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Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
Loneliness and social isolation are associated with adverse physical and psychological consequences which are particularly prevalent in older persons. During this unprecedented time of the COVID-19 pandemic, we must follow social distancing guidelines to protect ourselves and to reduce the spread of coronavirus. At the same time, it is crucial to maintain social connections with each other, especially with older persons, to help cope and reduce the negative consequences of loneliness and social isolation. It is important to develop new strategies (e.g. virtual health care and new government policy) to address loneliness and social isolation among older adults for the post-pandemic era.
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“Social isolation is one of the most pervasive negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (Hwang et al., 2020).”
From RESILIENCE, COPING, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ACROSS THE GLOBE – AN UPDATE: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? (2023) · cites this paper as Hwang et al., 2020
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“Secondary and tertiary prevention strategies for early identification of loneliness (Hwang et al., 2020) and increasingly prevalent psychiatric symptoms of depression, anxiety (Age UK, 2020), and suicidal ideation (Asthana et al.”
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“Older adults are more vulnerable to social problems, isolation, and loneliness since their functionality highly depends on family or community service support (Hwang et al., 2020).”
InfluentialA Longitudinal Study on Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan
Lal, S., Nguyen, T. X. T., Sulemana, A.-S., Yuktadatta, P., Khan, M. S. R., & Kadoya, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811248 · Cited by 15
“[24] found that social distancing measures not only severely increased the levels of loneliness of older adults but also amplified their preexisting mental and physical illnesses.”
BackgroundRöhr, S., Reininghaus, U., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7n2bm · Cited by 15
Stress prediction using micro-EMA and machine learning during COVID-19 social isolation
Li, H., Zheng, E., Zhong, Z., Xu, C., Roma, N., Lamkin, S., Visger, T. V., Chang, Y., & Xu, W. (2021) · Smart Health · doi:10.1016/j.smhl.2021.100242 · Cited by 14
Amonoo, H. L., Deary, E. C., Harnedy, L. E., Daskalakis, E. P., Goldschen, L., Desir, M. C., Newcomb, R. A., Wang, A. C., Boateng, K. Y., Nelson, A. M., et al. (2022) · Transplantation and Cellular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jtct.2022.05.007 · Cited by 16
Misiaszek, G. W., Epstein-HaLevi, D. Y., Reindl, S., & Jolly, T. L. (2022) · Postdigital science and education · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97262-2_7 · Cited by 14
Kelly, M. M., DeBeer, B. B., Chamberlin, E. S., Claudio, T., Duarte, B. A., Harris, J. I., Kennedy, M. A., Shirk, S. D., & Reilly, E. D. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.10.004 · Cited by 15
Older people with severe loneliness have an atrophied thalamus, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex
Imai, A., Matsuoka, T., & Narumoto, J. (2022) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5845 · Cited by 15
“Future research on post‐pandemic conditions is also needed, as infectious disease pandemics exacerbate people's feelings of loneliness.(4) Second, psychiatric symptoms such as depression were not assessed.”
BackgroundLoneliness at the age of COVID-19
Lederman, Z. (2022) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme-2022-108540 · Cited by 15
So, W. W. Y., Woo, B. P. Y., Wong, C., & YIP, P. S. F. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16672-x · Cited by 21
“Most people now stay at home, with a much-restricted social life, and consequently, many have become disconnected or isolated from others [1, 2].”
BackgroundZamir, S., & Wang, Z. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-02025-x · Cited by 15
Cano, F., Alves, E., de Pinho, L. G., & da Fonseca, C. J. V. (2024) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep14040229 · Cited by 14
“Recent studies have shown that loneliness is strongly associated with increased depressive symptoms in the older population [23], which may compromise the mental health and QoL of these individuals [24,25].”
BackgroundOlder adults during the COVID-19 pandemic – Forgotten and stigmatized?
Seifert, A. (2021) · International Social Work · doi:10.1177/0020872820969779 · Cited by 14
Problem gambling during Covid-19
Frisone, F., Alibrandi, A., & Settineri, S. (2020) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2457 · Cited by 30
Social isolation and loneliness in older immigrants during COVID-19: a scoping review
Sidani, S., Northwood, M., Sethi, B., Zhuang, Z. C., & Edhi, K. (2022) · International Journal of Migration Health and Social Care · doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-08-2021-0071 · Cited by 15
Snodgrass, J. G., Bendeck, S., Zhao, K. X., Sagstetter, S. I., Lacy, M. G., Nixon, C., Branstrator, J. R., Arevalo, J. M. G., & Cole, S. W. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105885 · Cited by 16
Qian, Z., Li, B., Liao, L., Liao, G., Chen, H., Han, J., Yu, T., Xu, X., Peng, J., & Cai, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1067870 · Cited by 14
“All these risks that loneliness can bring make its early identification and prevention a vital concern, especially among vulnerable populations such as PLWHIV during the global pandemic of COVID-19 when the prevalence of loneliness increased than before (26).”
