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Cited by 110Child Welfare and AdoptionChild Abuse and TraumaAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

Preventive interventions and sustained attachment security in maltreated children

Open access
Stronach, Erin Pickreign, Toth, Sheree L., Rogosch, Fred, Cicchetti, Dante·2013·Development and Psychopathology
DOI 10.1017/s0954579413000278PMC PMC3857699
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Abstract

Thirteen-month-old maltreated infants (n= 137) and their mothers were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: child–parent psychotherapy (CPP), psychoeducational parenting intervention (PPI), or community standard (CS). A fourth group of nonmaltreated infants (n= 52) and their mothers served as a nonmaltreated comparison (NC) group. A prior investigation found that the CPP and the PPI groups demonstrated substantial increases in secure attachment at postintervention, whereas this change was not found in the CS and the NC groups. The current investigation involved the analysis of data obtained at a follow-up assessment that occurred 12 months after the completion of treatment. At follow-up, children in the CPP group had higher rates of secure and lower rates of disorganized attachment than did children in the PPI or the CS group. Rates of disorganized attachment did not differ between the CPP and the NC groups. Intention to treat analyses also showed higher rates of secure attachment at follow-up in the CPP group relative to the PPI and the CS groups. However, groups did not differ on disorganized attachment. Both primary and intention to treat analyses demonstrated that maternal-reported child behavior problems did not differ among the four groups at the follow-up assessment. This is the first investigation to demonstrate sustained attachment security in maltreated children 12 months after the completion of an attachment theory informed intervention. The findings also suggest that, although effective in the short term, parenting interventions alone may not be effective in maintaining secure attachment in children over time.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1017/s0954579413000278

Cites

93 of 93 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

7 tests recomputed · 0 with the reported and recomputed p on opposite sides of .05

Claims the paper makes

0 of 53 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In intention-to-treat analyses, children in CPP had higher rates of secure attachment at follow-up than children in PPI or CS.

    “Intention-to-treat analyses (ITT) also showed higher rates of secure attachment at follow-up in the CPP group relative to the PPI and CS groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At follow-up, CPP and NC groups had similar rates of disorganized attachment.

    “Rates of disorganized attachment did not differ between the CPP and NC groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At the 12-month follow-up, children who received CPP had lower rates of disorganized attachment than children who received PPI or CS.

    “At follow-up, children in the CPP group had higher rates of secure and lower rates of disorganized attachment than did children in the PPI or CS groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    At the 12-month follow-up, children who received CPP had higher rates of secure attachment than children who received PPI or CS.

    “At follow-up, children in the CPP group had higher rates of secure and lower rates of disorganized attachment than did children in the PPI or CS groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In intention-to-treat analyses, the groups did not differ on disorganized attachment at follow-up.

    “However, groups did not differ on disorganized attachment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 23
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Maltreating families recruited for this randomized controlled trial were identified as high-risk and were not seeking treatment.

    “Maltreating families recruited for this randomized controlled trial were identified as high-risk and were not seeking treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Children who are maltreated frequently struggle with key developmental tasks, including managing emotions, forming secure attachments, and developing autonomy.

    “Maltreated children often have difficulty resolving a progression of essential stage-salient developmental issues, such as affect regulation, secure attachment, and autonomous self-development, because their environments fail to provide adequate support to facilitate healthy biological and psychological growth (Cicchetti, 2002; Cicchetti & Lynch, 1995; Cicchetti & Toth, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cicchetti, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Cicchetti & Lynch, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Cicchetti & Toth, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    At post-intervention in the prior investigation, secure attachment rates in CPP and PPI were significantly higher than in CS and did not differ significantly from NC.

    “Rates of secure attachment in the CPP and PPI groups were significantly higher than in the CS group and did not differ significantly from the NC group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cicchetti et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    At post-intervention in the prior investigation, disorganized attachment dropped substantially in CPP and PPI, while CS continued to show high disorganization.

