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Helping caregivers of persons with dementia: which interventions work and how large are their effects?
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In recent years, many different forms of interventions for caregivers of people with dementia have been developed. However, their results have been, in part, inconclusive. METHODS: Meta-analysis was used to integrate the results of 127 intervention studies with dementia caregivers published or presented between 1982 and 2005. RESULTS: Interventions had, on average, significant but small effects on burden, depression, subjective well-being, ability/knowledge and symptoms of care recipient. Only multicomponent interventions reduced the risk for institutionalization. Psychoeducational interventions that require active participation of caregivers had the broadest effects. Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy, support, counseling, daycare, training of care recipient, and multicomponent interventions were domain specific. The effect sizes varied by study characteristics, such as caregiver gender and year of publication. CONCLUSIONS: Because most interventions have domain-specific outcomes, clinicians must tailor interventions according to the specific needs of the individual caregivers. Although more recent interventions showed stronger effects, there is room for further improvements in interventions.
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“Interventions that require active participation of caregivers have the greatest effect.15”
From Clinical effectiveness of a manual based coping strategy programme (START, STrAtegies for RelaTives) in promoting the mental health of carers of family members with dementia: pragmatic randomised controlled trial (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Multi-component psychotherapeutic interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), have proven moderately effective in targeting caregiver distress and adaptive coping [17, 18].”
From Feasibility and acceptability of an acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for caregivers of adults with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“First, the existing research on dementia carers is still largely focused on treating depression and burden and this trend has not changed substantially since earlier systematic reviews (Gallagher-Thompson and Coon, 2007; Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006).”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“This meta-analysis integrated the results of 127 carer intervention studies published between 1982 and 2005 and demonstrated that interventions had, on average, significant but small immediate effects on carer outcomes such as burden, depression, and QoL.”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Second, QoL measures have been used more frequently in psychoeducation-skill building interventions compared to the early review (Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006).”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
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“Third, the largest effect sizes were found for CBT based psychotherapeutic interventions, supporting previous findings (Elvish et al. , 2013; Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006).”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Thus, a limited number of sessions or lack of followup or booster sessions may be one of the principal causes for not finding positive outcomes after the treatment (Pinquart & Sörensen, 2006).”
From Pilot study of a psychotherapeutic intervention for reducing guilt feelings in highly distressed dementia family caregivers (Innovative practice). (2021) · cites this paper as Pinquart & Sörensen, 2006
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“Results demonstrated no significant effect on depression and QoL which contradict the findings from the previous review (Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006).”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
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“The main limitation of this study was the inclusion of both randomised and non-randomised trials and the authors have concluded that nonrandomised studies may have overestimated the efficacy of interventions.”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
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“Some CBT based interventions have proven to be moderately effective in reducing ADRD caregiver distress, broadly defined (Gitlin et al. 2015; Kishita et al. 2018; Pinquart & Sorensen, 2006; Walter & Pinquart, 2020; 2020).”
Iterative Review and Revision of the Enhancing Active Caregiver Training (EnACT) Intervention
Eaton, J., Neller, S. A., Cajavilca, M. F., Johnson, J. K., & Ellington, L. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr-220096 · Cited by 4
Kao, C., Wang, D., Pan, W., Hou, L., Zhou, P., Zhang, Z., Yu, L., Wang, F., & Liu, L. (2025) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-025-09554-y · Cited by 8
“Participants included in the control groups were not receiving psychological interventions, were continuing other treatments that did not include psychological interventions, or were on a waiting list [26, 27].”
Living with dementia and caregiving: Psychosocial considerations through the gender lens
Scerri, C., Abela, A., & Scerri, A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819344-0.00002-8 · Cited by 4
Evaluation of a care management program on family caregivers of persons with dementia
Jackson, V. L., Whitney, R. L., Harvath, T. A., & Partridge, E. (2023) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2023.10.001 · Cited by 5
“The program, which lasted for three months, involved dementia care management by a nurse who, through telephone contact, performed assessments of veterans’ symptoms, provided support to FCGs, and assisted with connection to health system- and community-based programs (Mavandadi et al., 2017).”
MethodInfluentialA Psychosocial Intervention for Carers of Individuals Diagnosed with Dementia in Social Isolation
Wei, G., Piguet, O., & Kumfor, F. (2023) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000535207 · Cited by 5
“Psychosocial carer interventions have demonstrated promising outcomes in reducing carer burden and improving symptomatology and the quality of life of both carers and individuals with dementia [17, 18].”
