, 2004; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Schwartz, McFaydenKetchum, Dodge, Pettit, & Bates, 1999; Shaeffer, Petras, Ialongo, Poduska, & Kellam, 2003).”
Netland, J. D., & Miner, M. H. (2011) · Journal of Sexual Aggression · doi:10.1080/13552600.2011.632696 · Cited by 23
“…behaviours is complex, because multiple factors such as shared environment, genetic/other biological risk factors and behaviour modelling all have the potential to pass a parent’s risk of criminality to their child (Moffitt, 1993, 2005; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; New Zealand Ministry of Justice, 2009).”
BackgroundMiura, H., & Fuchigami, Y. (2016) · Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/cbm.1993 · Cited by 24
Monoamine oxidase and agitation in psychiatric patients
Perković, M. N., Štrac, D. Š., Erjavec, G. N., Uzun, S., Podobnik, J., Kozumplik, O., Vlatković, S., & Pivac, N. (2016) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.02.002 · Cited by 23
“In addition, conduct disorder occurs two to three times more likely in boys than in girls (Moffitt and Caspi, 2001).”
BackgroundGoodnight, J. A., Bates, J. E., Holtzworth‐Munroe, A., Pettit, G. S., Ballard, R. H., Iskander, J. M., Swanson, A., Dodge, K. A., & Lansford, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000226 · Cited by 29
Schizophrenia and violence: a search for neurobiological correlates
Naudts, K. H., & Hodgins, S. (2006) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000238484.12023.aa · Cited by 23
Vogels, A. G. C., Jacobusse, G. W., Hoekstra, F., Brugman, E., Crone, M. R., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.12.005 · Cited by 23
“Such problems can lead to serious limitations in daily functioning and are likely to persist in later life [1, 2 ].”
BackgroundBoutwell, B. B., Barnes, J. C., Deaton, R., & Beaver, K. M. (2013) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.01.005 · Cited by 21
“Consider, for example, the suite of phenotypes found to distinguish LCP offenders from other members of the population: neurocognitive disorders, reading deficits and faster rates of physical maturation (Moffitt and Caspi, 2001; Moffitt et al., 2002).”
BackgroundChild and Adolescent Conduct Problems
Frick, P. J., & McMahon, R. J. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190492243.003.0005 · Cited by 25
Pragmatic Neuroethics: Lived Experiences as a Source of Moral Knowledge
Pavarini, G., & Singh, I. (2018) · Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics · doi:10.1017/s0963180118000105 · Cited by 23
“…that early exposure to social adversity, including poverty, violent crime, and abusive parenting, is a key risk factor for antisocial behavior, 21,22,23,24 and that certain genotypes (e.g., a functional polymorphism in the gene encoding neurotransmitter-metabolizing enzyme monoamine oxidase A)…”
Shelleby, E. C., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., Wilson, M. N., & Gardner, F. E. M. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000337 · Cited by 22
Larm, P., Hodgins, S., Tengström, A., & Larsson, A. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02914.x · Cited by 23
A Comparison of Pacific, Māori, and European Violent Youth Offenders in New Zealand
Ioane, J., Lambie, I., & Percival, T. (2014) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x14560725 · Cited by 22
“They also appeared to start offending at a younger age (16 years) than those who did not reoffend consistent with previous literature in this area (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”
ResultMulder, E., Brand, E., Bullens, R., & van Marle, H. (2010) · International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x10387518 · Cited by 18
Problem behavior among older youth in foster care: Examining gender
Farruggia, S. P., & Germo, G. R. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.11.005 · Cited by 26
Meyer, S., & MAZEROLLE, L. G. (2013) · Policing & Society · doi:10.1080/10439463.2013.784295 · Cited by 22
“High risk juveniles are quite likely to be embedded in highly dysfunctional families with a complex range of risk factors (Farrington et al. 2001, Moffitt and Caspi 2001, Farrington and Welsh 2003).”
BackgroundLee, Y., Liu, X., & Watson, M. W. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515581908 · Cited by 22
“Moreover, many studies focused on antisocial and aggressive behaviors that are persistent over the life span and those limited to adolescence (e.g., Huesmann et al., 2009; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Patterson, DeBaryshe, & Ramsey, 1989; Underwood et al., 2009).”
BackgroundCallous-Unemotional Traits and Developmental Pathways to the Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Frick, P. J., Blair, J., & Castellanos, F. X. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7557-6_4 · Cited by 26
Martí, M., Bonillo, A., Jané, M. C., Fisher, E. M., & Duch, H. (2015) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2016.1106202 · Cited by 24
“…externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, such as aggressive and withdrawn behaviors in interactions with peers and adults, have been linked to a higher risk of developing a psychiatric disorder and related problems later in childhood (Feng, Shaw, & Silk, 2008; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”
BackgroundStevens, M. (2018) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-018-0254-z · Cited by 24
“Background Primary-school-age children with symptoms of conduct disorders are at high risk of later antisocial and criminal behaviour [1, 2].”
BackgroundSkinner, G. C. M., Farrington, D. P., & Shepherd, J. P. (2020) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/0141076820905319 · Cited by 22
Women and Girls with Psychopathic Characteristics
Nicholls, T. L., Odgers, C. L., & Cooke, D. J. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470516157.ch21 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- MOFFITT, T. E., & CASPI, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-05-16
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 355-375
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2058914725
- Cited by
- 1,669
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 99 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 108 · 2012: 98
- FWCI
- 143.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh056344-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-49414, MH 45070, R01MH045070, MH-56344)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- sex differences, childhood risk factors, parenting
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Temperament, Time Factors, Parenting
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