The wear-and-tear of daily stressors on mental health
Open accessAbstract
Researchers assert that affective responses to seemingly minor daily events have long-term implications for mental health, yet this phenomenon has rarely been investigated. In the current study, we examined how levels of daily negative affect and affective reactivity in response to daily stressors predicted general affective distress and self-reported anxiety and depressive disorders 10 years after they were first assessed. Across eight consecutive evenings, participants (N = 711; age = 25 to 74 years) reported their daily stressors and their daily negative affect. Increased levels of negative affect on nonstressor days were related to general affective distress and symptoms of an affective disorder 10 years later. Heightened affective reactivity to daily stressors predicted greater general affective distress and an increased likelihood of reporting an affective disorder. These findings suggest that the average levels of negative affect that people experience and how they respond to seemingly minor events in their daily lives have long-term implications for their mental health.
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A bout of exercise on any day can dampen the affective response to stressors, perhaps protecting from stress related depression and disease.
“A bout of exercise on any day can dampen the affective response to stressors (Puterman et al., 2017), perhaps protecting from stress related depression and disease (Piazza et al., 2013; Charles et al., 2013).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Charles et al., 2013
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that heightened affective reactivity to daily stressors predicted greater distress and a higher likelihood of reporting an affective disorder 10 years later. This supports the proposed link to depression, but the paper does not establish protection from physical disease. The exercise effect is attributed to Puterman et al., not Charles et al. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredModified MBCT has been shown effective in reducing depressive symptoms, anxiety, and/or stress in older adults.
“Modified MBCT has been shown effective in reducing depressive symptoms, anxiety, and/or stress in older adults [1–4].”
From Effectiveness of an age-modified mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in improving mental health in older people with depressive symptoms: a non-randomised controlled trial. (2025) · cites this paper as [3]
The Method section describes a longitudinal study of daily stressors and measures of depressive and anxiety symptoms, not an MBCT intervention. Searches for modified MBCT, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and intervention effects in older adults found no passage addressing its effectiveness; no page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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“For example, Charles and colleagues [24] found that people who were more reactive to daily stressors (i.”
BackgroundActivity Diversity and Its Associations With Psychological Well-Being Across Adulthood
Lee, S., Koffer, R. E., Sprague, B. N., Charles, S. T., Ram, N., & Almeida, D. M. (2016) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbw118 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Jin, Y., Li, J., An, J., Jing, W., & Mingcheng, H. (2017) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838017726426 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Infurna, F. J., & Mayer, A. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0039050 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…the long-term, the stress-buffering effects of perceived control can be potentially protective against declines in mental and physical health (see Charles et al., 2013; Piazza et al., 2013) Bi-directional associations between Perceived Control and Mental and Physical Health We note that…”
BackgroundDoes Partner Responsiveness Predict Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well‐being? A 10‐Year Longitudinal Study
Selçuk, E., Günaydın, G., Ong, A. D., & Almeida, D. M. (2015) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12272 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Therefore, we controlled for individual differences in the number of stressors when computing affective reactivity (see also Charles et al., 2013; Mroczek et al., 2015, for a similar approach.)”
In the Moment and Feeling Good: Age Differences in Mindfulness and Positive Affect
Shook, N. J., Ford, C., Strough, J., Delaney, R., & Barker, D. (2017) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000139 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Breines, J. G., McInnis, C. M., Kuras, Y. I., Thoma, M. V., Gianferante, D., Hanlin, L., Chen, X., & Rohleder, N. (2015) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1005659 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Optimum Sleep for Daily Mood During Adolescence
Fuligni, A. J., Bai, S., Krull, J. L., & Gonzales, N. A. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1357126 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Relationships Among Nightly Sleep Quality, Daily Stress, and Daily Affect
Blaxton, J. M., Bergeman, C. S., Whitehead, B. R., Braun, M. E., & Payne, J. D. (2015) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv060 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Specifically, individuals who experienced a greater difference in their NA on stressful compared with nonstressful days reported more affective distress (Charles et al., 2013) and poorer chronic health (Piazza et al.”
BackgroundGlobal perceived stress predicts cognitive change among older adults.
Muñoz, E., Sliwinski, M. J., Scott, S., & Hofer, S. M. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000036 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…exhibit greater negative emotional reactivity to daily hassles (van Eck et al., 1998; Sliwinski et al., 2009), which in turn predict long-term negative mental and physical health outcomes (Charles et al., 2013; Piazza et al., 2012), and worse cognitive function (Stawski, Mogle, & Sliwinski, 2013).”
BackgroundSin, N. L., Sloan, R. P., McKinley, P. S., & Almeida, D. M. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000306 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“as future risk of affective disorders (37), health conditions (40), and mortality (39).”
BackgroundMethodNoah, L., Dye, L., Fer, B. B. D., Mazur, A., Pickering, G. P., & Pouteau, E. B. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3051 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Since the cumulative effect of daily stress has been linked to symptoms of anxiety and depression up to 10 years later (Charles et al., 2013), it follows that chronic stress, anxiety and depression could be viewed as a continuum of the same condition.”
