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Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
Loneliness and social isolation are associated with adverse physical and psychological consequences which are particularly prevalent in older persons. During this unprecedented time of the COVID-19 pandemic, we must follow social distancing guidelines to protect ourselves and to reduce the spread of coronavirus. At the same time, it is crucial to maintain social connections with each other, especially with older persons, to help cope and reduce the negative consequences of loneliness and social isolation. It is important to develop new strategies (e.g. virtual health care and new government policy) to address loneliness and social isolation among older adults for the post-pandemic era.
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“Social isolation is one of the most pervasive negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (Hwang et al., 2020).”
From RESILIENCE, COPING, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ACROSS THE GLOBE – AN UPDATE: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? (2023) · cites this paper as Hwang et al., 2020
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“During the pandemic, it would be better for veterans to communicate with friends or families more frequently, improving their social and family support(Hwang et al., 2020).”
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“Social isolation refers to the objective characteristics of one’s social environment or the absence of relationships (de Jong Gierveld et al., 2006; Hwang et al., 2020).”
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Benito, M. Á. A., Pliego, R. A. G., Baena-Díez, J. M., Iturbe, A. G., Herreros, Y. H., Alonso, M. D. C. D. H., Tapia, P. M., & Lesende, I. M. (2022) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2022.102438 · Cited by 9
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“During the pandemic, measures, such as reducing gatherings, regional control, and maintaining social distancing have reduced the connection and support between individuals, increased individual loneliness, and may make individuals more prone to stress reactions (Hwang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe Informal Safety Net: Social Network Activation among Hispanic Immigrants During COVID-19
Smith, N. C., Brooks, C. V., Ekl, E. A., García, M. J., Ambriz, D., Maupomé, G., & Perry, B. L. (2023) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/23326492231162348 · Cited by 9
“…also engage in more socialization-focused activation and are more inclined to stay connected or reconnect with loved ones—perhaps to reduce feelings of social isolation and loneliness that intensified during the COVID-19 crisis (Banjeree and Rai 2020; Hwang et al. 2020; Krendl and Perry 2021).”
Ji, L., Xiong, J., Tang, S., Bishwajit, G., & Guo, S. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071533 · Cited by 18
Wang, X., Wu, Y., Chen, Y., Gao, Q., Liu, W., Xu, J., & Zang, S. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.032 · Cited by 9
Bigelow, S. M., Hart, E., Shaban, T., Rao, P., Khan, A. A., Baskaron, M., Baker, P., Schwartz, T. A., & Mayer, D. K. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06147-3 · Cited by 11
Yang, Y., Grol-Prokopczyk, H., Reid, M. C., & Pillemer, K. A. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab262 · Cited by 9
“Second, social distance from others and reduced access to public spaces and social engagement could increase feelings of loneliness and disconnection [5, 6].”
BackgroundRelationship between menopausal symptoms and perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic
SÖZER, G. A., Öz, H. G., & Yangın, H. B. (2021) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1080/08952841.2021.1985374 · Cited by 11
Facing double jeopardy: Experiences of driving cessation in older adults during COVID-19 pandemic
Abootalebi, M., Delbari, A., Momtaz, Y. A., Kaveh, M. H., & Zanjari, N. (2021) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2021.101285 · Cited by 9
Older People in Germany During the COVID-19 Pandemic:The Least, the More, and the Most Affected
Horn, V., Semmler, M., & Schweppe, C. (2021) · Journal of Population Ageing · doi:10.1007/s12062-021-09352-4 · Cited by 9
“Researchers in the field of aging responded to these policies by pointing to the harmful consequences of social isolation and loneliness on older peoples’ mental and physical health (Brooke & Jackson, 2020; Hwang et al., 2020; Wu, 2020).”
BackgroundThe Contribution of Frailty to Participation of Older Adults
Rand, D., Sternberg, S. A., Winograd, R. G., Buckman, Z., & Bentur, N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031616 · Cited by 9
“, [43]), more researchers have become aware of the importance of the participation of older adults.”
BackgroundTesen, H., Konno, Y., Tateishi, S., Hino, A., Tsuji, M., Ogami, A., Nagata, M., Muramatsu, K., Yoshimura, R., Fujino, Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.828650 · Cited by 9
“The circumstances of those who experience loneliness have been worsened by the pandemic (5).”
