Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females

“Moreover, children who develop a form of conduct disorder are more likely to be exposed to and also engaged in peer rejection, delinquency, school dropout, or substance abuse (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001 ; Snyder, 2001 ).”

“…in the preschool years tend to lead to expulsion from preschool (Gilliam, 2005), become more stable over time (Cole, Teti, & Zahn-Waxler, 2003; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001), contribute to the development of subsequent behavioural problems (Linares et al., 2005; Ramey & Ramey, 2004; Rhoades,…”

“…this, in the Dunedin cohort, Caspi et al. and Moffitt and Caspi found that a composite of self-control at age three both predicted adolescent ASB and differentiated life-course-persistent and adolescent-limited trajectories of ASB (Caspi et al., 1995; Caspi & Silva, 1995; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“2001 ; Moffitt and Caspi 2001 ; Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber 1986 ).”

“This supports past literature ( Bjorkqvist et al, 1992 ; Crick & Zahn-Waxler, 2003 ; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001 ) which found that more boys engage in physical aggression from an early age, as well being the primary perpetrators of physical aggression throughout childhood and adolescence.”

“…1999), comorbid youth who engage in delinquent activities would be unlikely to be designated as life-course persistent offenders (Moffitt, 1993; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt, Caspi, Dickson, Silva, & Stanton, 1996), because in the present research, they did not necessarily begin offending at…”

“It should also be noted that additional research has ruled out the possibility that antisocial behavior causes low RHR (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Raine et al., 1997).”

“Whereas the LCP trajectory is more strongly driven by dispositional characteristics (e.g., genetics; Burt, 2009), the AL trajectory is more strongly linked to environmental factors, such as deviant peer affiliation (Moffitt, 2003; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“For example, differences between boys and girls may differ depending on whether antisocial girls and boys are from community versus incarcerated samples (e.g., Slaby & Guerra, 1988; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001, versus Silverthorn et al., 2001).”

“It has been well established that children born to younger mothers are at an increased risk for adverse developmental outcomes, from adjustment problems in childhood (Tremblay et al., 2004) to more serious problems, such as delinquency, in adolescence and young adulthood (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“In sum, the neurological deficits in the life-course persistent offender are thought to be a main contributor to delinquent behavior (Moffitt 1993; Moffitt and Caspi 2001).”

“AD(H)D is considered as one of the individual factors that are predictive for the life-course persistent pathway of criminal behavior (Moffitt, 1990, 1993; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“…Disorder present with significant neuropsychological deficits that contribute to their aggressive and antisocial behavior (Moffitt et al., 2011; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Séguin, Arsenault, & Tremblay, 2007; Séguin, Nagin, Assaad, & Tremblay, 2004; Séguin, Pihl, Harden, Tremblay, & Boulerice,…”

“Previous research has shown that the onset of defiant and aggressive behavior in childhood is associated with a life-course pattern of antisocial behavior that is more resistant to treatment (Moffitt, 1993; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“The difficult temperament in early childhood, exhibited by those on the LCP trajectory, was found to interact with the criminogenic environments produced by parents with anti-social and offending histories who lacked the ability to provide consistent discipline (Moffitt and Caspi, 2001).”

“…ghout childhood and adolescence (Achenbach, Howell, McConaughy, & Stanger, 1995; Campbell, 1995; Costello, Angold, & Keeler, 1999; Ferdinand & Verhulst, 1995; Hofstra, van der Ende, & Verhulst, 2002; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Stanger, Achenbach, & Verhulst, 1997; Webster-Stratton & Taylor, 2001).”

“Our findings also complement previous findings that children who show persistent externalizing problems across development are at an increased risk for diverse adjustment problems (Barker et al., 2008; Lansford et al., 2010;Moffitt, 2003;Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“Research on non-adopted children also provides evidence that childhood behaviour adjustment is predictive of subsequent adjustment (e.g. Fergusson, 1998; Kerr, Lunkenheimer, & Olson, 2007; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“Our findings are consistent with previous studies demonstrating a link between exposure to neglectful parenting, harsh and inconsistent discipline, family conflict, and life-course persistent antisocial behavior (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Patterson et al., 1992).”

“Other studies examining predictors of physical aggression (Martino, Ellickson, Klein, McCaffrey, & Orlando Edelen, 2008; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001) and risk and protective factors for aggression (Connor, Steingard, Andersen, & Melloni, 2003; Nichols et al., 2006) report few to no differences between…”

“…association with antisocial peers (Giordano, Millhollin, Cernkovich, & Rudolph, 1999; Moffitt, 1993, 2006; van Lier, Vitaro, Wanner, Vuijik, & Crijnen, 2005), and continuing engagement in delinquent activities (Hodgins, Cree, Alderton, & Mak, 2007; Lahey & Waldman, 2008; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001;).”

“Boys exceed girls in rates of a life course persistent pattern of externalizing behavior problems, while gender differences are small in an adolescent-limited pattern of externalizing behavior problems [34].”

“In contrast, life-course-persistent (LP) offenders begin offending in childhood and early adolescence and do not desist, committing a range of offenses throughout their life course (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Odgers et al., 2008).”

“They had more problems related to mental health, substance dependence, work and education, more serious criminality like violent offences as well as more psychopathy-related personality traits. Moreover, concerning childhood risk factors, they had experienced more neurocognitive problems, inadequate parenting, were mo…”

“Transdiagnostic approaches have delineated proactive (or instrumental, or tonic) and reactive (often an impulsive response to a real or perceived threat or other provocation, or phasic) aggression (Card & Little, 2016; Leibenluft, 2011; Merk et al., 2005; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“Besides, male gender is a high predictor of violent behaviors, and ~90% of all the convicted violent offenders are males [6, 7].”

