The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder
Open accessAbstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a highly prevalent and often disabling disorder. This paper reviews the pharmacological treatment of SAD based on published placebo-controlled studies and published meta-analyses. It addresses three specific questions: What is the first-line pharmacological treatment of SAD? How long should treatment last? What should be the management of treatment-resistant cases? Based on their efficacy for SAD and common co-morbid disorders, tolerability and safety, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and venlafaxine should be considered the first-line treatment for most patients. Less information is available regarding the optimal length of treatment, although individuals who discontinue treatment after 12–20 wk appear more likely to relapse than those who continue on medication. Even less empirical evidence is available to support strategies for treatment-resistant cases. Clinical experience suggests that SSRI non-responders may benefit from augmentation with benzodiazepines or gabapentin or from switching to monoamine oxidase inhibitors, reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A, benzodiazepines or gabapentin. Cognitive-behavioural is a well-established alternative first line therapy that may also be a helpful adjunct in non-responders to pharmacological treatment of SAD.
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Social anxiety disorder remains largely undertreated despite being frequent, severe, and having effective treatments available.
“Paradoxically, despite its frequency, severity and the existence of effective treatments, SAD remains largely undertreated. 2,3”
From Virtual reality compared with <i>in vivo</i> exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A three-arm randomised controlled trial (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors
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“, 2014), whereas chronically administered SSRIs have been found to reduce anxiety (Blanco et al., 2013).”
BackgroundBaldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Allgulander, C., Bandelow, B., den Boer, J. A., Christmas, D. M., Davies, S., Fineberg, N., Lidbetter, N., et al. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114525674 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
“Switching between treatments with proven efficacy may be helpful [IV] (Blanco et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOxytocin in general anxiety and social fear: a translational approach
Neumann, I. D., & Slattery, D. A. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.06.004 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
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The Roles of Serotonin in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
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Treating comorbid anxiety and depression: psychosocial and pharmacological approaches
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Leichsenring, F., & Leweke, F. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1614701 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“12,23 ¶ Moclobemide is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A, for which there are no dietary restrictions and fewer adverse effects than with MAOIs, but the outcome has not been consistently superior to placebo.(4) Moclobemide is not available in the United States.”
BackgroundBrain oxytocin in social fear conditioning and its extinction: involvement of the lateral septum
Zoicas, I., Slattery, D. A., & Neumann, I. D. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.156 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Serotonin Synthesis and Reuptake in Social Anxiety Disorder
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van der Kooij, M. A., Hollis, F., Lozano, L., Zalachoras, I., Abad, S., Zanoletti, O., Grosse, J., Guillot de Suduiraut, I., Canto, C., & Sandi, C. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.135 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Hong, J. S. W., Atkinson, L. Z., Al‐Juffali, N., Awad, A. M. M., Geddes, J. R., Tunbridge, E. M., Harrison, P. J., & Cipriani, A. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01386-6 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Beyond its licensed use for GAD in the UK, pregabalin has been used in the management of other anxiety disorders [11] and acute anxiety states such as preoperative anxiety [12].”
BackgroundRoest, A. M., de Jonge, P., Williams, C. D., de Vries, Y. A., Schoevers, R. A., & Turner, E. H. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.15 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care
Combs, H. L., & Markman, J. (2014) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.06.003 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Positive results may not be evident for up to 8 weeks.(52) There is limited use for anxiolytic agents except for specific anxiety-provoking events (ie, public speaking) that acutely worsen symptoms.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAnD)
Williams, T., Hattingh, C. J., Kariuki, C. M., Tromp, S. A., van Balkom, A. J., Ipser, J. C., & Stein, D. J. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001206.pub3 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Long-Term Pharmacological Treatments of Anxiety Disorders: An Updated Systematic Review
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“47 Consequently, clonazepam is the only BDZ listed among the evidence-based treatments for SAD by the WFSBP guidelines, 23 despite the limited evidence from controlled studies (category of evidence B).”
Yoshinaga, N., Matsuki, S., Niitsu, T., Sato, Y., Tanaka, M., Ibuki, H., Takanashi, R., Ohshiro, K., Oshima, F., Asano, K., et al. (2016) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000444221 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Gabapentin and Pregabalin for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Greenblatt, H. K., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2018) · Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development · doi:10.1002/cpdd.446 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Williams, T., McCaul, M., Schwarzer, G., Cipriani, A., Stein, D. J., & Ipser, J. (2020) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2020.6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…A (RIMAs), benzodiazepines, and anticonvulsants with gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) analogues as first-line medications for the treatment of SAD (Blanco et al., 2013; De Menezes et al., 2011; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011; Williams et al., 2017; World Health…”
BackgroundHigher- and lower-order personality traits and cluster subtypes in social anxiety disorder
Costache, M. E., Frick, A., Månsson, K. N. T., Engman, J., Faria, V., Hjorth, O. R., Hoppe, J. M., Gingnell, M., Frans, Ö., Björkstrand, J., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232187 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Although these treatments are helpful, as many as 40–50% of patients have been reported to be either treatment resistant or not responding sufficiently [9].”
