An Exploration of Prospective Imagery: The Impact of Future Events Scale
Abstract
Background: Mental imagery of the future has clear clinical importance, although little is known about intrusive, prospective imagery of personally-relevant events. Currently, no measure is available to assess this. Aims: The Impact of Future Events Scale (IFES) was created to assess the impact of intrusive, prospective, personally-relevant imagery. It was examined in relation to predictions about dysphoria. Method: To form the IFES, the IES-R (a measure of the impact of a past traumatic event on posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology such as intrusive re-experiencing) was adapted item-by-item to assess intrusive “pre-experiencing” and imagery of specific, future events. Participants ( N = 75) completed the IFES and assessments of depression, anxiety and general imagery use. Results: As predicted, the IFES significantly and positively correlated with depression scores. Analyses using subgroups of non-dysphoric and mild-dysphoric participants confirmed that the mild-dysphoric group reported significantly higher IFES scores, indicating higher levels of pre-experiencing of the future and related hyperarousal and avoidance. Conclusions: IFES provides a measure of the impact of “pre-experiencing” in the form of intrusive prospective, personally-relevant imagery, with sensitivity to group differences on the basis of depression scores. Further research is required to extend these finding into clinical depression and other psychopathological conditions.
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Anxiety patients often report vivid and distressing mental images of threat related to past aversive events or anticipated future threat.
“previous research showed that anxiety patients often report vivid and distressing mental images of threat [23, 24], related to past aversive events (“flash-backs”) or, likely more importantly, anticipated future threat (i.e., “flash-forwards”) [25, 26].”
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- Authors
- Deeprose, C., & Holmes, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Deeprose, Catherine
- ORCID
- Holmes, Emily A.
- Venue
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2010-01-15
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 201-209
- ISSN
- 1352-4658 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1833
- OpenAlex
- W2109839587
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Royal Society
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/E000282/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- intrusive imagery, future events, dysphoria, depression, anxiety, hyperarousal, avoidance, scale development
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Imagination, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index
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