A pragmatic trial of a group intervention in senior housing communities to increase resilience
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with numerous stressors that negatively impact older adults' well-being. Resilience improves ability to cope with stressors and can be enhanced in older adults. Senior housing communities are promising settings to deliver positive psychiatry interventions due to rising resident populations and potential impact of delivering interventions directly in the community. However, few intervention studies have been conducted in these communities. We present a pragmatic stepped-wedge trial of a novel psychological group intervention intended to improve resilience among older adults in senior housing communities. DESIGN: A pragmatic modified stepped-wedge trial design. SETTING: Five senior housing communities in three states in the US. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-nine adults over age 60 years residing in independent living sector of senior housing communities. INTERVENTION: Raise Your Resilience, a manualized 1-month group intervention that incorporated savoring, gratitude, and engagement in value-based activities, administered by unlicensed residential staff trained by researchers. There was a 1-month control period and a 3-month post-intervention follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: Validated self-report measures of resilience, perceived stress, well-being, and wisdom collected at months 0 (baseline), 1 (pre-intervention), 2 (post-intervention), and 5 (follow-up). RESULTS: Treatment adherence and satisfaction were high. Compared to the control period, perceived stress and wisdom improved from pre-intervention to post-intervention, while resilience improved from pre-intervention to follow-up. Effect sizes were small in this sample, which had relatively high baseline resilience. Physical and mental well-being did not improve significantly, and no significant moderators of change in resilience were identified. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates feasibility of conducting pragmatic intervention trials in senior housing communities. The intervention resulted in significant improvement in several measures despite ceiling effects. The study included several features that suggest high potential for its implementation and dissemination across similar communities nationally. Future studies are warranted, particularly in samples with lower baseline resilience or in assisted living facilities.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Studies applying valid and reliable measures of resilience have reported positive outcomes with small to medium effect sizes using some resilience interventions.
“Studies applying valid and reliable measures of resilience have reported positive outcomes with small to medium effect sizes using some of these interventions 47 .”
From Mental health care for older adults: recent advances and new directions in clinical practice and research (2022) · cites this paper as [47]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136404 · Cited by 32,807 · see citing works
WARE, J. E., KOSINSKI, M., & KELLER, S. D. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 · Cited by 17,392 · cited 5× · see citing works
“, 2019); SF-12= 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (Ware et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Measure of Subjective Happiness: Preliminary Reliability and Construct Validation
Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1006824100041 · Cited by 4,071 · see citing works
Campbell‐Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20271 · Cited by 3,575 · see citing works
The stepped wedge cluster randomised trial: rationale, design, analysis, and reporting
Hemming, K., Haines, T. P., Chilton, P. J., Girling, A. J., & Lilford, R. J. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h391 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
Depp, C. A., & Jeste, D. V. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000192501.03069.bc · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
Self-citationA pragmatic view on pragmatic trials
Patsopoulos, N. A. (2011) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2011.13.2/npatsopoulos · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Chmitorz, A., Kunzler, A., Helmreich, I., Tüscher, O., Kalisch, R., Kubiak, T., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.002 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
The impact of resilience among older adults
MacLeod, S., Musich, S. A., Hawkins, K., Alsgaard, K., & Wicker, E. R. (2016) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2016.02.014 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Resilience, competence, and coping
Rutter, M. L. (2007) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.001 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Association Between Older Age and More Successful Aging: Critical Role of Resilience and Depression
Jeste, D. V., Savla, G. N., Thompson, W. K., Vahia, I. V., Glorioso, D., Martin, A. S., Palmer, B. W., Rock, D., Golshan, S., KRAEMER, H. C., et al. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030386 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Self-citationA systematic review of resilience in the physically ill
Stewart, D. E., & Yuen, T. (2011) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2011.01.036 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
The wear-and-tear of daily stressors on mental health
Charles, S. T., Piazza, J. R., Mogle, J., Sliwinski, M. J., & Almeida, D. M. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612462222 · Cited by 459 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Resilience decreases perceived stress, and people who are less impacted emotionally by daily stressors have lower incidence of mood disorders 10 years later (Charles et al., 2013), indicating the long-term value of pursuing methods of decreasing perceived stress.”
