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Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
Loneliness and social isolation are associated with adverse physical and psychological consequences which are particularly prevalent in older persons. During this unprecedented time of the COVID-19 pandemic, we must follow social distancing guidelines to protect ourselves and to reduce the spread of coronavirus. At the same time, it is crucial to maintain social connections with each other, especially with older persons, to help cope and reduce the negative consequences of loneliness and social isolation. It is important to develop new strategies (e.g. virtual health care and new government policy) to address loneliness and social isolation among older adults for the post-pandemic era.
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“Social isolation is one of the most pervasive negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (Hwang et al., 2020).”
From RESILIENCE, COPING, AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ACROSS THE GLOBE – AN UPDATE: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? (2023) · cites this paper as Hwang et al., 2020
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“In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic, resulting in significant isolation among individuals and communities (Hwang et al., 2020).”
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“We found that most of the MENQOL domains did not significantly change at the end of the first wave of the pandemic, even though we did expect some worsening in at least the psycho-social domain as a consequence of the distress caused by the pandemic and of the limitations in everyday lives [4,52].”
BackgroundLoneliness and Depression Among Turkish Community-dwelling Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bayram, S., Özsarı, E., Kökpınar, H., Yazici, K., Halbilir, Y., Ersoy, A., Özcan, S., Çayan, E., İşlek, E. B., Ay, Ş., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology · doi:10.4274/ejgg.galenos.2023.2022-12-1 · Cited by 2
Zhang, H.-G., Zhong, B., & Chiu, H. F. K. (2023) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610223000686 · Cited by 2
“While necessary for minimizing the risk of COVID-19 infection, these public health measures unavoidably disrupted many daily routines and ampli fi ed social isolation among older adults, thereby intensifying the psychosocial problem of loneliness during the pandemic (Hwang et al ., 2020).”
Yang, M. C., Clayton, C., Harris, D. R., Pelletier, C., Schmidt, J., Zwicker, J. G., & Sakakibara, B. M. (2023) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171231218681 · Cited by 3
“9 Moreover, closures of public areas (e.g., parks, shopping centres) act as barriers to exercise and dietary quality by limiting the options of where to obtain physical activity (i.e., facility access) and when people can leave the house.”
BackgroundLee, J., & Manalew, W. S. (2023) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103904 · Cited by 2
Agyekum, B., Ali, W. K., Asamoah, M. K., Namoog, M. Y., & Nasiri, N. A. (2023) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2023.2268553 · Cited by 2
“Isolation can occur for a variety of reasons, and older adults ’ lifestyle choices expose them to stress, loneliness, and poor mental health outcomes, as well as exacerbating their social and emotional vulnerabilities (Hall et al., 2019; Hwang et al., 2020; Wang, Chung, et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMacNeil, A., Li, G., Gulati, I., Taunque, A., Jiang, Y., de Groh, M., & Fuller-Thomson, E. (2024) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.6062 · Cited by 2
“24 The current study found immigrants with stroke history were more likely to develop incident depression during the pandemic than their peers born in Canada.”
BackgroundOkado, Y., Adams, C., Laster, M., Ilercil, M., & Choi, Y. (2024) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2024.2373935 · Cited by 2
“…residence if the student lived in dormitory (Glantsman et al., 2022); loss of face-to-face contact with friends, classmates, and/or coworkers (Hwang et al., 2020; Perez-Brumer et al., 2022); difficulty keeping or obtaining jobs (Parker et al., 2020); uncertainty and anxiety about one’s and…”
The multidimensionality of social health
Cohn‐Schwartz, E. (2024) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610222000692 · Cited by 2
“…exchanges. van der Velpen and colleagues conclude that studying determinants of social health trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic may help to identify risk factors for an adverse response to change in the social environment, even outside of the context of the pandemic (Hwang et al ., 2020).”
Ortiz, R., Southwick, L., Schneider, R., Klinger, E. V., Pelullo, A., Guntuku, S. C., Merchant, R. M., & Agarwal, A. K. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/25834 · Cited by 2
“Previous studies have reported that connecting individuals to community resources and providing ongoing support can decrease loneliness, thereby potentially improving well-being in the context of the trauma associated with COVID-19 [2,3].”
