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Helping caregivers of persons with dementia: which interventions work and how large are their effects?
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In recent years, many different forms of interventions for caregivers of people with dementia have been developed. However, their results have been, in part, inconclusive. METHODS: Meta-analysis was used to integrate the results of 127 intervention studies with dementia caregivers published or presented between 1982 and 2005. RESULTS: Interventions had, on average, significant but small effects on burden, depression, subjective well-being, ability/knowledge and symptoms of care recipient. Only multicomponent interventions reduced the risk for institutionalization. Psychoeducational interventions that require active participation of caregivers had the broadest effects. Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy, support, counseling, daycare, training of care recipient, and multicomponent interventions were domain specific. The effect sizes varied by study characteristics, such as caregiver gender and year of publication. CONCLUSIONS: Because most interventions have domain-specific outcomes, clinicians must tailor interventions according to the specific needs of the individual caregivers. Although more recent interventions showed stronger effects, there is room for further improvements in interventions.
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“Interventions that require active participation of caregivers have the greatest effect.15”
From Clinical effectiveness of a manual based coping strategy programme (START, STrAtegies for RelaTives) in promoting the mental health of carers of family members with dementia: pragmatic randomised controlled trial (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Multi-component psychotherapeutic interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), have proven moderately effective in targeting caregiver distress and adaptive coping [17, 18].”
From Feasibility and acceptability of an acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for caregivers of adults with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“First, the existing research on dementia carers is still largely focused on treating depression and burden and this trend has not changed substantially since earlier systematic reviews (Gallagher-Thompson and Coon, 2007; Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006).”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“This meta-analysis integrated the results of 127 carer intervention studies published between 1982 and 2005 and demonstrated that interventions had, on average, significant but small immediate effects on carer outcomes such as burden, depression, and QoL.”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Second, QoL measures have been used more frequently in psychoeducation-skill building interventions compared to the early review (Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006).”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
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“Third, the largest effect sizes were found for CBT based psychotherapeutic interventions, supporting previous findings (Elvish et al. , 2013; Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006).”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Thus, a limited number of sessions or lack of followup or booster sessions may be one of the principal causes for not finding positive outcomes after the treatment (Pinquart & Sörensen, 2006).”
From Pilot study of a psychotherapeutic intervention for reducing guilt feelings in highly distressed dementia family caregivers (Innovative practice). (2021) · cites this paper as Pinquart & Sörensen, 2006
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“Results demonstrated no significant effect on depression and QoL which contradict the findings from the previous review (Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006).”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
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“The main limitation of this study was the inclusion of both randomised and non-randomised trials and the authors have concluded that nonrandomised studies may have overestimated the efficacy of interventions.”
From Which interventions work for dementia family carers?: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials of carer interventions. (2018) · cites this paper as Pinquart and Sörensen, 2006
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Driving cessation in people with dementia
Dobbs, B. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817566-8.00003-6 · Cited by 1
Dragan, D. (2014) · Undergraduate Journal of Service Learning & Community-Based Research · doi:10.56421/ujslcbr.v3i0.189 · Cited by 1
Coping with Multiple Chronic Conditions in the Family Context: A Meta-Synthesis
Cheng, C., & Bai, J. (2021) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459211041171 · Cited by 1
“…mentally, and emotionally depleted from caring for another person, he or she will no longer be able to continue in his or her caring duties (Pinquart & Sörensen, 2006), which may in turn negatively affect patients’ ability to cope with their life challenges and their quality of life,…”
BackgroundLee, K. (2023) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.2822 · Cited by 1
Family Conflict in Dementia Caregiving: Maintaining Research Ethics and Integrity
Norwood, K., & Webster, M. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2398-601820230000009004 · Cited by 1
Yorulmaz, E., & Di̇ri̇k, G. (2023) · Türk Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1349743 · Cited by 1
“…müdahalenin, ilk seansında demans tanısı olan bireye bakım verenler için etkili bir öğe ve etkili bir müdahale olduğu belirti - len psikoeğitim (Gallagher-Thompson, Arean, Rivera ve Thompson, 2001; Hepburn ve ark., 2006; Livingston ve ark., 2005; Pinquart ve Sörensen, 2006) yer almaktadır.”
Sommers‐Flanagan, J., Mumbauer‐Pisano, J., Salois, D., & Byrne, K. (2024) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling · doi:10.1002/johc.12223 · Cited by 1
Sridhar, A., & Kuriakose, H. (2024) · Working with Older People · doi:10.1108/wwop-03-2024-0015 · Cited by 4
Verreault, P., Ouellet, M., Mavounza, C., Laforce, R. J., Vézina, J., & Hudon, C. (2024) · PEC Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.pecinn.2024.100317 · Cited by 1
“The present intervention was developed by integrating educative material, psychoeducation and CBT-based strategies, elements that have shown efficacy in reducing depression and burden in dementia care-givers, as well as increasing their knowledge or literacy [8,11,38].”
