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Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
Loneliness and social isolation are associated with adverse physical and psychological consequences which are particularly prevalent in older persons. During this unprecedented time of the COVID-19 pandemic, we must follow social distancing guidelines to protect ourselves and to reduce the spread of coronavirus. At the same time, it is crucial to maintain social connections with each other, especially with older persons, to help cope and reduce the negative consequences of loneliness and social isolation. It is important to develop new strategies (e.g. virtual health care and new government policy) to address loneliness and social isolation among older adults for the post-pandemic era.
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“Social isolation is one of the most pervasive negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (Hwang et al., 2020).”
From RESILIENCE, COPING, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ACROSS THE GLOBE – AN UPDATE: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? (2023) · cites this paper as Hwang et al., 2020
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Nigg, C., Petersen, E., & Macintyre, T. E. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102009 · Cited by 37
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BackgroundPatient-Reported Outcomes in Cardiovascular Trials
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Interplay between Comorbidities and Long COVID: Challenges and Multidisciplinary Approaches
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BackgroundSocial isolation stress facilitates chemically induced oral carcinogenesis
Verza, F. A., Valente, V. B., Oliveira, L. K., Kayahara, G. M., Crivelini, M. M., Furuse, C., Biasoli, É. R., Miyahara, G. I., Oliveira, S. H. P., & Bernabé, D. G. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245190 · Cited by 32
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“Social engagement has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated public health restrictions (Hwang et al., 2020) which raises the potential impact of this factor over the next decade.”
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“These results seem contradictory to much of the published literature in this area which would predict elevated levels of loneliness and social isolation in this population due to social distancing measures (Hwang et al., 2020).”
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“…distance, and using appropriate protective equipment, along with exercise programs, mindfulness, and cognitive-behavioral therapy, all of which are known to be effective in reducing loneliness, may be valuable when time constraints are a consideration (Hwang et al., 2020; Masi et al., 2011).”
Social Sharing of Emotion During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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“In addition to measuring loneliness and social isolation, researchers have also assessed overall mental health, depression, anxiety, fear, insomnia, and quality of life among older adults (Hwang et al., 2020).”
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“In several cases, persons’ mental health deteriorated during the pandemic (10), and others had indicators of “defeat stress” (11).”
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“It is known that social isolation and quarantine are protective methods to minimize the risk of contaminating other people (Hwang et al. 2020).”
BackgroundHow power increases preference for experiential purchases but not for material purchases
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“Notably, the COVID-19 social distancing decreased social contact engagement and may be risk factors for isolation, anxiety, and depression [79].”
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“Before the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 pandemic [14], the prevalence rates of loneliness and social isolation were already known to be between 10–40% across the United States, China and various European countries, that it was being described as a “behavioral epidemic” [15].”
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“Studying determinants of social health trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic may help to identify risk factors for an adverse response to change in the social environment, even outside of the context of the pandemic (Hwang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundTodd, E., Bidstrup, B., & Mutch, A. J. (2022) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/ajag.13041 · Cited by 25
Derrer‐Merk, E., Ferson, S. A., Mannis, A., Bentall, R. P., & Bennett, K. M. (2022) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x22000435 · Cited by 25
“Other COVID-19-related research with older adults has focused on aspects including dementia (Giebel, 2021, 2021 a , 2021 b ; Numbers and Brodaty, 2021) and loneliness (Banerjee and Rai, 2020; Bu et al ., 2020; Seifert and Hassler, 2020; Okechukwu, 2021; Hwang et al ., 2020).”
Perceived Stress Analysis of Undergraduate Students during COVID-19: A Machine Learning Approach
Rahman, A. A., Siraji, M. I., Khalid, L. I., Faisal, F., Nishat, M. M., Ahmed, A., & Mamun, M. A. A. (2022) · IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON) · doi:10.1109/melecon53508.2022.9843081 · Cited by 25
Digital Mental Health and Social Connectedness
Ayobi, A., Eardley, R., Soubutts, E., Gooberman‐Hill, R., Craddock, I. J., & O’Kane, A. A. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3555620 · Cited by 30
“…to receive governmental support for technologies, and also in teaching how to use technologies to support connectedness and wellbeing, such as the Zoom tutorials offered at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic when lockdown measures significantly impeded social life (see section 4.2.1 and [43].”