Therapeutic strategies for social anxiety disorder: where are we now?
Pélissolo, A., Kassm, S. A., & Delhay, L. (2019) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1666713 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“[90] reported that response rate for a combination of phenelzine and group CBT was better”
BackgroundJafari, E., Alizadehgoradel, J., Koluri, F. P., Nikoozadehkordmirza, E., Refahi, M., Taherifard, M., Nejati, V., Hallajian, A., Ghanavati, E., Vicario, C. M., et al. (2021) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.06.005 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Such an interest arises from an increasing understanding of neurobiological underpinnings of SAD [14] and the difficulties of standard treatment approaches including drug-treatment resistant disorder [15], short-lived efficacy [16] or reluctance to psychotherapy because of being exposed to a feared situation [1], fear…”
BackgroundKou, J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, F., Gao, Z., Yao, S., Zhao, W., Li, H., Lei, Y., Gao, S., Kendrick, K. M., et al. (2022) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000521348 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“However, current interventions for elevated anxiety are characterized by moderate response rates and often achieve only partial remission of symptoms (Blanco et al., 2013; Carpenter et al., 2018; Ipser et al., 2015).”
BackgroundNeurobiological correlates of social anxiety disorder: an update
Marazziti, D., Abelli, M., Baroni, S., Carpita, B., Ramacciotti, C., & Dell’Osso, L. (2014) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s109285291400008x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Serotonin seems to play a major role in SAD, and not surprisingly represents the major target of currently approved medications, that is to say, SSRIs.(130,131) However, undoubtedly, NE and DA are also important in SAD and may well become some of the targets of future specific drugs, as they are neurosteroids.”
BackgroundAlcantara, J., & Leach, M. (2015) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2015.06.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Oxytocin and Anxiety Disorders: Translational and Therapeutic Aspects
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Nagata, T., Suzuki, F., & Teo, A. R. (2015) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12327 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Furmark, T., Marteinsdóttir, Í., Frick, A., Heurling, K., Tillfors, M., Appel, L., Antoni, G., Hartvig, P., Fischer, H., Långström, B., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116648317 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Pharmaceuticals targeting the serotonin system are widely used for the treatment of anxiety, in particular selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are effective in SAD (Blanco et al., 2013; Mayo-Wilson et al., 2014).”
MethodOverlaps in pharmacology for the treatment of chronic pain and mental health disorders
Sutherland, A. M., Nicholls, J., Bao, J., & Clarke, H. A. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.07.017 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Gabapentin may be effective in generalized anxiety disorder with comorbid substance use disorder, and social anxiety disorder that does not respond to first line treatments (Berlin et al., 2015; Blanco et al., 2013).”
de Vries, Y. A., Roest, A. M., Beijers, L., Turner, E. H., & de Jonge, P. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.09.370 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Place of Antipsychotics in the Therapy of Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Pignon, B., du Montcel, C. T., Carton, L., & Pélissolo, A. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0847-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Identification and Treatment of Peripartum Anxiety Disorders.
Williams, K., & Koleva, H. (2018) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2018.04.001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Recent findings on the pathophysiology of social anxiety disorder
Marazziti, D., Abelli, M., Baroni, S., Carpita, B., Piccinni, A., & Dell’Osso, L. (2014) · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Månsson, K. N. T., Lindqvist, D., Yang, L. L., Svanborg, C., Isung, J., Nilsonne, G., Bergman-Nordgren, L., El Alaoui, S., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Kraepelien, M., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0668-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pregabalin for the treatment of social anxiety disorder
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“Although irreversible MAOIs are often well tolerated, results from the meta-analyses suggest that its efficacy is not superior to that of the SSRIs or clonazepam [23].”
ResultSaul, M. A., He, X., Black, S., & Charles, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.568921 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Both avenues have exceptional success within their own right, with up to 77% reported success rates for anti-anxiety medication (Blanco et al., 2013) and 50–70% reported success rate for CBT alone (Clark et al.”
BackgroundNeuropeptide Y reduces expression of social fear via simultaneous activation of Y1 and Y2 receptors
Kornhuber, J., & Zoicas, I. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119862529 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The pharmacotherapy for SAD is limited to medication originally designed for depression or generalised anxiety, such as antidepressants and benzodiazepines (Blanco et al., 2013; Fedoroff and Taylor, 2001; Gould et al., 1997).”
