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The persisting effect of maternal mood in pregnancy on childhood psychopathology
Abstract
Developmental or fetal programming has emerged as a major model for understanding the early and persisting effects of prenatal exposures on the health and development of the child and adult. We leverage the power of a 14-year prospective study to examine the persisting effects of prenatal anxiety, a key candidate in the developmental programming model, on symptoms of behavioral and emotional problems across five occasions of measurement from age 4 to 13 years. The study is based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort, a prospective, longitudinal study of a large community sample in the west of England (n = 7,944). Potential confounders included psychosocial and obstetric risk, postnatal maternal mood, paternal pre- and postnatal mood, and parenting. Results indicated that maternal prenatal anxiety predicted persistently higher behavioral and emotional symptoms across childhood with no diminishment of effect into adolescence. Elevated prenatal anxiety (top 15%) was associated with a twofold increase in risk of a probable child mental disorder, 12.31% compared with 6.83%, after allowing for confounders. Results were similar with prenatal depression. These analyses provide some of the strongest evidence to date that prenatal maternal mood has a direct and persisting effect on her child's psychiatric symptoms and support an in utero programming hypothesis.
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“children of pregnant women in the top 15% of self-reported prenatal anxiety and depression have an estimated 2-fold increased risk of a mental disorder (eg, ADHD or anxiety). This effect extends from childhood to adolescence.36”
From The transition to parenthood in obstetrics: enhancing prenatal care for 2-generation impact (2022) · cites this paper as [36]
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Metadata
- Authors
- O'Donnell, K. J., Glover, V., Barker, E. D., & O'Connor, T. G.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-03-12
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 393-403
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2159307880
- Cited by
- 425
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 28.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (102215, 092731)
- Medical Research Council (MC_PC_15018)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH073842)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- prenatal anxiety, antenatal depression, maternal mood, fetal programming, developmental programming, childhood psychopathology, child psychopathology, adolescence, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, prenatal exposure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Mental Disorders, Child, Child, Preschool, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires
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