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Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
Loneliness and social isolation are associated with adverse physical and psychological consequences which are particularly prevalent in older persons. During this unprecedented time of the COVID-19 pandemic, we must follow social distancing guidelines to protect ourselves and to reduce the spread of coronavirus. At the same time, it is crucial to maintain social connections with each other, especially with older persons, to help cope and reduce the negative consequences of loneliness and social isolation. It is important to develop new strategies (e.g. virtual health care and new government policy) to address loneliness and social isolation among older adults for the post-pandemic era.
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“Social isolation is one of the most pervasive negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (Hwang et al., 2020).”
From RESILIENCE, COPING, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ACROSS THE GLOBE – AN UPDATE: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? (2023) · cites this paper as Hwang et al., 2020
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“The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly (Hwang et al., 2020). increased the prevalence of loneliness worldwide.”
InfluentialReaction to COVID-19, social media engagement and well-being: a mediation analysis
Khatri, P., Raina, K., Dutta, S., Pahwa, H., & Kumari, P. (2021) · Labour & Industry a journal of the social and economic relations of work · doi:10.1080/10301763.2021.1966293 · Cited by 10
“It became the primary channel to obtain information and support (Hwang et al. 2020; Tsao et al. 2021).”
BackgroundHardships & Resilience: Families in a Pandemic
Kanewischer, E. J. W., Mueller, C., Pylkkanen, M., & Tunks, S. (2021) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807211054182 · Cited by 8
Currin, J. M., Evans, A. E., Miller, B. M., Owens, C., Giano, Z. D., & Hubach, R. D. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02830-8 · Cited by 7
“Although loneliness has been reported as a mental health concern when following social distancing orders during the COVID-19 pandemic (Hwang et al., 2020; Shrira et al., 2020) and emerging research has begun to highlight individuals who identify as single are more at risk for loneliness (Hoffart et al.”
BackgroundInvestigation of Perceived Loneliness and Death Anxiety Levels in COVID-19 Patients
BÜYÜKBAYRAM, Z., Aksoy, M., & Fatma, N. A. S. (2022) · Medical Records · doi:10.37990/medr.1096385 · Cited by 5
Waggiallah, H. A. (2023) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2023/3911907 · Cited by 5
Steinhausen-Wachowsky, A., Martin, D. D., Recchia, D. R., & Büssing, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1200067 · Cited by 5
Miller, A. L., Bhattacharyya, M., Bhattacharyya, R., Frankhauser, F., & Miller, L. E. (2023) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000034488 · Cited by 5
“[24] Further, the lack of social and emotional support may have been magnified due to the ongoing social isolation measures.[25] Additionally, the pandemic disproportionately affected racial and ethnic minority groups, which may have exacerbated the disparities observed in this study since these groups are more likely…”
BackgroundIsmail, H., Phan, Y.-H., Chandriah, K., Arman, M. R., Mokhtar, N. N., Hamdan, S. A., & Yew, S. Q. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20258 · Cited by 7
da Silva, R. V., Soares, N. M., Pereira, G. M., Figueiredo, R. I. D. N., & Eulálio, M. D. C. (2024) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.13067 · Cited by 5
Pacheco, T., Coulombe, S., & Kocovski, N. L. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-023-00142-1 · Cited by 5
Tokunaga, S., Sekiguchi, T., Miura, K. W., Sugimoto, H., Abe, M., Tamura, K., Kishimoto, T., Kudo, T., & Otake, M. (2024) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/47229 · Cited by 5
“For example, the impact of loneliness due to isolation on mental health is concerning [3].”
Colombo-Ruano, L., & González, C. S. G. (2024) · Campus Virtuales · doi:10.54988/cv.2024.2.1552 · Cited by 10
A Study on Novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19)
Singh, H., Kumar, S., & Kumar, R. (2021) · Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology · doi:10.51983/ajeat-2021.10.1.2801 · Cited by 5
“This period has forced the class to force fully migrate to their respective cities on their foot, after becoming complete jobless, with their families and especially children on their shoulders, almost half starved [35, 36].”