BackgroundInfluentialYang, S., Yang, C., Lee, Y., Hsieh, P., & Lin, Y. (2022) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.14526 · Cited by 25
Filip, R., Anchidin-Norocel, L., Gheorghita, R. E., Savage, W. K., & Dimian, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103612 · Cited by 24
“Older adults are also more vulnerable to social isolation and loneliness as they are functionally very dependent on family members or support by community services [95].”
BackgroundDepression Following COVID-19 Lockdown in Severely, Moderately, and Mildly Impacted Areas in China
Han, X., Chen, S., Bi, K., Yang, Z., & Sun, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.596872 · Cited by 26
“Furthermore, prior studies regarding SARS in 2003 have underscored the interplay between infection control measures, like wearing a mask and confinement within the home, to reinforce a sense of isolation (49) and subjective loneliness (50), which typically differed from an active lifestyle brimmed with vigor and grega…”
BackgroundWang, Q., Liu, J. K. K., & Walsh, C. A. (2021) · China Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/17525098.2021.1923544 · Cited by 25
“Pandemicrelated closure of services contributed to a shortage of service provision and an increased risk of developing depression (Flint, Bingham, and Laboni 2020; Hwang et al. 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialMarkotegi, M., Irazusta, J., Sanz, B., & Rodriguez‐Larrad, A. (2021) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2021.111580 · Cited by 24
Gilbar, O., Gelkopf, M., Berger, R., & Greene, T. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3127 · Cited by 26
Guo, L., Wang, W., Shi, J., Zheng, X., Hua, Y., & Lu, C. (2023) · JMIR Public Health and Surveillance · doi:10.2196/45677 · Cited by 24
“The impact of COVID-19 has amplified concerns regarding social isolation among older adults, leading to greater public health awareness [4,5].”
BackgroundTorres, J. L., Braga, L. D. S., Moreira, B. D. S., de Castro, C. M. S., Vaz, C. T., Andrade, A. C. D. S., de Andrade, F. B., Lima‐Costa, M. F., & Caiaffa, W. T. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1913479 · Cited by 25
“Thus, it is plausible to assume that the use of technology might lead to loneliness reduction (Czaja, Boot, Charness, Rogers, & Sharit, 2018; Hwang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWho and which regions are at high risk of returning to poverty during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Ge, Y., Liu, M., Hu, S., Wang, D., Wang, J., Wang, X., Qader, S. H., Cleary, E., Tatem, A. J., & Lai, S. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01205-5 · Cited by 24
“…COVID-19 (Acuto et al., 2020; Asare and Barfi, 2021; Bouman et al., 2021; Decerf et al., 2021; Douglas et al., 2020; Fajardo-Gonzalez et al., 2021; Hwang et al., 2020; Laborde et al., 2020a, 2020b; Leach et al., 2021; Padhan and Prabheesh, 2021; Rume and Islam, 2020; Rutz et al., 2020), the…”
BackgroundPark, J., Hung, L., Randhawa, P., Surage, J., Sullivan, M. B., Levine, H., & Ortega, M. (2022) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/opn.12513 · Cited by 23
Pioneering the Metaverse: The Role of the Metaverse in an Aging Population
Shu, S., & Woo, B. K. P. (2022) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/40582 · Cited by 23
“The COVID-19 pandemic has certainly highlighted the impact of social isolation on psychosocial health not only in the older adult population but also across all ages [9].”
BackgroundFrailty after COVID ‐19: The wave after?