MethodIntergenerational Residential Proximity and Older Parents' Mental and Physical Health
Nam, B., & Choi, H. (2016) · 한국가정관리학회지 · doi:10.7466/jkhma.2016.34.6.69 · Cited by 1
Educational, Diagnostic, and Supportive Psychosocial Interventions for Latinos with Dementia
Gelman, C. R., Umpierre, M., & Steinberg, K. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0132-7_9 · Cited by 1
Moore, K., & Crawley, S. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s104161021900156x · Cited by 1
“However, there have also been many reviews showing mixed and inclusive findings (Pinquart and Sorensen, 2006; Schoenmakers et al., 2010).”
ResultKesseler, T. A., & Rayman, L. (2020) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v11n3p17 · Cited by 1
Pereira, A. H., Ferreira, P. C. D. S., dos Santos, M. C. F. B., Fagundes, P. A., Gonçalves, A. P. B., Rados, D. R. V., Castilhos, R. M., Schilling, L. P., Chaves, M. L. F., Umpierre, R. N., et al. (2021) · Geriatrics Gerontology and Aging · doi:10.53886/gga.e0210045 · Cited by 2
Yang, M., & Zimmer, R. P. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23483-6_6 · Cited by 1
Herbs as Antidepressants: A Review
Yousuf Rather, J., Younis Raja, W., Ahmad Dar, M., Gani, R., & Bhat, A. Z. (2019) · Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine · doi:10.23880/jonam-16000182 · Cited by 1
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Caregiving Education and Support Programs
Toseland, R. W., Smith, T. L., & McClive-Reed, K. P. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8031-1_9 · Cited by 1
“... completed since the first review by Toseland and Rossiter (1989) two decades ago, here we list only some of the reviews since 2000 (see, for example, Acton & Kang, 2001; Brodaty, Green, & Koschera, 2003; Cooke, McNally, Mulligan, Harrison, & Newman, 2001; Coon, Gallagher-Thompson, & Thompson, 2003; Farran, 2001; G…”
Successful Interventions for Family Caregivers
Zeiss, M., Kwon, Y., Marquett, R. M., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. E. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470669600.ch66 · Cited by 1
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND MILD TO MODERATE DEMENTIA
Vandewoude, M. F. J. (2009) · Acta Clinica Belgica · doi:10.1179/acb.2009.018 · Cited by 1
“Multicomponent interventions using these modalities can signifi cantly delay the need for institutional care for patients with dementia (42).”
BackgroundComprehensive management of the patient with an atypical dementia
Merrilees, J. J., Barton, C., Kuo, A. L., & Ketelle, R. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118797662.ch15 · Cited by 1
Abuse and Neglect of Older Adults: Social and Economic Issues
Hawkins, R. L., & Weiss, M. R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5999-6_263 · Cited by 1
Wesson, V. A., Chiu, M., Feldman, R., Nelles, L. J., & Sadavoy, J. (2016) · Mental health and illness worldwide · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0370-7_22-1 · Cited by 1
Experience sampling in dementia care
van Knippenberg (2017) · doi:10.26481/dis.20170317rvk · Cited by 1
Theories to Understand Stress and Coping in Caregivers
Losada‐Baltar, A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_121-1 · Cited by 1
Health Outcomes of Hispanic Parents Caring for Children with Disabilities
Sanchez, N. (2017) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc004055 · Cited by 1
Respite Care, Current Status and Future Of
Dykes, K., Sarkinen, K., Louwagie, K. W., & Gaugler, J. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_80-2 · Cited by 1
Stress and Coping in Caregivers, Theories of
Losada‐Baltar, A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_121-2 · Cited by 1
de Figueiredo, D. M. P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_351-1 · Cited by 2
Martins, A. R. B. (2020) · doi:10.11606/d.100.2020.tde-03082020-093621 · Cited by 1
Kulik, L. (2015) · The Encyclopedia of Adulthood and Aging · doi:10.1002/9781118521373.wbeaa156 · Cited by 1
Ayoub, M. F. (2021) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.59.2021.tde-11102021-164121 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
- ORCID
- Pinquart, Martin
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 577-595
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2156427212
- Semantic Scholar
- dc598aa805fe13c96759fc70022c5cc76107f5b3
- Cited by
- 827
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 16.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (K01AG022072)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Nursing care and research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
- Keywords
- dementia caregivers, caregiver interventions, caregiver burden, caregiver depression, subjective well-being, multicomponent intervention, psychoeducational intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy, institutionalization risk, caregiver education, caregiver support
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Combined Modality Therapy, Counseling, Depression, Female, Humans, Institutionalization, Male, Middle Aged, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Quality of Life, Respite Care, Social Support, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Caregivers, Cost of Illness, Case Management
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