BackgroundShiovitz‐Ezra, S., & Erlich, B. (2022) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2022.2067960 · Cited by 9
“Specifically, policies of prolonged lockdown and social distancing tend to reduce interpersonal interactions and social contact (Hwang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundHuang, X., Zhang, Y., & Li, C. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14148579 · Cited by 9
Coping With Covid‐19: Older Europeans and the Challenges of Connectedness and Loneliness
König, R., & Isengard, B. (2022) · Social Inclusion · doi:10.17645/si.v11i1.6072 · Cited by 13
Birkás, B., Kiss, B. L., Coelho, C. M., & Zsido, A. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1074370 · Cited by 14
Reminiscence and wellbeing – reflecting on past festival experiences during Covid lockdowns
Wood, E. H., & Kinnunen, M. (2023) · International Journal of Event and Festival Management · doi:10.1108/ijefm-01-2023-0007 · Cited by 9
Hoang, L. C., Quan, P. N. A., Tra, N. H. X., Pham, T.-N., Linh, N. T., & Doan, N. H. K. (2024) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2024.2428778 · Cited by 8
“Previous research has found that customer satisfaction and trust affected customer behavior in terms of loyalty (hwang et al., 2020); customer engagement was found to be positively associated with brand loyalty (Kosiba et al., 2018). the world is forever changing, and the economy is not an…”
Maggi, G., Raggioli, L., Rossi, A., & Rossi, S. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2025.3539015 · Cited by 8
Digital Dependence in Aging: Nomophobia as the New Mental Health Threat for Older Adults
Mohamed, S. A. A. K., & Shaban, M. (2025) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jen.2025.02.001 · Cited by 8
Kim, J. A., Choi, J. I., Lee, S. J., & Jeong, E. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1539162 · Cited by 8
“Unlike social isolation, which refers to the objective lack of social interactions, loneliness is a subjective feeling of being alone (Hwang et al., 2020).”
Fear of Covid-19: Associations with Trait Anxiety and Life Satisfaction
Işık, U., Üstün, N. A., Taştan, P., & Üstün, Ü. D. (2021) · Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.53350/pjmhs211561658 · Cited by 9
Social Isolation and Nursing Leadership in Long-Term Care
Woods, D. L., Navarro, A. E., LaBorde, P., Dawson, M., & Shipway, S. (2022) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2022.02.009 · Cited by 11
“Best practices indicate mandatory activities and socialization, a need to continue these even in difficult circumstances.(6)”
Skladaný, Ľ., Líška, D., Liptáková, E., Tapajčiková, T., Vnenčáková, J., & Koller, T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-29510-2 · Cited by 10
Pierre, M., Keller, M., Altschul, D., Fawns‐Ritchie, C., Hartley, L., Nangle, C., Edwards, R., Dawson, R., Campbell, A. I., Flaig, R., et al. (2021) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16820.1 · Cited by 8
Uwadiale, A. Y., Cordaro, M., Brunett, K. M., Stern, M. J., & Howard, K. J. (2021) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2021.1975333 · Cited by 8
“…and social distancing interventions created an atypical social withdrawal and disconnect from friends, coworkers, romantic partners, and extended family members which heightened feelings of isolation and loneliness while limiting social connection and support (Hwang et al., 2020; Taylor, 2019).”
BackgroundÖzkan, H., Ambler, G., Banerjee, G., Chan, E., Browning, S., Mitchell, J., Perry, R. J., Leff, A. P., Simister, R. J., Werring, D. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10819-9 · Cited by 9
Ju, J., Qi, W.-B., Zhang, J., Cao, Z.-J., Tsai, C., & Liu, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.805664 · Cited by 9
“Social isolation was discovered to be primarily related to the degree of loneliness (42, 43), since separation from the outside world reduced the time the elderly spent on physical activities and thus brought about an increase in the sedentary time, eventually resulting in the decreased physical health and sense of ha…”
BackgroundHospital chaplains facing the pandemic. A qualitative study
Domaradzki, J. (2022) · Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy · doi:10.1080/08854726.2022.2043680 · Cited by 8
Ryan, S., Campbell, P., Paskins, Z., Hider, S., Manning, F., Rule, K., Brooks, M., & HASSELL, A. B. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056555 · Cited by 8
“23 As the pandemic progressed and the impact on social well-being became more pronounced, participants reverted back to using the telephone in preference to online methods of communication, which again may reflect the older age of our population.”
Trends of completed suicide rates among Malaysian elderly between 1995 and 2020
Bakar, N. S. A., Zainuddin, N. A., Seman, Z., Khamal, N. R., & Ismail, M. H. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15185-x · Cited by 8
“At the same time, the increase in SR in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic with increased loneliness and social distancing affects mental well-being [21].”
BackgroundTurner, K. M., Weiss, J. A., Howe, S. J., Sanguino, H., Kerns, C. M., Ames, M. E., & McMorris, C. A. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2914 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Hwang, T.-J., Rabheru, K., Peisah, C., Reichman, W., & Ikeda, M.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Hwang, Tzung-Jeng
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1217-1220
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7306546
- OpenAlex
- W3029529029
- Cited by
- 1,044
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 227 · 2021: 220 · 2020: 32
- FWCI
- 69.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19K08045)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Keywords
- loneliness, social isolation, COVID-19 pandemic, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Psychosocial Support Systems, Noncommunicable Diseases, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Aging, Communicable Disease Control, Geriatric Psychiatry, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Preventive Health Services, Social Isolation, Social Work, Coronavirus Infections, Needs Assessment, Independent Living, Pandemics
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