BackgroundYoshinaga, N., Oshima, F., Matsuki, S., Tanaka, M., Kobayashi, T., Ibuki, H., Asano, K., Kobori, O., Shiraishi, T., Ito, E., et al. (2013) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-74 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy have been recommended as the first-line treatments for SAD [6-8].”
BackgroundSerotonin in panic and anxiety disorders
Zangrossi, H., Del‐Ben, C. M., Graeff, F. G., & Guimarães, F. S. (2020) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64125-0.00036-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chronic intranasal oxytocin reverses stress-induced social avoidance in female prairie voles
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Chun, K., Miller, L. A., Schelegle, E. S., Hyde, D. M., & Capitanio, J. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071575 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Centrally, BI has been associated with altered responsiveness of the amygdala and hippocampus [54], and the later psychosocial manifestations of BI are successfully treated with drugs targeting brain monoamine systems [55].”
Al-Mohrej, O. A., Al-Bani, W. M., AlShaalan, N. S., Aldahash, R., Alyamani, A. M., & Almodaimegh, H. (2016) · Health Professions Education · doi:10.1016/j.hpe.2016.10.001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In addition, tolerability testing before the actual performance is of great value in inspecting side effects.(13,14) Propranolol, 10 mg about 1 h before the performance, is most often prescribed.”
BackgroundRoyer, M., Pai, B., Menon, R., Bludau, A., Gryksa, K., Perry, R. B., Ulitsky, I., Meister, G., & Neumann, I. D. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01481-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Currently, a combination of cognitivebehavioral therapies with pharmacotherapy is applied, leading to a partial remission of symptoms [7, 8], but there is still a high rate of about 35–45 % of treatment resistance and relapse [8–10].”
BackgroundZaboski, B. A., Joyce‐Beaulieu, D., Kranzler, J. H., McNamara, J. P. H., Gayle, C., & MacInnes, J. W. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22792 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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“SSRIs are effective and well-tolerated [7, 30, 31].”
Alsini, A. Y., Alkhodaidi, I., Alsini, Y., Alsseeni, S., Alkhodaidi, S. T., Alsini, E., Alsini, A., Sindi, H., & Alswat, K. A. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s289833 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The self-prescription of BBs is increasing among the students due to easy availability in pharmacies and the students’ specific medical knowledge.(19,20) Due to its previously mentioned adverse effects, further analysis, and a better understanding of this matter are essential.”
BackgroundSocial Fear Affects Limbic System Neuronal Activity and Gene Expression
Hamann, C. S., Bankmann, J., Maza, H. M., Kornhuber, J., Zoicas, I., & Schmitt-Böhrer, A. G. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158228 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“However, many patients do not respond to the existing therapies [6,9,10], which highlights the need for alternative treatment options, especially in the area of new pharmaceutical approaches.”
BackgroundRecent Insight Into the Subtypes of Social Anxiety Disorder
D’Avanzato, C., & Dalrymple, K. L. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0688-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders in adults with epilepsy
Mula, M. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2018.1527905 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bludau, A., Paul, A., Neumann, I. D., & Menon, R. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02310-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“INTRODUCTION Social anxiety disorder (SAD) caused by aversive social experience is characterized by intense fear and avoidance of social situations [1, 2].”
BackgroundPredictive Relationships Between Social Anxiety, Internet Addiction and Alexithymia in Adolescents
Büyükbayraktar, Ç. G. (2020) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v9n2p222 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Goetz, L., Jarvers, I., Schleicher, D., Mikan, K., Brunner, R. M., & Kandsperger, S. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00564-z · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Differentiating the subtypes of social anxiety disorder
Dalrymple, K. L., & D’Avanzato, C. (2013) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2013.853446 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Grossmann, C. P., Sommer, C., Fahliogullari, I. B., Neumann, I. D., & Menon, R. (2024) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107083 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The lack of more specific treatment regimens for SAD often leads to treatment resistance and relapse even after attaining complete remission (Blanco et al., 2013).”