BackgroundLowe, S. M., Haugen, P. T., Marrone, K., Rosen, R. L., & Reissman, D. B. (2021) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2021.2005443 · Cited by 5
Unethical Practices and Effects of Digital Journalism in the COVID-19 Era: The Case of TRNC
Dolunay, A., Elyeli, K., & Kasap, F. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221085266 · Cited by 5
“Previous studies have revealed that the feeling of isolation and loneliness affects individuals negatively (Çetin & Anuk, 2020; Hwang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAlsadhan, I., Alyusuf, E. Y., Shaltoot, O., Alruwashid, S., Alhamad, M., Ekhzaimy, A. A., Fouda, M. A., & Sulimani, R. A. (2022) · Archives of Osteoporosis · doi:10.1007/s11657-022-01207-5 · Cited by 5
“Some studies have reported a negative impact of the social isolation during the COVID-19 outbreak on physical health [11].”
Amini, A. H., VaezMousavi, M., & Shirvani, H. (2023) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-023-01136-2 · Cited by 5
Loneliness and mental health at the early stages of the Covid‐19 pandemic in England
Allen, R. E., Prescott, J., McHugh, S., & Carson, J. F. (2021) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.13676 · Cited by 5
Bhinder, N., Маслій, О. М., Ivanchenko, I. A., Петрук, В., & Bachynska, N. (2021) · Annals of Applied Sport Science · doi:10.52547/aassjournal.1061 · Cited by 5
Grigoropoulos, I. N., & Daoultzis, K. C. (2022) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-022-00159-6 · Cited by 5
“Overall, empirical evidence emphasizes the profound effect of loneliness and social isolation on physical and emotional well-being even though they are not the same (Hwang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundLiving Alone and Feelings of Depression Among Adults Ages 18 and older
Mykyta, L. (2023) · doi:10.15620/cdc:136451 · Cited by 5
Yang, Y. J., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igae093 · Cited by 4
Elugbadebo, O. O., Oyinlola, O., Berzins, B., Oladeji, B. D., Kuhns, L. M., & Taiwo, B. (2025) · Journal of Ageing and Longevity · doi:10.3390/jal5030023 · Cited by 6
“Lockdowns, while necessary for infection control, also exacerbated domestic violence, disrupted education, and intensified loneliness, especially among older adults and caregivers [13].”
Tian, C., Zúñiga, R. A. A., Foláyan, M. O., Tuominen, J., & Virtanen, J. I. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25001-3 · Cited by 4
“Social isolation and reduced face-to-face interactions during COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated individuals’ feelings of loneliness, which increased their distress levels [36].”
An Umbrella Review of Quality of Life Among the General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Watts, P. N., Deac, A. A., & Netuveli, G. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14238348 · Cited by 6
“Furthermore, there was evidence that among older adults, especially those living alone, limited use of ICT was associated with persistent social isolation and reduced emotional well-being, both of which contributed to poorer QoL assessments [52].”
Place of distancing measures in containing epidemics: a scoping review
Chebil, D., Hassine, D. B., Melki, S., Nouira, S., Rebai, W. K., Hannachi, H., Merzougui, L., & Abdelaziz, A. B. (2022) · Libyan Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1080/19932820.2022.2140473 · Cited by 4
“sible even when people are physically separated [111].”
BackgroundLi, H., & Glecia, A. (2023) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2023.2189957 · Cited by 4
“The restrictions further exacerbated feelings of social isolation and loneliness, which contributed to the deterioration of mental health symptoms during the pandemic (Hwang et al., 2020).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hwang, T.-J., Rabheru, K., Peisah, C., Reichman, W., & Ikeda, M.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Hwang, Tzung-Jeng
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1217-1220
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7306546
- OpenAlex
- W3029529029
- Cited by
- 1,044
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 227 · 2021: 220 · 2020: 32
- FWCI
- 69.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19K08045)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Keywords
- loneliness, social isolation, COVID-19 pandemic, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Psychosocial Support Systems, Noncommunicable Diseases, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Aging, Communicable Disease Control, Geriatric Psychiatry, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Preventive Health Services, Social Isolation, Social Work, Coronavirus Infections, Needs Assessment, Independent Living, Pandemics
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