BackgroundHjemdal, O., Vogel, P. A., Solem, S., Hagen, K., & Stiles, T. C. (2010) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.719 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Mdege, N. D., Man, M.-S., Taylor (nee Brown), C. A., & Torgerson, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.12.003 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Wingo, A. P., Wrenn, G., Pelletier, T., Gutman, A. R., Bradley, B., & Ressler, K. J. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.04.009 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Psychometric properties and population‐based norms of the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT‐R)
Glaesmer, H., Rief, W., Martin, A., Mewes, R., Brähler, E., Zenger, M., & Hinz, A. (2011) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02046.x · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Older Adults' Perspectives on Successful Aging: Qualitative Interviews
Reichstadt, J., Sengupta, G., Depp, C. A., Palinkas, L. A., & Jeste, D. V. (2010) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181e040bb · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Self-citationResilience Comes of Age: Defining Features in Later Adulthood
Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., & Boker, S. M. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00600.x · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Stepped wedge designs could reduce the required sample size in cluster randomized trials
Woertman, W. H., Hoop, E. O., Moerbeek, M., Zuidema, S. U., Gerritsen, D. L., & Teerenstra, S. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.01.009 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Gratitude and health: An updated review
Jans-Beken, L., Jacobs, N., Janssens, M., Peeters, S. C. T., Reijnders, J. S. A. M., Lechner, L., & Lataster, J. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1651888 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Savoring, resilience, and psychological well-being in older adults
Smith, J. L., & Hollinger-Smith, L. M. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.986647 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citationMoore, R. C., Depp, C. A., Wetherell, J. L., & Lenze, E. J. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.01.011 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Jeste, D. V., Palmer, B. W., Rettew, D. C., & Boardman, S. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14nr09599 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationDesigning a stepped wedge trial: three main designs, carry-over effects and randomisation approaches
Copas, A. J., Lewis, J. J., Thompson, J. A., Davey, C., Baio, G., & Hargreaves, J. R. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0842-7 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Hildon, Z. J., Montgomery, S., Blane, D., Wiggins, R. D., & Netuveli, G. (2009) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnp067 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Using a Gratitude Intervention to Enhance Well-Being in Older Adults
Killen, A., & Macaskill, A. (2014) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9542-3 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Stress on health-related quality of life in older adults: the protective nature of mindfulness
de Frias, C. M., & Whyne, E. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.924090 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Scott, K. M., Koenen, K. C., Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Benjet, C. L., Bruffaerts, R., Caldas‐de‐Almeida, J. M., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080573 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Applied Categorical and Count Data Analysis
Tang, W., He, H., & Tu, X. M. (2012) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b12123 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of a Savoring Intervention on Resilience and Well-Being of Older Adults
Smith, J. L., & Hanni, A. A. (2017) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464817693375 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationThomas, M. L., Bangen, K. J., Palmer, B. W., Martin, A. S., Avanzino, J. A., Depp, C. A., Glorioso, D., Daly, R. E., & Jeste, D. V. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.005 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationAllen, V. C., & Windsor, T. D. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1396575 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Development and evaluation of the positive psychology intervention for older adults
Ho, H., Yeung, D., & Kwok, S. Y. C. L. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.888577 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Hardiness, Depression, and Emotional Well‐Being and Their Association with Appetite in Older Adults
Engel, J. H., Siewerdt, F., Jackson, R. J., Akobundu, U. O., Wait, C., & Sahyoun, N. R. (2011) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03274.x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Johnston, M. C., Porteous, T., Crilly, M., Burton, C. D., Elliott, A., Iversen, L., McArdle, K., Murray, A. D., Phillips, L. H., & Black, C. (2014) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Lu, N., Feng, C., Thurston, S. W., Xia, Y., Zhu, L., & Tu, X. M. (2011) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4265 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationMeléndez, J. C., Terrero, F. B. F., Sales, A., & Mayordomo, T. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.936968 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Clinical correlates of resilience factors in geriatric depression
Laird, K. T., Lavretsky, H., Paholpak, P., Vlasova, R. M., Roman, M., St. Cyr, N., & Siddarth, P. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610217002873 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Lavretsky, H., & Irwin, M. R. (2007) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.1353/book.34895 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Marquet, M., Chasteen, A. L., Plaks, J. E., & Balasubramaniam, L. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1514487 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Underdiagnosis of mild cognitive impairment: A consequence of ignoring practice effects