BackgroundSocial Media, Anxiety and COVID-19 Lockdown Measurement Compliance
Rodríguez-Besteiro, S., Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Martínez–González, M. B., Navarro-Jiménez, E., Sepulveda, R. A. Y., & Clemente‐Suárez, V. J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054416 · Cited by 17
Zhu, K., Wang, S., Yue, Y., Smith, B. A., Zhang, Z., Freudenheim, J. L., Niu, Z., Zhang, J., Smith, E., Ye, J., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-35981-0 · Cited by 17
“We assessed insecurity since the pandemic by asking the participants how much they worry about (1) having enough money to cover their living costs, (2) health insurance, and (3) having enough food and other grocery items.”
BackgroundThe nature of disasters and their challenges to healthcare ethics
Evans, J. (2022) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.61567 · Cited by 14
Chen, Y., Hung, N., Lau, B. H. P., Yung, R. C., Fung, E. S. M., & Chan, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19094956 · Cited by 13
“Social distancing measures, such as lockdowns, work-from-home arrangements, or social gathering bans, significantly impacted individuals’ health and opportunities for engagement [42], and these circumstances also reflect the limitations of our cross-sectional design.”
BackgroundMalo, M.-F. A., Affdal, A. O., Blum, D., Ballesteros, F., Beaubien‐Souligny, W., Caron, M.-L., Nadeau‐Fredette, A., Vasilevsky, M., Rios, N., Fortin, M., et al. (2022) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000182022 · Cited by 13
COVID-19: Insights into long-term manifestations and lockdown impacts
Hilbold, E. A., Bär, C., & Thum, T. (2023) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.02.006 · Cited by 17
“174 Social isolation (an objective state of absent social connections or interactions) and loneliness (the subjective experience of social isolation and feeling alone) are problems that cooccur in all ages, but they are particularly present in older adults.(174) 177 Both were associated with mental health problems, co…”
BackgroundMarston, H., Ko, P.-C., Prabhu, V. G., Freeman, S., Ross, C., Sharaievska, I., Browning, M., Earle, S., Ivan, L., Kanozia, R., et al. (2023) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/41304 · Cited by 17
“For many people globally, addressing social isolation experienced by themselves, friends, members of the community, or loved ones during lockdowns played a key role in their mental health [18,21].”
A qualitative study examining the health system’s response to COVID-19 in Sierra Leone
Stone, H., Bailey, E., Wurie, H. R., Leather, A. J. M., Davies, J. I., Bolkan, H. A., Sevalie, S., Youkee, D., & Parmar, D. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0294391 · Cited by 15
Mehra, A., Agarwal, A. K., Bashar, M., Avasthi, A., Chakravarty, R. K., & Grover, S. (2024) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176241231060 · Cited by 16
van Tilburg, T. G. (2024) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2024.10.023 · Cited by 13
Impact of Intrinsic Factors and COVID-19 Pandemic on the Use of Technology
Alaqra, A. S., & Kitkowska, A. (2021) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3411763.3451669 · Cited by 13
“For instance, in Europe, the USA, and China, both loneliness and social isolation have had adverse efects on overall-well being [18].”
BackgroundDiks, S., Muyrers, T. H. C., Chen, G., Huang, T.-J., Thoolen, M., & Brankaert, R. (2021) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3411763.3451635 · Cited by 13
“dementia, in severe social isolation that subsequently causes serious loneliness [19].”
BackgroundFeelings of Entrapment during the COVID-19 Pandemic Based on ACE Star Model: A Concept Analysis
Lee, H.-J., & Park, B.-M. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9101305 · Cited by 13
“Community members experience mental health problems due to lack of physical interaction, feeling entrapped in the situation [83].”
BackgroundInfluentialEfectos del aislamiento en adultos mayores durante la pandemia: una revisión de la literatura
Granda-Oblitas, A., Gil, G. X. Q., & Colmenares, F. M. R. (2022) · ACTA MEDICA PERUANA · doi:10.35663/amp.2021.384.2225 · Cited by 16
Snyder, L. E., Phan, D. F., Williams, K. C., Piqueiras, E., Connor, S. E., George, S., Kwan, L. C., Villatoro, J., Tandel, M. D., Frencher, S. K., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocac148 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Hwang, T.-J., Rabheru, K., Peisah, C., Reichman, W., & Ikeda, M.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Hwang, Tzung-Jeng
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1217-1220
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7306546
- OpenAlex
- W3029529029
- Cited by
- 1,044
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 227 · 2021: 220 · 2020: 32
- FWCI
- 69.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19K08045)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Keywords
- loneliness, social isolation, COVID-19 pandemic, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Psychosocial Support Systems, Noncommunicable Diseases, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Aging, Communicable Disease Control, Geriatric Psychiatry, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Preventive Health Services, Social Isolation, Social Work, Coronavirus Infections, Needs Assessment, Independent Living, Pandemics
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