Cited by 1,669Crime Patterns and InterventionsPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual OffendingChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

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Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females

MOFFITT, TERRIE E., CASPI, AVSHALOM·2001·Development and Psychopathology

DOI 10.1017/s0954579401002097

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Abstract

This article reports a comparison on childhood risk factors of males and females exhibiting childhood-onset and adolescent-onset antisocial behavior, using data from the Dunedin longitudinal study. Childhood-onset delinquents had childhoods of inadequate parenting, neurocognitive problems, and temperament and behavior problems, whereas adolescent-onset delinquents did not have these pathological backgrounds. Sex comparisons showed a male-to-female ratio of 10:1 for childhood-onset delinquency but a sex ratio of only 1.5:1 for adolescence-onset delinquency. Showing the same pattern as males, childhood-onset females had high-risk backgrounds but adolescent-onset females did not. These findings are consistent with core predictions from the taxonomic theory of life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behavior.

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Kruizinga, I., Jansen, W., Carter, A. S., & Raat, H. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-494 · Cited by 18
“A retrospective study [10] demonstrated that adolescents with psychosocial problems already had neurocognitive, temperament and behavioral problems at age two or three years old.”
Background
The effect of the maturity gap on delinquency and drug use over the life course: A genetically sensitive longitudinal design
Nedelec, J. L., Park, I., & Silver, I. A. (2016) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.07.001 · Cited by 19
Psychopathy and the prospective prediction of adult offending through age 29: Revisiting unfulfilled promises of developmental criminology
Lussier, P., Mccuish, E. C., & Corrado, R. R. (2020) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101770 · Cited by 19
Idiographic personality coherence: A quasi experimental longitudinal ESM study
Beck, E. D., & Jackson, J. J. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211017746 · Cited by 22
Motor activity at age one year does not predict ADHD at seven years
Johnson, P., Ahamat, B., McConnachie, A., Puckering, C., Marwick, H., Furnivall, D., Marwick, R., Gillberg, C., Heron, J., & Wilson, P. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1436 · Cited by 19
“, 2009) for screening for lifecourse-persistent conduct disorder (Moffitt and Caspi, 2001) but similar arguments could be applied to screening for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is equally persistent and shares its poor prognosis (Billstedt et al.”
Background
Delinquency and reputational orientations of adolescent at‐risk and not‐at‐risk males and females
Carroll, A., Houghton, S. J., Khan, U., et al. (2008) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410802269872 · Cited by 18
“These data support figures showing that some females are involved in serious offences such as assault (US Department of Justice, 2006), violent behaviours (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001), and antisocial activities (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2007; Statistics Canada, 2007).”
BackgroundResult
Demographic Profiles of Children Reported to the Child Welfare System
Simmel, C. (2011) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2011.542728 · Cited by 18
“As Moffitt and Caspi (2001) argue, there are empirical distinctions between ‘‘life-course persistent’’ and ‘‘adolescencelimited’’ antisocial behaviors, and these distinctions carry implications for policy and treatment interventions.”
Background
Young Mothers, Delinquent Children
Barnes, J. C., & Morris, R. G. (2011) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204011423260 · Cited by 19
“Moffitt and Caspi (2001) reported that males on the life-course-persister (LCP) pathway were much more likely to have been born to a young mother as compared to males on the adolescence-limited pathway.”
Background
Investing in well-being: an analytical framework
Jacobsen, V., Mays, N., Crawford, R., Annesley, B., Christoffel, P., Johnston, G. A., & Durbin, S. I. (2002) · LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) · Cited by 18
Mapping the structural organization of the brain in conduct disorder: replication of findings in two independent samples
Fairchild, G. F., Toschi, N., Sully, K., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Hagan, C. C., Diciotti, S., Goodyer, I. M., Calder, A. J., & Passamonti, L. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12581 · Cited by 18
“This is important as the CD youths differed from HCs in ADHD symptoms, and the CO-CD participants endorsed more ADHD symptoms than AO-CD youths, consistent with previous studies (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”
Result
Interrelationships and Continuities in Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorders from Age 4 to 10 in the Community
Husby, S. M., & Wichstrøm, L. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0210-4 · Cited by 21
“However, as seminally chronicled by Moffitt and Caspi (2001) as well as Vaughn et al. (2011), certain children might be on a developmental trajectory toward more serious conduct problems (i.e., CD) because of the severity of their initial problems or for biological or temperamental reasons.”
Background
Adverse Housing Conditions and Early‐Onset Delinquency
Jackson, D. B., Newsome, J., & Lynch, K. R. (2017) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12153 · Cited by 19
Sociodemographic variables, risk factors, and protective factors contributing to youth recidivism
Villanueva, L., Valero‐Moreno, S., Cuervo, K., et al. (2019) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2018.257 · Cited by 18