    “At post-intervention, percentage of disorganized attachment dropped substantially for the CPP and PPI groups whereas infants in the CS group continued to exhibit high rates of disorganization.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cicchetti et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Children with insecure attachment tend to have worse outcomes, including problems with emotion regulation, peer relations, and language.

    “Insecure attachment is associated with a variety of poor developmental outcomes, such as difficulty regulating emotions, poor peer relationships, and language delays (Easterbrooks, Davidson, & Chazan, 1993; Sroufe, 1983; Weinfield, Sroufe, Egeland, & Carlson, 1999).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Easterbrooks et al., 1993

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sroufe, 1983

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Weinfield et al., 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    At pre- and post-intervention, two raters coded all tapes, disagreements were resolved by conferencing, and inter-rater agreement for the four-category attachment classification exceeded 88%.

    “At both the pre-intervention and post-intervention assessments, two raters coded all tapes and disagreements were resolved by conferencing. Inter-rater agreement for the four-category attachment classification system exceeded 88%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    The literature lacks any test of whether preventive interventions preserve attachment security after treatment ends or of child behavior beyond six months post-intervention.

    “Further, no study has examined the efficacy of preventive interventions in promoting the maintenance of attachment security beyond the conclusion of treatment or assessed children’s behavioral functioning beyond 6-months post-intervention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The percentages of disorganized attachment in CPP and NC groups were consistent with meta-analytic findings for low SES samples (approximately 25%), whereas PPI and CS groups were at or above rates typically seen in untreated maltreated children (approximately 48%).

    “The percentages of disorganized attachment in the CPP and NC groups were consistent with the results of a meta-analytic investigation of disorganized attachment in low SES samples, approximately 25%, whereas disorganized attachment in the PPI and CS groups were at or above rates typically seen in maltreated children who have not received intervention, approximately 48% (van IJzendoorn et al., 1999”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites van IJzendoorn et al., 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The nonmaltreated comparison children, despite lacking documented maltreatment, were very likely to have experienced adversity because their families received public assistance.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A sample of demographically similar nonmaltreated children and their mothers was included to compare treatment outcomes to children in families without documented abuse or neglect but receiving public assistance.

    “a sample of demographically similar nonmaltreated children and their mothers was included to compare treatment outcomes to the functioning of children in families without documented child abuse or neglect but who still received public assistance and thus were very likely to have experienced adversity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Follow-up attachment classifications were made by new coders who reached criterion reliability with experts and did not know maltreatment status, treatment group, or earlier attachment classifications.

    “Children’s attachment at follow-up was coded independently by coders who had not coded earlier tapes and who achieved criterion-level reliability with expert coders on a separate sample of tapes. Neither of the coders was aware of children’s maltreatment statuses, treatment conditions, or attachment classifications at previous assessments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    For follow-up attachment classifications, overall agreement was 77.7% (κ = .70), secure vs insecure/disorganized agreement was 91.1% (κ = .82), and organized vs disorganized agreement was 80% (κ = .60).

    “Overall agreement for the standard classifications (A, B, C, D), calculated on 30% of the sample, was 77.7 % (κ = .70). Agreement between secure (B) and insecure/disorganized (A, C, D) classifications was 91.1 % (κ = .82). Agreement between organized (A, B, C) and disorganized (D) classifications was 80% (κ = .60).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    At baseline, the groups were comparable on child sex, maternal age, minority status, TANF receipt, income, and marital status.

    “At the onset of the intervention, groups did not differ on child gender, maternal age, maternal minority race/ethnicity, TANF receipt, income, or marital status.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Home-visit measures were given by trained assistants who did not know the families' maltreatment status or treatment assignment.

    “Demographic and diagnostic interviews, as well as a variety of self-report measures were administered to mothers during the home visit by trained research assistants who were unaware of maltreatment status or intervention group assignments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    At intervention onset, groups differed on family size, with mothers in each maltreatment group having given birth to more children than NC mothers.