König, M., Gollasch, M., & Komleva, Y. (2023) · Aging Medicine · doi:10.1002/agm2.12258 · Cited by 26
COVID-19 and mental health services in Sub-Saharan Africa: A critical literature review
Dzinamarira, T., Iradukunda, P. G., Saramba, E., Gashema, P., Moyo, E., Mangezi, W. O., & Musuka, G. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152465 · Cited by 23
Amini, A. H., VaezMousavi, M., & Shirvani, H. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05502-w · Cited by 24
Coughlin, L. N., Nahum-Shani, I. B., Bonar, E. E., Philyaw-Kotov, M. L., Rabbi, M., Klasnja, P., & Walton, M. A. (2021) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2021.1972314 · Cited by 24
Lu, L., Lee, L., Wu, L. L., & Li, X. R. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2022.2029726 · Cited by 22
“Pandemic research revealed the high costs associated with quarantine, such as anxiety, worries, and social disconnection with potential mental and physical health consequences (Hwang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultCavazzoni, F., Pancake, R., & Veronese, G. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211066259 · Cited by 23
“As a group that is commonly more vulnerable and lonelier than the general population, older people appear to have experienced confinement with more difficulty, showing more significant sleep disturbance, depression, and an increased risk of suicide (Hwang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundKaggwa, M. M., Rukundo, G. Z., Wakida, E. K., Maling, S., Sserumaga, B. M., Atim, L. M., & Obua, C. (2022) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s358187 · Cited by 23
Ding, X., Shang, B., & Yu, F. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13111085 · Cited by 22
Education, Financial Stress, and Trajectory of Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Jiang, Y., Zilioli, S., Balzarini, R. N., Zoppolat, G., & Slatcher, R. B. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211049374 · Cited by 23
“Age, gender, and self-isolation behavior were included as covariates in the analyses because of their associations with mental health associated with the COVID-19 pandemic reported in previous studies (Daly et al., 2020; Hwang et al., 2020).”
Zadeh, Z. T., Rahmani, S., Alidadi, F., Joushi, S., & Esmaeilpour, K. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14949 · Cited by 24
Faris, L. H., Gabarrell‐Pascuet, A., Félez-Nóbrega, M., Cristóbal-Narváez, P., Mortier, P., Vilagut, G., Olaya, B., Alonso, J., Haro, J. M., López‐Carrilero, R., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00651-7 · Cited by 21
Hosseini, L., Froelicher, E. S., Nia, H. S., & Farahani, M. A. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12068-x · Cited by 21
“Additionally, the necessity for quarantining has made older adults more prone to loneliness during the COVID19 pandemic [31, 32].”
BackgroundHow did COVID-19 change what people buy: Evidence from a supermarket chain
Zuokas, D., Gul, E., & Lim, A. (2022) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103010 · Cited by 17
“, 2020), social isolation (Hwang et al., 2020), among others.”
Park, J., Heilman, K. J., Sullivan, M. B., Surage, J., Levine, H., Hung, L., Ortega, M., Wiese, L. K., & Ahn, H. B. (2022) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101617 · Cited by 23
Perceptions of social rigidity predict loneliness across the Japanese population
Badman, R. P., Nordstrom, R. J., Ueda, M., & Akaishi, R. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20561-5 · Cited by 21
“The scale consists of ten items and the choices for each item are: never (0), rarely (1), sometimes (2), always (3).”
BackgroundSolomonov, N., Green, J., Quintana, A., Lin, J. A.-J., Ognyanova, K., Santillana, M., Druckman, J. N., Baum, M., Lazer, D. M. J., Gunning, F. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.038 · Cited by 25
Gao, B., Cai, Y., Zhao, C. K., Qian, Y., Zheng, R., & Liu, C. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104134 · Cited by 26
Older people at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review
Gaertner, B., Fuchs, J., Mohler, R. A., Meyer, G., & Scheidt‐Nave, C. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.25646/7857 · Cited by 20
Sharma, M., Batra, K., & Flatt, J. D. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9070838 · Cited by 23
“While social isolation has been reported as a significant problem during the COVID-19 pandemic [5,12,31], and the use of technology has been suggested as a means to cope with it [15,32,33].”
BackgroundHorst, B., Sixsmith, A. J., Simeonov, D., & Mihailidis, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.749515 · Cited by 20
“It is likely, that because of the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals of many different characteristics who would not otherwise have reported feelings of isolation are now doing so (11).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hwang, T.-J., Rabheru, K., Peisah, C., Reichman, W., & Ikeda, M.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Hwang, Tzung-Jeng
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1217-1220
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7306546
- OpenAlex
- W3029529029
- Cited by
- 1,044
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 227 · 2021: 220 · 2020: 32
- FWCI
- 69.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19K08045)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Keywords
- loneliness, social isolation, COVID-19 pandemic, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Psychosocial Support Systems, Noncommunicable Diseases, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Aging, Communicable Disease Control, Geriatric Psychiatry, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Preventive Health Services, Social Isolation, Social Work, Coronavirus Infections, Needs Assessment, Independent Living, Pandemics
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