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Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females
Abstract
This article reports a comparison on childhood risk factors of males and females exhibiting childhood-onset and adolescent-onset antisocial behavior, using data from the Dunedin longitudinal study. Childhood-onset delinquents had childhoods of inadequate parenting, neurocognitive problems, and temperament and behavior problems, whereas adolescent-onset delinquents did not have these pathological backgrounds. Sex comparisons showed a male-to-female ratio of 10:1 for childhood-onset delinquency but a sex ratio of only 1.5:1 for adolescence-onset delinquency. Showing the same pattern as males, childhood-onset females had high-risk backgrounds but adolescent-onset females did not. These findings are consistent with core predictions from the taxonomic theory of life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior.
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“Some aggressive behaviors in childhood predict aggression in later life; others are temporary and disappear at later ages, such as temper tantrums in toddlers [61] and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior [62].”
From An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Some aggressive behaviors in childhood predict aggression in later life; others are temporary and disappear at later ages, such as temper tantrums in toddlers [61] and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior [62].”
From An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
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Emerging Adulthood as a Critical Stage in the Life Course
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“As well as playing an important role in the etiology of aggressive behavior, glucocorticoid deficiencies may also be involved in some of the learning and memory difficulties experienced by children with antisocial behavior (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Raine et Figure 2.”
BackgroundDifferences in Early Childhood Risk Factors for Juvenile-Onset and Adult-Onset Depression
Jaffee, S. R., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Fombonne, E., Poulton, R., & Martin, J. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.3.215 · Cited by 472
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“…in future research, it still supports the importance of intervening early and intensively for children with CU traits because of the consistent associations between early involvement with the legal system and more severe adjustment problems in adulthood (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Robins, 1966).”
BackgroundBaglivio, M. T., Wolff, K. T., Piquero, A. R., & Epps, N. (2015) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.04.012 · Cited by 469
“…and violence, and also extends beyond the antisocial realm to include adverse outcomes in non-crime domains (Caspi & Moffitt, 1995; Moffitt, 1993; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Piquero et al., 2007).2 Particularly relevant to the current study is the role of adverse home environments in increasing the…”
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“…disorders and their associated consequences (peer rejection, crime, drug use, school disciplinary actions, and so on; Mesman et al., 2001; Moffitt and Caspi, 2001; Patterson et al., 2000), it would not be surprising to find that these same disorders and outcomes would also be found to…”
BackgroundLife‐Course‐Persistent versus Adolescence‐Limited Antisocial Behavior
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“Although this figure is consistent with prior studies using community samples (Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2004), the low estimate likely reflects this study’s omission of individual-level risk factors (e.g., impulsivity) that have been linked to the development and maintenance of antisocial behavior (e.g., Moffitt & Cas…”
ResultPredicting Change in Parenting Stress Across Early Childhood: Child and Maternal Factors
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“All risk factors have been described in detail previously and are summarized here (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Cannon et al. 2002; Jaffee et al. 2002; Moffitt et al. 2002).”
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Neurocognitive Impairments in Boys on the Life-Course Persistent Antisocial Path.
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“Some evidence supports this proposal; for example, men tend to be more sensitive to environmental cues involving antisociality (Mealey, 1995; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001), and psychopathy covaries within and across cultures with fast life history traits in men (Schmitt, 2011).”
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“…were comparable to strategies reported in other studies and appear to provide a reasonable approximation of developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior (e.g., Aguilar et al. 2000; Brennan et al. 2003; Moffitt and Caspi 2001), it is likely that these decision rules add noise to these analyses.”
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“…has been found with subjective classification of aggressive and criminal behavior in longitudinal samples from the Dunedin, New Zealand, and Oregon Youth studies (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Moffitt, Caspi, Harrington, & Milne, 2002; Patterson, 1996; Patterson, Forgatch, Yoerger, & Stoolmiller, 1998).”
BackgroundRisk and Resilience: Adaptations in Changing Times
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“A consistent finding in research is that a childhood-onset to CD is much more rare in girls than in boys (Moffitt & Caspi 2001, White & Piquero 2004).”