BackgroundMcBride, D. L., & Worrall, A. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/26907240.2021.1943956 · Cited by 2
Agarwal, A. K., Southwick, L., Schneider, R., Pelullo, A., Ortiz, R., Klinger, E. V., Gonzales, R. E., Rosin, R. M., & Merchant, R. M. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/31909 · Cited by 2
“[5].”
A Parametric Multi-Agent Simulation Framework to Emulate Social Isolation During the Pandemic
Verma, N., & Zadeh, P. M. (2022) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2021.12.223 · Cited by 2
“There exists a significant amount of literature that links the increase in isolation and emotional distress with the pandemic [8, 15, 3].”
BackgroundDémuthová, S., & Démuth, A. (2021) · European journal of behavioral sciences · doi:10.33422/ejbs.v4i3.596 · Cited by 2
Nyunt, G. (2021) · The Journal of College and University Student Housing · doi:10.71348/001c.137506 · Cited by 2
“This finding supports previous research that highlighted the negative impact on individuals’ mental well-being of living on their own during the pandemic (Gao & Sai, 2020; Hwang et al., 2020; Pietrabissa & Simpson, 2020).”
Cognitive Consequences of Social Isolation During COVID-19: side effects and treatmentsPreprint
Taherizadeh, Z., Rahmani, S., Alidadi, F., & Esmaeilpour, K. (2021) · doi:10.22541/au.161405241.15229546/v1 · Cited by 2
Amell, T. (2021) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171211055311 · Cited by 2
Davies, M. A. M., Hill, J., Goggins, L., Peirce, N. S., Smith, J. A. E., Boulter, M., Fowler, T., Buchan, I. E., & Calder, J. D. F. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4045967 · Cited by 2
Henke, R. M. (2021) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171211055310a · Cited by 2
Elderly social connectedness through social media platforms: a scoping reviewPreprint
Oti-Boadi, M., & Dei, D. (2022) · doi:10.32388/zr3ax9 · Cited by 1
Wanner, P., Ruedin, D., & Rodriguez, R. D. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2268984/v1 · Cited by 2
The Healing Power of Music: A Comprehensive Review of Music TherapyPreprint
Elleuch, D. (2025) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202504.1058.v1 · Cited by 3
Azevedo, R., Dever, D. A., & Wiedbusch, M. D. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394257096.ch11 · Cited by 2
Wu, Y., Lin, T.-W., Yang, C.-Y., & Wang, S. S.-C. (2022) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2022.2147627 · Cited by 1
“(Vaishnavi et al., 2007), (3) professional quality of life, (4) perceived social support (Kliem et al., 2015), (5) physical health, (6) posttraumatic growth inventory (Cann et al., 2010), (7) preparedness, (8) compared the current situation with COVID-19 time, (9) semi-structured questionnaire, and…”
BackgroundLipardo, D., Rogelio, M. C. G., Castueras, K. A. D., Felipe, C. J. M., Koa, D. Y. U., Liao, E. K. O., Mijares, J. E. T., Pua, R. A. P., Sy, M. C. S., Valdez, C. J. N., et al. (2023) · doi:10.36413/pjahs.0602.002 · Cited by 1
COVID-19 pandemic stress and cancer symptom burden
Ballesteros, O., Mark, S., Block, A., Mackin, L. A., Paul, S. M., Cooper, B. A., Abbott, M., Chang, S. M., Hammer, M. J., Levine, J. D., et al. (2023) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/spcare-2023-004319 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Hwang, T.-J., Rabheru, K., Peisah, C., Reichman, W., & Ikeda, M.
- Affiliations
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Hwang, Tzung-Jeng
- Venue
- International Psychogeriatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1217-1220
- ISSN
- 1041-6102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7306546
- OpenAlex
- W3029529029
- Cited by
- 1,044
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 50 · 2025: 129 · 2024: 170 · 2023: 215 · 2022: 227 · 2021: 220 · 2020: 32
- FWCI
- 69.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Psychogeriatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (19K08045)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Keywords
- loneliness, social isolation, COVID-19 pandemic, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Psychosocial Support Systems, Noncommunicable Diseases, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adaptation, Psychological, Aged, Aging, Communicable Disease Control, Geriatric Psychiatry, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Preventive Health Services, Social Isolation, Social Work, Coronavirus Infections, Needs Assessment, Independent Living, Pandemics
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