“This type of trajectory is mainly composed of boys who mostly commit crimes against persons (Moffi tt & Caspi, 2001).”
Criminal and antisocial behaviours and schizophrenia: a neglected topic
Hodgins, S. (2004) · Steinkopff eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7985-1953-4_21 · Cited by 18
Que deviennent les adolescentes judiciarisées près de dix ans après leur sortie du Centre jeunesse ?1
Lanctôt, N. (2005) · Criminologie · doi:10.7202/011488ar · Cited by 18
Internalizing Problems in At-risk Preschoolers: Associations with Child and Mother Risk Factors
Burlaka, V., Bermann, E., & Graham‐Bermann, S. A. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0067-5 · Cited by 23
Subgrouping children and adolescents with disruptive behaviors: symptom profiles and the role of callous–unemotional traits
Rosa-Justícia, M., Saam, M. C., Flamarique, I., Borràs, R., Naaijen, J., Dietrich, A., Hoekstra, P. J., Banaschewski, T., Aggensteiner, P.-M., Craig, M., et al. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01662-w · Cited by 22
Prevalence, stability, and predictive utility of the Multidimensional Assessment of Preschoolers Scales clinically optimized irritability score: Pragmatic early assessment of mental disorder risk
Wiggins, J. L., Rosario, A. U., MacNeill, L. A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1991 · Cited by 17
“Preschoolers with elevated scores were 4–8½ times more likely to exhibit the early onset, persistent pattern of psychopathology, the form which represents the greatest, most pernicious public health burden (Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Pine & Fox, 2015).”
Background
Adolescent perspectives on schooling experiences: The interplay of risk and protective factors within their lives
Bower, J., Carroll, A., & ASHMAN, A. F. (2012) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2011.12.003 · Cited by 17
Are Community Violence-Exposed Youth at Risk of Engaging in Delinquent Behavior? A Review and Implications for Residential Treatment Research and Practice
Hong, J. S., Huang, H., Golden, M., Patton, D. U., & Washington, T. (2014) · Residential Treatment for Children & Youth · doi:10.1080/0886571x.2014.958343 · Cited by 17
“…recognized that delinquency emerges in some youth through complex pathways, in which a developing youth’s risk for delinquency increases with each added exposure to violence or engagement in delinquency, as wells as continued exposure to deviant role models (Bender, 2010; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001).”
Background
Moderating Effects of Parental Well-Being on Parenting Efficacy Outcomes by Intervention Delivery Model of the Early Risers Conduct Problems Prevention Program
Piehler, T. F., Lee, S. S., Bloomquist, M. L., & August, G. J. (2014) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-014-0358-z · Cited by 20
“Both parents’ personal problems/stressors and parenting style (e.g., coercive parenting) are associated with the development of conduct problems in children (Dodge, Coie, & Lynam, 2006; Erath, El-Sheikh, & Cummings, 2009; Hoeve et al., 2009; Moffitt & Caspi, 2001; Seng & Prinz, 2008).”
Transitions into underage and problem drinking.
Windle, M. T., SPEAR, L. P., Fuligni, A. J., Angold, A. C., Brown, J. D., Pine, D. S., Smith, G. T., Giedd, J. N., & Dahl, R. E. (2009) · Alcohol Research & Health · Cited by 18
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System (HPA) and the Development of Aggressive, Antisocial, and Substance Abuse Disorders
McBurnett, K., King, J., & Scarpa, A. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546365.015 · Cited by 17
Student-to-Student Abuse in the Indian Residential Schools in Canada: Setting the Stage for Further Understanding
Charles, G., & DeGagné, M. (2013) · Child & Youth Services · doi:10.1080/0145935x.2013.859903 · Cited by 17
Construct Validity of Adolescent Antisocial Personality Disorder
Taylor, J. E., Elkins, I. J., Legrand, L. N., Peuschold, D., & Iacono, W. G. (2007) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9163-1 · Cited by 17
“Research suggests that earlier onset of CD and other types of conduct problems are associated with a poor prognosis in terms of academic functioning and trajectory of antisocial behavior (e.g., Moffitt & Caspi, 2001 ).”
Background
Examining the Link Between Traumatic Events and Delinquency Among Juvenile Delinquent Girls: A Longitudinal Study
Marsiglio, M. C., Chronister, K. M., Gibson, B., & Leve, L. D. (2014) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-014-0029-5 · Cited by 17
“Research suggests that timing, duration, and chronicity of traumatic events influence the risk and trajectory of delinquency, with children exposed to trauma at a younger age being at higher risk for poor developmental outcomes (Maas et al. 2008; Moffitt and Caspi 2001; Silverthorn and Frick 1999).”

Authors: MOFFITT, T. E., & CASPI, A.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
ORCID: MOFFITT, TERRIE E.
CASPI, AVSHALOM
Venue: Development and Psychopathology
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2001-05-16
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 355-375
ISSN: 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
1469-2198
DOI: 10.1017/s0954579401002097
OpenAlex: W2058914725
Cited by: 1,669
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 99 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 108 · 2012: 98
FWCI: 143.30
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh056344-03)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-49414, MH 45070, R01MH045070, MH-56344)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: sex differences, childhood risk factors, parenting
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Temperament, Time Factors, Parenting

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Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females

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