BackgroundWrzus, C., Luong, G., Wagner, G. G., & Riediger, M. (2021) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000308 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Cyber Victimization and Perceived Stress
Wright, M. F. (2014) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x14537088 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Distraction coping predicts better cortisol recovery after acute psychosocial stress
Janson, J., & Rohleder, N. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.014 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A pragmatic trial of a group intervention in senior housing communities to increase resilience
Treichler, E. B. H., Glorioso, D., Lee, E. E., Wu, T.-C., Tu, X. M., Daly, R., O’Brien, C., Smith, J. L., & Jeste, D. V. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219002096 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Resilience decreases perceived stress, and people who are less impacted emotionally by daily stressors have lower incidence of mood disorders 10 years later (Charles et al., 2013), indicating the long-term value of pursuing methods of decreasing perceived stress.”
BackgroundAlmeida, D. M., Rush, J., Mogle, J. A., Piazza, J. R., Cerino, E. S., & Charles, S. T. (2022) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001469 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Almeida, D. M., Davis, K. D., Lee, S., Lawson, K. M., Walter, K. N., & Moen, P. (2015) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12252 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Affective reactivity to daily stressors in general have been linked to longitudinal changes in affective disorders such as depression and anxiety (Charles et al., 2013), chronic health conditions (Piazza, Charles, Sliwinski, Mogle, & Almeida, 2013), and mortality (Mroczek et al.”
BackgroundMandel, T., Dunkley, D. M., & Moroz, M. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000101 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Fragile and Enduring Positive Affect: Implications for Adaptive Aging
Ong, A. D., & Ram, N. (2016) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000453357 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Stressor diversity: Introduction and empirical integration into the daily stress model.
Koffer, R. E., Ram, N., Conroy, D. E., Pincus, A. L., & Almeida, D. M. (2016) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000095 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Daily positive events and inflammation: Findings from the National Study of Daily Experiences
Sin, N. L., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., & Almeida, D. M. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.07.015 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…responses to daily stressors are associated with critical outcomes across a decade of follow-up, including increased risks of psychological distress or an affective disorder (Charles et al., 2013), developing a chronic medical condition (Piazza et al., 2013), and mortality (Mroczek et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLengton, R., Schoenmakers, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Boon, M. R., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2024) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12725 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“85 In addition, emotional distress can also trigger physiological responses in the body, including the release of cortisol and inflammatory mediators such as cytokines.”
Physical activity and negative affective reactivity in daily life
Puterman, E., Weiss, J., Beauchamp, M. R., Mogle, J., & Almeida, D. M. (2017) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000532 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Brose, A., Blanke, E. S., Schmiedek, F., Kramer, A. C., Schmidt, A., & Neubauer, A. B. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12592 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Advancing the Study of Resilience to Daily Stressors
Ong, A. D., & Leger, K. A. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211071092 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“More recently, researchers have turned to daily process designs to probe the dynamic processes that give rise to interindividual differences (Charles et al., 2013; Leger et al., 2018; Smyth et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMaking sense of misfortune: Deservingness, self-esteem, and patterns of self-defeat.
Callan, M. J., Kay, A. C., & Dawtry, R. J. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036640 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Rackoff, G. N., & Newman, M. G. (2020) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000639 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Consistent with prior use of the DISE (e.g., Charles et al., 2013) and to avoid confounding objective stress exposure with subjective cognitive or emotional responses, analyses treated the presence versus absence of any stressful event (regardless of subjective stressfulness or resolution ratings)…”
BackgroundMethodThe Influence of Leisure Engagement on Daily Emotional Well-Being
Chen, S.-T., Hyun, J., Graefe, A. R., Mowen, A. J., Almeida, D. M., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2020) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2020.1757537 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Similarly, Charles et al. (2013) found that individuals whose inferred emotional states were more affected by the experience of daily stressors had an increased risk of affective distress and affective disorders 10 years later than those who were less affected by the experience of daily stressors.”
BackgroundSleep duration and affective reactivity to stressors and positive events in daily life.
Sin, N. L., Wen, J., Klaiber, P., Buxton, O. M., & Almeida, D. M. (2020) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001033 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Smyth, J. M., Zawadzki, M. J., Marcusson‐Clavertz, D., Scott, S., Johnson, J. A., Kim, J., Toledo, M. J. L., Stawski, R. S., Sliwinski, M. J., & Almeida, D. M. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221082108 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“, 2013), affective disorders (Charles et al., 2013), functional health (Leger et al.”
BackgroundKoskinen, M.-K., van Mourik, Y., Smit, A. B., Riga, D., & Spijker, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73173-2 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Puckett, J. A., Dyar, C., Maroney, M. R., Mustanski, B. S., & Newcomb, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000814 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Age differences in negative emotional responses to daily stressors depend on time since event.
Scott, S., Ram, N., Smyth, J. M., Almeida, D. M., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000257 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“This line of reasoning presents an alternative interpretation for recent findings that those with higher levels of stress-related NA are at increased risk for poor somatic and mental health outcomes (Charles et al., 2013; Piazza et al., 2013).”