BackgroundIdentifying the needs of natural caregivers caring for a person with dementia: a mixed method study
Dibao-Dina, C., Lydia, N., Dagot, C., Fouquet, J.-P., Sophie, R., Dumas, V., Guillaume, N., Véronique, P., Delphine, R.-M., Lemaile, M., et al. (2025) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-025-02724-1 · Cited by 4
“Incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data enables a comprehensive analysis of the complex, multi-level nature of health services and caregiver needs, leading to more nuanced and effective intervention strategies [7, 8].”
InfluentialFeasibility of Recruiting Spouses With DSM-IV Diagnoses for Caregiver Interventions
Wiprzycka, U. J., Mackenzie, C. S., Khatri, N., & Cheng, J. W. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr004 · Cited by 4
Vázquez, F. L., Blanco, V., Hermida, E., Otero, P., Torres, Á., & Fernández, O. D. (2016) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.vol.20.num.3.2015.15891 · Cited by 5
Monfort, E., Mayol, A., Lissot, C., & Couturier, P. (2016) · Gerontology & Geriatrics Education · doi:10.1080/02701960.2016.1267640 · Cited by 4
“They have shown to be of great effectiveness in reducing stress (Brodaty, Green, & Koschera, 2003; Pinquart & Sörensen, 2006), especially when composed mainly of an educative or multicomponent approach (Mittelman, Ferris, Shulman, Steinberg, & Levin, 1996).”
BackgroundProvencher, V., D’Amours, M., Viscogliosi, C., Guay, M., Giroux, D., Dubé, V., Delli-Colli, N., Corriveau, H., & Egan, M. Y. (2019) · International Journal of Integrated Care · doi:10.5334/ijic.4166 · Cited by 6
Bayly, M., Morgan, D., Kosteniuk, J. G., Elliot, V., Chow, A. F., Peacock, S., McLean, A., & O’Connell, M. E. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028441 · Cited by 4
“A variety of approaches including psychoeducational, cognitive-behavioural therapy, counselling, case management, respite and general support interventions have been implemented with caregivers of persons with dementia, as well as interventions which combine approaches (ie, multicomponent interventions).(17) Previous…”
BackgroundDie Methode der „Rathausgespräche“: ein Studienprotokoll
Wiloth, S., Kramer, B., Kiefer, A., Wittek, M., Böttner, S., Fraas, C., & Kruse, A. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s00391-020-01788-1 · Cited by 4
Tamayo‐Morales, O., Patino-Alonso, M. C., Losada‐Baltar, A., Mora‐Simón, S., Arce, J. U., González‐Sánchez, S., Gómez-Marcos, M. Á., García‐Ortiz, L., & Rodríguez‐Sánchez, E. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14618 · Cited by 7
van Mierlo, L. D., Vroomen, J. L. M., Meiland, F. J. M., Joling, K. J., Bosmans, J. E., Dröes, R., van Charante, E. P. M., de Rooij, S. E., & van Hout, H. P. J. (2016) · Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/s12439-016-0197-x · Cited by 4
“In alle drie de groepen bevonden de gemiddelde GHQ12-scores zich ver boven de gebruikelijke grenswaarde (van 1 of 2 punten) om mensen met klinisch relevante mentale gezondheidsproblemen te identificeren [30, 31].”
BackgroundBrooks, D., Fielding, E., Beattie, E., Edwards, H. E., & Hines, S. J. (2017) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2016-003067 · Cited by 4
“stress, depression and burden) and improving carer psychological wellbeing within a community context.(29-34) Fewer primary research studies have been conducted regarding psychosocial interventions delivered to carers once the person with dementia has moved into residential care,(35-38) and evidence on the effectivene…”
BackgroundGately, M., & Ladin, K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71812-5_9 · Cited by 4
Kim, J. Y., Choi, Y. H., & Ryu, W. (2018) · Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare · doi:10.21194/kjgsw.73.2.201806.171 · Cited by 4
Damásio, C. S. R., Oliveira, A. D. D. S., dos Santos, A. M. R., & Almeida, C. A. P. L. (2020) · Bioscience Journal · doi:10.14393/bj-v36n1a2020-42034 · Cited by 4
Campos, C. R. F., de Carvalho, T. R., Queluz, F. N. F. R., Setti, A. G. B., & Barham, E. J. (2020) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-020-00044-0 · Cited by 4
Wesson, V. A., Chiu, M., Feldman, R., Nelles, L. J., & Sadavoy, J. (2017) · Mental health and illness worldwide · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2414-6_22 · Cited by 4
Sense of Coherence in Persons with Dementia and Their Next of Kin—A Mixed-Method Study
Alm, A. K., Hagglund, P., Norbergh, K., & Hellzèn, O. (2015) · Open Journal of Nursing · doi:10.4236/ojn.2015.55052 · Cited by 4
“Pinquart and Sörensen [37] show in their meta-analysis of interventions with dementia caregivers that the broadest effect was seen in the interventions that called for active participation [37].”