Elman, J. A., Jak, A. J., Panizzon, M. S., Tu, X. M., Chen, T., Reynolds, C. A., Gustavson, D. E., Franz, C. E., Hatton, S. N., Jacobson, K. C., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2018.04.003 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationAlmeida, D. M., Piazza, J. R., Stawski, R. S., & Klein, L. C. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-380882-0.00012-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Strategies for Successful Aging: A Research Update
Harmell, A. L., Jeste, D. V., & Depp, C. A. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0476-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationArias, V. B., Sierra, M. T. C., Martínez, B. A., Martínez‐Molina, A., & Ponce, F. P. (2015) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0345-y · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Kulmala, J., von Bonsdorff, M. B., Stenholm, S., Törmäkangas, T., von Bonsdorff, M. E., Nygård, C., Klockars, M., Seitsamo, J. T., Ilmarinen, J., & Rantanen, T. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls339 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Jeste, D. V., Glorioso, D., Lee, E., Daly, R., Graham, S. A., Liu, J., Paredes, A. M., Nebeker, C., Tu, X. M., Twamley, E. W., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.04.002 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationPower analyses for longitudinal trials and other clustered designs
Tu, X. M., Kowalski, J., Zhang, J., Lynch, K. G., & Crits-Christoph, P. F. (2004) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1869 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationPositive psychiatry comes of age
Jeste, D. V. (2018) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610218002211 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationMujeeb, A., & Zubair, A. (2012) · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Turcotte, P., Carrier, A., Desrosiers, J., & Levasseur, M. (2015) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12174 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Guo, K. L., & Castillo, R. J. (2011) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-010-9105-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Attitude toward own aging and mental health in post-menopausal women
Kavirajan, H., Vahia, I. V., Thompson, W. K., Depp, C. A., Allison, M., & Jeste, D. V. (2011) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2011.01.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationResilience and Aging: Research and Practice
Lavretsky, H. (2014) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Reducing Barriers to Mental Health Care: Bringing Evidence‐Based Psychotherapy Home
Soo Borson, B., Korpak, A. M., Carbajal‐Madrid, P., Likar, D., Brown, G. A., & Batra, R. (2019) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.16088 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dautovich, N. D., Dzierzewski, J. M., & Gum, A. M. (2013) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.02.008 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Advancing Community and Health Equity: Health and Wellbeing of U.S. Chinese Populations
Dong, X. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glx049 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [30]Jeste DV, Childers J: Strategic Planning for Transformative Senior Living: Developing Tomorrow’s Leadership and Workforce. Seniors Housing & Care Journal. 2017 Vol 25 (1): 113– 126.
- [35]Short JL. Psychological Fitness for Older Adults: A Pilot Intervention. Seniors Housing & Care Journal. 2012; 20: 71– 84.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reynolds, C. F., Jeste, D. V., Sachdev, P. S., & Blazer, D. G. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20996 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond artificial intelligence: exploring artificial wisdom
Jeste, D. V., Graham, S. A., Nguyen, T. T., Depp, C. A., Lee, E. E., & Kim, H.-C. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610220000927 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, E. E., Bangen, K. J., Avanzino, J. A., Hou, B., Ramsey, M., Eglit, G., Liu, J., Tu, X. M., Paulus, M., & Jeste, D. V. (2020) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0821 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive and Neural Correlates of Loneliness and Wisdom during Emotional Bias
Grennan, G., Balasubramani, P. P., Alim, F., Zafar-Khan, M., Lee, E. E., Jeste, D. V., & Mishra, J. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab012 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationJeste, D. V., Thomas, M. L., Liu, J., Daly, R. E., Tu, X. M., Treichler, E. B. H., Palmer, B. W., & Lee, E. E. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.09.033 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationJeste, D. V., Di Somma, S., Lee, E. E., Nguyen, T. T., Scalcione, M., Biaggi, A., Daly, R., Liu, J., Tu, X., Ziedonis, D., et al. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1821170 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationJeste, D. V., Lee, E. E., Palmer, B. W., & Treichler, E. B. H. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1757984 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Treichler, E. B. H., Glorioso, D., Lee, E. E., Wu, T.-C., Tu, X. M., Daly, R., O’Brien, C., Smith, J. L., & Jeste, D. V.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jeste, Dilip V.
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 173-182
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7526871
- OpenAlex
- W3005314740
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15
- FWCI
- 5.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH019934, R01MH094151-01)
- University of California, San Diego
- Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- resilience, older adults, group intervention, positive psychiatry, savoring, gratitude, wisdom, perceived stress, well-being, independent living, community-based intervention, intervention feasibility
- MeSH terms
- Healthy Aging, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Group, Quality of Life, Stress, Psychological, United States, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Housing for the Elderly, Resilience, Psychological, Independent Living, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