    “However, groups differed on family size, F (3, 188) = 38.82, p < .001, such that mothers in each of the maltreatment groups had given birth to more children than had mothers in the NC group (all p < .05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    In the CPP group, 32 dyads (60.4%) participated in the intervention; in the PPI group, 24 dyads (48.9%) participated.

    “In all, 32 (60.4%) of the dyads randomly assigned to CPP and 24 (48.9%) of the dyads assigned to PPI participated in the interventions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Pre-intervention attachment was coded by two independent, reliably trained raters who were unaware of maltreatment status or intervention group.

    “Children’s attachment at pre-intervention was coded by two independent, reliably trained raters, who were unaware of children’s maltreatment statuses or intervention group assignments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior research has shown that child-parent psychotherapy is efficacious in fostering secure attachment and reducing disorganized attachment in high-risk children.

    “Previous research has shown that child-parent psychotherapy, an attachment theory-informed preventive intervention, is efficacious in fostering secure attachment and reducing rates of disorganized attachment in high-risk children (Cicchetti et al., 2006; Lieberman et al., 1991, 2005, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cicchetti et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lieberman et al., 1991, 2005, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    More CS families (33.4%, n = 27) missed the post-intervention assessment than other groups, while CPP, PPI, and NC had similar attrition.

    “A significantly higher percentage of families in the CS group (33.4%, n = 27) were not available for this assessment than in the other groups. Attrition rates for the CPP (12.5%, n = 4), PPI (8.4%, n = 2) and NC (15.4%, n = 8) groups did not differ.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The study used Holm-Bonferroni correction for contrasts to test specific hypotheses.

    “Contrasts, with the Holm-Bonferroni correction (Jaccard & Guilamo-Ramos, 2002), were used to test specific study hypotheses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jaccard & Guilamo-Ramos, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Both CPP and PPI were manualized, therapists received weekly individual and group supervision, and fidelity checks were conducted periodically by reviewing session videotapes and completing fidelity checklists.

    “Both the CPP and PPI interventions were manualized and therapists participated in weekly individual and group supervision sessions. Checks on the fidelity of intervention implementation were conducted periodically by reviewing videotapes of sessions and completing fidelity checklists.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    At intervention onset, groups differed on high school graduation rate, with NC mothers more likely to have graduated than maltreatment-group mothers.

    “Also, groups differed on high school graduation rate, χ2 (3, N = 189) = 10.37, p = .02, ES =.23, such that mothers in the NC group were more likely to have graduated from high school than were mothers in the maltreatment groups (all p < .05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This change may assist mothers to more confidently and accurately identify their children's emotional states and goals and enable them to respond sensitively to their children's changing attachment-related needs.

    “This change may assist mothers to more confidently and accurately identify their children’s emotional states and goals and enable them to respond sensitively to their children’s changing attachment-related needs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Although parenting interventions may be efficacious in promoting secure attachment early in development, the results suggest they may not be effective in sustaining attachment security over time.

    “Conversely, although parenting interventions may be efficacious in promoting secure attachment early in development, the results of this investigation suggest that they may not be effective in sustaining attachment security over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Because families do not receive appropriate therapeutic care, young maltreated children often spend extended periods of time in numerous foster care placements and endure repeated failed attempts to be reunited with their biological caregivers.

    “As noted by Osofsky and Lieberman (2011), because families do not receive appropriate therapeutic care, young maltreated children often spend extended periods of time in numerous foster care placements and endure repeated failed attempts to be reunited with their biological caregivers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Osofsky and Lieberman (2011)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These experiences are confusing and distressing to children and may result in the development of negative representations of the self and relationships.

    “These experiences are confusing and distressing to children and may result in the development of negative representations of the self and relationships.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A high percentage of children with disorganized attachment who did not receive treatment were included in analyses with children who received treatment when ITT analyses were employed, limiting the ability to detect group differences.