Beidel, D. C., Le, T.-A. P., & Willis, E. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813004-9.00010-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Raising the Emotional Well-Being of Students With Anxiety and Depression
Joyce‐Beaulieu, D., & Zaboski, B. A. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190918873.003.0022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine in adults with social anxiety disorder
Li, X., Hou, Y.-B., Su, Y., Liu, H., Zhang, B., & Fang, S. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000019573 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Depression and Anxiety Disorders
Karamustafalıoğlu, O., & Yumrukçal, H. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119870203.mpg003.pub2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rozen, N., & Aderka, I. M. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101874 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pharmacological Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder
Masdrakis, V. G., Turic, D., & Baldwin, D. S. (2013) · Modern trends in psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000351960 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on social anxiety disorder: A comparative study
Samantaray, N. N., Behera, N., Kar, N., Nayak, M., & Chaudhury, S. (2020) · Industrial Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_2_20 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In future studies, a complete factorial design involving CBT only, SSRI only, or a combination of both and placebo would be more beneficial for studying the role of CBT’s maintenance of treatment gains.”
BackgroundInfluentialMorbid Anxiety: Identification and Treatment
Goddard, A. W. (2017) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20160046 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lukow, P. B., Lowther, M., Pike, A. C., Yamamori, Y., Chavanne, A. V., Gormley, S., Aylward, J., McCloud, T., Goble, T., Rodriguez-Sanchez, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241286773 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…disorders (Taylor et al., 2021), based on the evidence of escitalopram’s efficacy superior to placebo in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder in the 5–20 mg range (Baldwin et al., 2016; Blanco et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2020; Stahl and Li, 2003).”
BackgroundMusical Performance Anxiety (MPA)
Rocha, S. D. F. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.91646 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“8 reasonable to keep the treatment for at least 3 to 6 months after the situation has been stabilized, and this period can be even longer depending on the severity and individual characteristics of each subject [44].”
BackgroundFehm, L., & Knappe, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61814-1_49 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Dias, M. M. (2018) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2018.1522186 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“SAnD usually has an early age of onset, starting in childhood or adolescence (Blanco et al., 2013; Ipser et al., 2008; Schneier, 2011; Stein & Stein, 2008; Williams et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAndreoli, G., Kasch, C., Lindsay, C. E., & Hofmann, S. G. (2026) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2025.2604303 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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“However, treatment of anxiety disorders generally achieves only partial remission of symptoms or shows a high rate of relapse [7], highlighting the need for safer therapeutic options [8].”
Tranquilizer/Anxiolytics: Buspirone
Jones, B. D. M., & Husain, M. I. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_160-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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“Pharmacotherapy options— including antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and beta ‐ blockers— require long ‐ term use, can have troubling side effects and safety concerns, and are not suitable or effective in many patients (Blanco et al., 2013; Rodebaugh et al., 2004; Williams et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTranquilizer/Anxiolytics: Buspirone
Jones, B. D. M., & Husain, M. I. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_160 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Norén, M., Lindqvist, K., Lilliengren, P., & Mechler, J. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04306-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“While some benefits may persist, 30–50% of the gained improvement is often lost after discontinuation, suggesting that continued medication is needed to maintain the effect [22].”
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Measuring, Understanding, and Evoking Fear of Positive Evaluation in Social Anxiety
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Depression and Anxiety Disorders
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Experimental Medicine Models in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder
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Current trends in treatment of anxiety disorders
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“U SF byl prokázán efekt monoterapie olanzapinem (5–20 mg denně) v akutní léčbě po dobu 8 týdnů, kde byla odpověď pozorována u 60 % pacientů (14).”
Septal HDAC1 facilitates long-lasting extinction of social fear in male micePreprint
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The Role of Social Phobia Disorder among Cigarette Addicts in Abstaining from Cessation Programs
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Eficácia dos benzodiazepínicos no tratamento de transtornos ansiosos: uma revisão de literatura
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Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Etiological, Cognitive, and Neuroscientific Aspects
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A Prospective Treatment for Selective Mutism through an Analysis of Social Anxiety Disorder
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“It has been demonstrated that each of these drugs works well in the treatment of social anxiety [13].”
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Social Anxiety Disorder: Individual Differences and Treatment
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“Although these different divisions of medications did not differ statistically, nevertheless, after conducting a meta-analysis, the results showed that SSRIs have the most potential to become clinical therapeutic medications [9].”
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When is pharmacological intervention recommended for adults with social anxiety disorder?
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Innate anxiety in rats determines vulnerability to social fear conditioning and social fear memory
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- Authors
- Blanco, C., Bragdon, L. B., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blanco, Carlos
- Venue
- International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-02-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 235-249
- ISSN
- 1461-1457 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-5111
- OpenAlex
- W2135684036
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA020783, DA019606, DA020783, DA023200, R01DA019606, K02DA023200)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, pharmacotherapy, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, venlafaxine, first-line therapy, treatment duration, relapse, treatment-resistant anxiety, augmentation therapy, benzodiazepines, gabapentin, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, cognitive behavioral therapy, safety and tolerability
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antidepressive Agents, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Phobic Disorders, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic, Evidence-Based Medicine
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