Stressor-related drinking and future alcohol problems among university students.
Russell, M. A., Almeida, D. M., & Maggs, J. L. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000303 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Ayduk, Ö., & John, O. P. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000103 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Heightened affective reactivity to minor and major stressors has also been found to predict greater anxiety, negative affect, and depression up to a decade into the future (Charles et al., 2013; O’Neill, Cohen, Tolpin, & Gunthert, 2004; Parrish, Cohen, & Laurenceau, 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDaily stressor reactivity during adolescence: The buffering role of parental warmth.
Lippold, M. A., Davis, K. D., McHale, S. M., Buxton, O. M., & Almeida, D. M. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000352 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Surachman, A., Wardecker, B. M., Chow, S., & Almeida, D. M. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby014 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Stress, Social Support, and Mental Health Among Young Adult Hispanics
Guntzviller, L. M., Williamson, L. D., & Ratcliff, C. L. (2019) · Family & Community Health · doi:10.1097/fch.0000000000000224 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Tsujimoto, M., Saito, T., Matsuzaki, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2024) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-024-00714-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Lee, J., Choo, H., Zhang, Y., Cheung, H. S., Zhang, Q., & Ang, R. P.-H. (2025) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241313051 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“When they experience cyber-bullying victimization coupled with daily stresses, their risk of internalizing problems increases (Charles et al., 2013).”
Hou, W. K., Lai, F. T. T., Hougen, C., Hall, B. J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000692 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Wright, L., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. E. (2021) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2020-215598 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Shek, D. T. L., Dou, D., & Zhu, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.857147 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“While the roles of general psychological need satisfaction and life challenges in mental health have been well-established (17, 18, 21), the present study further expands the scope of such influence by focusing on immediate psychosocial needs and challenges under”
BackgroundEstimating Reliability of Within-Person Couplings in a Multilevel Framework
Neubauer, A. B., Voelkle, M. C., Voß, A., & Mertens, U. K. (2019) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2018.1521418 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“However, when entering several predictors simultaneously, the meaning of the within-person coupling changes, and these couplings have to be interpreted as partial regression coefficients (see Discussion section for further details). An alternative approach to examine the within-person couplings of Y with several predi…”
MethodDoes non-invasive brain stimulation modulate emotional stress reactivity?
Smits, F., Schutter, D. J. L. G., van Honk, J., & Geuze, E. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Zhaoyang, R., Scott, S., Smyth, J. M., Kang, J. E., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2019) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz057 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“no stressor) predict greater depressive symptoms or disorder 2 months [8, 9], 1 year [10], and 10 years later [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialDaily Stress Processes in a Pandemic: The Effects of Worry, Age, and Affect
Nelson, N. A., & Bergeman, C. S. (2020) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnaa187 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Considering the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing, and daily stress reactivity predicts long-term health and well-being (Charles et al., 2013; Piazza et al., 2013), it is paramount to identify risk and protective factors for stress reactivity amidst the pandemic.”
BackgroundResponse and habituation of pro- and anti-inflammatory gene expression to repeated acute stress
McInnis, C. M., Wang, D., Gianferante, D., Hanlin, L. C., Chen, X., Thoma, M. V., & Rohleder, N. (2015) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.02.006 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Daily Memory Lapses in Adults: Characterization and Influence on Affect
Mogle, J. A., Muñoz, E., Hill, N. L., Smyth, J. M., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbx012 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Social stress in early adolescents' daily lives: Associations with affect and loneliness
van Roekel, E., Ha, T., Verhagen, M., Kuntsche, E. N., Scholte, R. H. J., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.10.012 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Insomnia in United States military veterans: An integrated theoretical model
Hughes, J. M., Ulmer, C. S., Gierisch, J. M., Hastings, S. N., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Leventhal, A. M., Cho, J., Andrabi, N., & Barrington‐Trimis, J. L. (2018) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2022 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Stawski, R. S., MacDonald, S. W. S., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2015) · The Encyclopedia of Adulthood and Aging · doi:10.1002/9781118521373.wbeaa313 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Age Differences in Types and Perceptions of Daily Stress
Stefaniak, A., Blaxton, J. M., & Bergeman, C. S. (2021) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/00914150211001588 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“…to daily stressors affects long- term risk of reporting a chronic physical health condition (Piazza et al., 2013) and facing mental health issues (Charles et al., 2013) later in life, highlighting the importance of examining differences in daily stressors across the life span to better…”
Background
- Authors
- Charles, S. T., Piazza, J. R., Mogle, J., Sliwinski, M. J., & Almeida, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- California State University, Fullerton (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-03-26
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 733-741
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC3654031
- OpenAlex
- W2140727693
- Cited by
- 459
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 36.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG03949, P01AG003949, P01AG020166, R01AG019239)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD041025)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- daily hassles, negative affect, emotional reactivity, emotional distress, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, mood disorders, longitudinal follow-up, daily life events, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Age Factors, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, United States, Causality, Odds Ratio, Self Report
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