    “Thus, a high percentage of children with disorganized attachment who did not receive treatment were included in the analyses with children who received treatment when ITT analyses were employed, limiting the ability to detect group differences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Children of traumatized mothers derived a sustained benefit from CPP whereas those in PPI did not.

    “it is clear that the children of traumatized mothers derived a sustained benefit from the CPP intervention whereas those in the PPI model did not.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Maltreating mothers and/or mothers exposed to multiple environmental stressors associated with poverty may be less in tune with, or willing to acknowledge their children's behavior problems and therefore be particularly poor reporters of these symptoms.

    “it is possible that maltreating mothers and/or mothers exposed to multiple environmental stressors associated with poverty may be less in tune with, or willing to acknowledge their children’s behavior problems and therefore be particularly poor reporters of these symptoms (Lau et al., 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lau et al., 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A larger sample would have provided enhanced power and might have allowed a more thorough examination of the potential influence of the interventions on children with insecure-organized versus insecure-disorganized attachment.

    “However, a larger sample would have provided enhanced power and might have allowed a more thorough examination of the potential influence of the interventions on children with insecure-organized versus insecure-disorganized attachment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    This is the first investigation to assess the one-year sustained impact of CPP as compared with PPI on children's attachment and behavior problems.

    “this is the first investigation to assess the one year sustained impact of child-parent psychotherapy as compared with a psychoeducational parenting intervention on children’s attachment and behavior problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By intervening at an early age and targeting the parent-child relationship, attachment security in children can be not only promoted, but also sustained over time.

    “By intervening at an early age and targeting the parent-child relationship, attachment security in children can be not only promoted, but also sustained over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Therapists who implemented the CPP and PPI interventions received extensive training and supervision in the respective theoretical foundations of the models and treatment adherence.

    “the therapists who implemented the CPP and PPI interventions received extensive training and supervision in the respective theoretical foundations of the models and treatment adherence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because the client's relationship with the therapist is especially important in attachment-oriented treatment, study results may not be replicated in circumstances under which clinicians are not provided adequate time for training, supervision, and client outreach.

    “Because the client’s relationship with the therapist is especially important in attachment-oriented treatment, study results may not be replicated in circumstances under which clinicians are not provided adequate time for training, supervision, and client outreach.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Caseloads were limited to allow clinicians to devote considerable time and flexibility for engaging families in treatment.

    “Additionally, caseloads were limited to allow clinicians to devote considerable time and flexibility for engaging families in treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
34 of 34

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The community standard condition did not include an attachment-focused intervention equivalent to CPP or PPI.

    “Families in the CS condition received case management from the DHS, according to their customary approach. Additionally, they received assistance in obtaining referrals to services and resources that may have been more difficult to access outside of the research trial. Service receipt within the CS condition varied from minimal contact to group parent skills training or individual counseling.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Treatment decliners assigned to CPP or PPI who were included in the no-active-treatment comparison group did not receive an active attachment-based intervention.

    “Because of the lack of differences, the primary data analytic comparisons involved families that engaged in CPP and PPI and a group that did not receive active treatment which included those randomly assigned to the CS group and those declining CPP or PPI.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The nonmaltreated comparison children, despite lacking documented maltreatment, were very likely to have experienced adversity because their families received public assistance.

    “a sample of demographically similar nonmaltreated children and their mothers was included to compare treatment outcomes to the functioning of children in families without documented child abuse or neglect but who still received public assistance and thus were very likely to have experienced adversity.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • One year after intervention, CPP children had more secure attachment (d=.33) and less disorganized attachment (d=.34) than PPI children.

    “At one-year post intervention, children in the CPP condition had higher rates of secure attachment (d = .33) and lower rates of disorganized attachment (d = .34) than children in the PPI condition (Pickreign Stronach, Toth, Rogosch, & Cicchetti, 2013).”

    From Relational Interventions for Maltreated Children (2017) · cites this paper as Pickreign Stronach, Toth, Rogosch, & Cicchetti, 2013

Statistics that don’t add up

Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.