Establishing Empirically-Informed Practice With Caregivers: Findings From the CARES Program
Black, K. (2013) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2013.865696 · Cited by 4
“Despite the vast array of programmatic offerings to caregivers, several meta-analyses of caregiver interventions reveal mixed and oftentimes modest benefits (Gallagher-Thompson & Coon, 2007; Pinquart & Sorensen, 2006).”
BackgroundLes aidants et la santé sur Internet ou les « aidantnautes » s’entraident
Dubreuil, A., & Hazif‐Thomas, C. (2013) · NPG. Neurologie, psychiatrie, gériatrie/NPG · doi:10.1016/j.npg.2013.06.009 · Cited by 4
Heinrich, S., Berwig, M., Simon, A., Jänichen, J., Hallensleben, N., Nickel, W., Hinz, A., Brähler, E., & Gertz, H. (2014) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-21 · Cited by 4
“Due to this high stress level, there is a higher risk of these informal caregivers becoming physically or mentally diseased [2].”
BackgroundInterventions to Support Caregiver Well-Being
Rowe, M. A., Farias, J. R., & Boltz, M. P. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18377-0_13 · Cited by 4
Therapeutic Interventions for Caregiving Families
Qualls, S. H. (2017) · Emerging issues in family and individual resilience · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64783-8_2 · Cited by 4
Biello, S., Tomolo, A. M., Abraham, C., Escoffery, C., Lang, D. L., Sawyer, C., & Thompson, N. J. (2019) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd16.180156 · Cited by 6
“We used a modified grounded theory approach in which the first collection of interviews informed later data collection and analysis strategies (17).”
Graessel, E., Römer, H., & Donath, C. (2009) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie · Cited by 4
Kokorelias, K. M., Stall, N. M., Wasilewski, M. B., Gignac, M. A. M., Rittenberg, N., Singh, H., Dove, E., Harris, M. T., Beleno, R., Naglie, G., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0333475 · Cited by 3
Dassel, K. B., Iacob, E., Utz, R., Supiano, K. P., & Furhmann, H. (2023) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2301004 · Cited by 4
“In contrast, information-only interventions had little to no effect on most care partner outcomes [70, 101, 102].”
BackgroundMethodGold, N. D., Podrebarac, S. K., White, L. A., Marini, C., Simon, N. M., Mittelman, M. S., Ross, S., Bogenschutz, M. P., & Petridis, P. D. (2023) · Psychedelic Medicine · doi:10.1089/psymed.2022.0011 · Cited by 3
“4 Caregiving, when successfully managed, has been associated with delayed institutionalization of the care recipient 5 and can provide the patient more time with family and friends.”
A Paradigm Shift on Deinstitutionalization and Dementia Care: A Narrative Review
Carcavilla-González, N., Adrián, G. E. S., Minobes‐Molina, E., Pàmies-Tejedor, S., Roncal‐Belzunce, V., Atarés-Rodríguez, L., & García‐Navarro, J. A. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-231180 · Cited by 3
“These findings emphasize the critical need for comprehensive support and interventions to alleviate the caregiver burden in the context of dementia care [59, 60], especially when many caregivers are not using support”
Grief Among Dementia Caregivers: A Comparison Of Two Assessment Systems
Mulligan, E. A. (2011) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k78k775c · Cited by 3
“These interventions have been modestly successful, but their clinical significance has been questioned (Gitlin et al., 2003; Pinquart & Sorensen, 2006; Schulz et al.).”
BackgroundGamified Cognitive Training to Prevent Cognitive Decline
Musian, D., & Ascolese, A. (2015) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-9522-1.ch010 · Cited by 3
“As a result of the increased pressure, people caring for patients with dementia are at higher risk of depression, anxiety and reduced quality of life (Pinquart & Sorensen, 2006).”
BackgroundEvidence-Based Treatment with Older Adults
Intrieri, R. C. (2016) · Best practices in mental health · doi:10.70256/436092hfmrhx · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
- ORCID
- Pinquart, Martin
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 577-595
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2156427212
- Semantic Scholar
- dc598aa805fe13c96759fc70022c5cc76107f5b3
- Cited by
- 827
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 16.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (K01AG022072)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Nursing care and research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
- Keywords
- dementia caregivers, caregiver interventions, caregiver burden, caregiver depression, subjective well-being, multicomponent intervention, psychoeducational intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy, institutionalization risk, caregiver education, caregiver support
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Combined Modality Therapy, Counseling, Depression, Female, Humans, Institutionalization, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Quality of Life, Respite Care, Social Support, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Caregivers, Cost of Illness, Case Management
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