“LCP offenders on the other hand show antisocial behaviour from an early age onwards, tend to commit more serious offences and do not desist antisocial behaviour after adolescence (Mof fi tt & Caspi, 2001).”

“…(Bartusch et al. 1997), inept parenting (Simons et al. 1994), neurocognitive problems, temperament and behavior problems, and inadequate parenting (Moffitt and Caspi 2001) were each found to relate mostly to childhood-onset offending, whereas peer delinquency (Bartusch et al. 1997; Simons et al.…”

“Researchers have elucidated life-course-persistent and adolescent-limited trajectories of AB that differ in levels of risk exposure in childhood, with the former faring worse on parents’ harsh and inconsistent discipline, as well as children’s early behavioral problems (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“…considered to be a normative response to the social context of an adolescent, whereas life course persistent offending is more rare and often related to experienced family adversities, inadequate parenting, neurocognitive problems, and temperament and behavior problems (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“…that occur early in life as risk factors for later delinquency, increasing evidence from developmental research suggests that risk factors can and do occur throughout childhood and into adolescence (Beaver et al. 2010; Miller, Malone, and Dodge 2010; Moffitt and Caspi 2001; Pepler et al. 2010).”

“Results are also consistent with early difficulties in learning among sex offenders generally (see Langevin & Curnoe, 2008b) and with research on the development of general persistent criminality and neuropsychological deficits in children and adolescents (Lynam, 1998; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“Results from longitudinal studies have consistently demonstrated associations between low verbal IQ and delinquency (Lynam et al., 1993), and between low verbal IQ and early-onset delinquency (Gibson, Piquero, & Tibbetts, 2001; Moffit & Caspi, 2001).”

“However, with the recent growth in numbers of female offenders (Snyder & Sickmund, 1999), a new area of research has emerged to investigate the development of antisocial behavior as it relates specifically to women and girls (Fergusson & Horwood, 2002; Keenan, Loeber, & Green, 1999; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Odgers & Mor…”

“The antisocial behavior assessed by Raine et al. (1995) and Moffitt and Caspi (2001), with different results for early- and late-onset antisocial individuals, may be more similar to the CBCL delinquency syndrome than to the aggression syndrome.”

“Delinquency is more common among boys [37],”

“In the Dunedin study (25), comparisons were made of the males and females who presented conduct problems in childhood and whose AAB persisted across the life-span.”

“As expected from other studies of perpetrators of violent crimes (32, 33), the vast majority of these offenders (85.”

“As a result, youth with this subtype are more likely to desist in rule-breaking behavior as they enter adulthood (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt et al., 2002).”

“…this line of research to relational aggression also has the potential to advance our understanding aggressive behavior patterns in girls, who are more likely to exhibit relational than overt aggression (e.g., Apter & Josselson, 1998; Crick, 1997; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Putallaz et al., 2007).”

“The frequency of offending increases with age through to late adolescence, peaks around the age of 16, and then begins to decline, continuing throughout adulthood (Carrington, Matarazzo, & de Souza, 2005; Moffitt, 2001).”

“Children whose behavior problems persist into middle childhood have demonstrated serious maladaptive functioning (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001), and parenting has been shown to predict these trajectories (Calkins & Keane, 2009; Meunier et al., 2011).”

“Family and context factors associated with LCP antisocial behavior include: having a teenage single parent (Fergusson et al. 2000; Moffitt and Caspi 2001; Nagin and Tremblay 2001), having a single parent at birth (Aguilar et al. 2000; Fergusson et al. 2000; Kjelsberg 1999; Tibbetts and Piquero…”

“Substance misuse among adolescents with CD increases the risk of transition to ASPD and persistent criminal offending (Loeber, Burke, & Lahey, 2002 ; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001 ).”

“This subpopulation has been shown to possess a range of neurocognitive difficulties, familial fragmentation, early regulatory and mental health problems, drug abuse, and disrupted schooling (e.g., Chung, Hawkins, Gilchrist, Hill, & Nagin, 2002; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Odgers et al., 2008).”

“…Steinberg, & Cauffman, 2010); however, EB persists for a sizable minority of youth (Evans, Simons, & Simons, 2016; Moffitt, 1993), predicting antisocial personality disorder, alcohol/substance use disorders, and economic instability (Brown et al., 2008; Maughan et al., 2004; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“…Korrelate ge-walttätigen Verhaltens ist mindestens zwischen zwei Formen von Aggression zu unterscheiden, nämlich impulsiver und instrumenteller Aggression. des Sozialverhaltens (vgl. u.a. Carlo et al., 1999; Dodge et al., 2003; Eisenberg & Morris, 2002; Lahey et al., 2000; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”

“…and recurrent antisocial conduct heralds a developmental course portending serious and violent offending through adolescence and adulthood (Caspi et al., 2016; Farrington & Loeber, 2011; Farrington et al., 2012; Moffitt, 2018; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt et al., 2002, 2011; Vaughn et al., 2014).”

“As UPPS-P scores are known to be higher among men than women (Loeber and Hay, 1997; Moffitt and Caspi, 2001), and as there are sex differences for externalizing behavior, gender was also included in the network.”

“…childhood onset conduct disorder typically have worse outcomes—for example, greater substance dependence, more criminal offending (Moffitt, Caspi, Harrington, & Milne, 2002), and greater neurocognitive impairments than individuals with adolescent onset (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Raine et al., 2005).”

“…variables situacionales (provincia, tama˜no de centro, edad, curso, estudios) desempe˜nan un discreto papel en la determinación de las conductas asertivas Los hallaz-gos están en la línea de Moffitt y Caspi (2001), Monjas, García, Elices y Francia (2004), Scandroglio et al. (2002) y Ready (2001).”

“, [2, 10, 19, 33, 40, 48]).”