  • Inconsistent p-value: χ2 (1, N = 189) = 9.41, p < .001

    Minor

    The paper reports p < .001 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .002. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.

    Reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .002

  • Inconsistent p-value: F (9, 145) = 1.15, p = .32

    Minor

    The paper reports p = .32 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .332. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.

    Reported p = .32 · recomputed p = .332

2 of 2

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 9.41reported p < .001 · recomputed p = .002

    “χ2 (1, N = 189) = 9.41, p < .001”

  • Doesn’t add upF(9, 145) = 1.15reported p = .32 · recomputed p = .332

    “F (9, 145) = 1.15, p = .32”

  • Consistentt(187) = 3.43reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “t (187) = 3.43, p < .001”

  • Consistentχ²(1) = 7.87reported p = .005 · recomputed p = .005

    “χ2 (1, N = 189) = 7.87, p = .005”

  • ConsistentF(3, 188) = 38.82reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F (3, 188) = 38.82, p < .001”

  • Consistentχ²(3) = 10.37reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .016

    “χ2 (3, N = 189) = 10.37, p = .02”

  • ConsistentF(9, 145) = 0.86reported p = .56 · recomputed p = .563

    “F (9, 145) = 0.86, p = .56”

7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Family-size test has too many residual degrees of freedom

    Minor

    The paper reports 189 participants divided among four groups. A four-group F test using all 189 participants would have 189 − 4 = 185 residual degrees of freedom, not 188.

    Reported 188 · recomputed 185

  • ITT disorganization comparisons imply incompatible CS rates

    Minor

    The ITT comparison reports CS disorganization as 29.8%. Yet CPP's rate of 40.5% is closer to 29.8% than PPI's 43.6% is, and the CPP-CS comparison has the slightly larger sample; its reported chi-square therefore cannot exceed the PPI-CS chi-square as shown.

  • Lifetime PTSD percentage does not match the stated count

    Minor

    With 189 mothers in the study, 65 mothers represent 34.4%, which rounds to 34% rather than the reported 35%.

    Reported 35 · recomputed 34.391534

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

6 of the 99 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Cicchetti, 1995, Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Risk, disorder, and adaptation, 32
  2. Sroufe, 1983, Development and policy concerning children with special needs: Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, 16, 41
  3. Fraiberg, 1981, Treatment and outcome in an infant psychiatry program: I, Journal of Preventive Psychiatry, 1, 89
  4. Lieberman, 2005, Don't hit my mommy: A manual for child parent psychotherapy with young witnesses of family violence
  5. Weinfield, 1999, Handbook of attachment: Therapy, research, and clinical implications, 68
  6. Barnett, 1993, Child abuse, child development, and social policy, 7
  7. Robins, 2000, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for the DSM-IV (DIS-IV)
  8. Rogosch, 1995, Handbook of parenting, 4, 127
  9. Achenbach, 1992, Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/2–3 and 1992 profile
  10. Main, 1990, Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention, 161

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Stronach, E. P., Toth, S. L., Rogosch, F., & Cicchetti, D.
Affiliations
  • University of Rochester (US)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
Corresponding author
  • Stronach, Erin Pickreign
  • Toth, Sheree L.
ORCID
Venue
Development and Psychopathology
Publisher
Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published
2013-11
Volume
25
Issue
4pt1
Pages
919-930
ISSN
  • 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-2198
DOI
10.1017/s0954579413000278
PMC
PMC3857699
OpenAlex
W2149077317
Semantic Scholar
e93ce29c3571631ecc7d7b16ae6c19bf0af80377
Cited by
109
References
99
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
28.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 7 d)
Locations
  • Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (MH54643, R01MH054643)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords
child abuse, attachment security, disorganized attachment, child-parent psychotherapy, preventive interventions, parenting support, sustained treatment effects, child behavior problems, infants, mothers
MeSH terms
Child Abuse, Family Therapy, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Parenting, Treatment Outcome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-06.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-06.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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