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(2009) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2009.00528.x · Cited by 276
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“Among non-mentally ill offenders, findings have accumulated indicating that there are subtypes, defined by age at onset and persistence of antisocial behaviour that differ as to aetiology and response to treatment (Moffitt & Caspi 2001).”
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Kurlychek, M., & Johnson, B. (2019) · annual review of criminology · doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024815 · Cited by 226
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“Specifically, associations between disclosure and delinquency could be a reflection of lower levels of disclosure and higher levels of delinquency of boys compared with girls (Finkenauer et al., 2002; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”
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“…consistently identify a group of youths who engage in antisocial behaviors only during the adolescent years (i.e., whose problems increase with age [Aguilar et al. 2000; Moffitt 1993; Moffitt et al. 1996; Moffitt and Caspi 2001; Nagin, Farrington, and Moffitt 1995; Roeder, Lynch, and Nagin 1999]).”
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Self-citationTrajectories of Delinquency and Parenting Styles
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“…although most theories explaining delinquent behavior by family characteristics state that parenting and family influences are strongest during childhood (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990; Moffitt and Caspi 2001), most previous studies concentrated on family factors measured during adolescence.”
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“Previous findings from the PMCP (Gilliom et al., 2002) and other research groups (e.g., Cole, Zahn-Waxler, & Smith, 1994) support concurrent and short-term longitudinal relations between emotional self-regulation and externalizing problems, but few studies have linked early measures of emotional self-regulation to ant…”
InfluentialPathways to Violence in the Children of Mothers Who Were Depressed Postpartum.
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“Although violent symptoms may emerge in middle childhood or adolescence (Loeber et al., 1993), some violent individuals show a pattern of temperamental features, cognitive deficits, and behavioral problems that is already evident in infancy and early childhood (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”
Fairchild, G. F., van Goozen, S. H. M., Calder, A. J., & Goodyer, I. M. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12102 · Cited by 240
“Moffitt and Caspi (2001) also reported increased rates of adversity or environmental risk factors in the backgrounds of LCP individuals, and Fergusson et al. (2000) showed that although all of the antisocial groups they studied had higher levels of psychosocial risk factors than controls, the LCP…”
BackgroundEnvironmental Adversity and Increasing Genetic Risk for Externalizing Disorders
Hicks, B. M., South, S. C., DiRago, A. C., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. K. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.554 · Cited by 220
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Ten good reasons to consider biological processes in prevention and intervention research
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“Equifinality is also observed in the development of CD. Adolescents who meet criteria form a heterogeneous group, often varying in both developmental history and symptom presentation (Hinshaw & Lee, 2003; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”
BackgroundThe role of callous and unemotional traits in the diagnosis of conduct disorder
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“Although preadolescent conduct problems occur more frequently in boys than in girls (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001), the prevalence of conduct problems is similar in male and female adolescents (Hinshaw & Lee, 2003; Moffitt, Caspi, Harrington, & Milne, 2002).”
BackgroundDevelopmental Trajectories of Male Physical Violence and Theft
Barker, E. D., Séguin, J. R., WHITE, H. R., Bates, M. E., Lacourse, É., Carbonneau, R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.592 · Cited by 215
Why do some maltreated youth become juvenile offenders?
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Temperament and Its Role in Developmental Psychopathology
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Early predictors of boys' antisocial trajectories
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“Moffitt and Caspi (2001) found a nonsignificant trend for greater deviant mother–child interaction at age 3 for early-starters versus adolescent-limited youth in the Dunedin cohort.”
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“In the Dunedin Longitudinal Study, prevalence of DSM – IV CD in girls ranged from 18 to 26% at ages 11 through 18 years (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001 ).”
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“For typically developing youth, adolescent maladjustment is generally short-lived and does not result in longterm impairment (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- MOFFITT, T. E., & CASPI, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-05-16
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 355-375
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2058914725
- Cited by
- 1,669
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 99 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 108 · 2012: 98
- FWCI
- 143.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh056344-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-49414, MH 45070, R01MH045070, MH-56344)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- sex differences, childhood risk factors, parenting
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Temperament, Time Factors, Parenting
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