The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Magnetically Driven Micro and Nanorobots
Open accessAbstract
Manipulation and navigation of micro and nanoswimmers in different fluid environments can be achieved by chemicals, external fields, or even motile cells. Many researchers have selected magnetic fields as the active external actuation source based on the advantageous features of this actuation strategy such as remote and spatiotemporal control, fuel-free, high degree of reconfigurability, programmability, recyclability, and versatility. This review introduces fundamental concepts and advantages of magnetic micro/nanorobots (termed here as "MagRobots") as well as basic knowledge of magnetic fields and magnetic materials, setups for magnetic manipulation, magnetic field configurations, and symmetry-breaking strategies for effective movement. These concepts are discussed to describe the interactions between micro/nanorobots and magnetic fields. Actuation mechanisms of flagella-inspired MagRobots (i.e., corkscrew-like motion and traveling-wave locomotion/ciliary stroke motion) and surface walkers (i.e., surface-assisted motion), applications of magnetic fields in other propulsion approaches, and magnetic stimulation of micro/nanorobots beyond motion are provided followed by fabrication techniques for (quasi-)spherical, helical, flexible, wire-like, and biohybrid MagRobots. Applications of MagRobots in targeted drug/gene delivery, cell manipulation, minimally invasive surgery, biopsy, biofilm disruption/eradication, imaging-guided delivery/therapy/surgery, pollution removal for environmental remediation, and (bio)sensing are also reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of magnetically powered miniaturized motors are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life
Flemming, H.-C., Wingender, J., Szewzyk, U., Steinberg, P., Rice, S. A., & Kjelleberg, S. (2016) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94 · Cited by 5,979
Purcell, E. M. (1977) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.10903 · Cited by 4,360
Disruption of cancer cell replication by alternating electric fields
Kirson, E. D., Gurvich, Z., Schneiderman, R., Dekel, E., Itzhaki, A., Wasserman, Y., Schatzberger, R., & Palti, Y. (2004) · Cancer research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0083 · Cited by 827
Bio-inspired magnetic swimming microrobots for biomedical applications
Peyer, K. E., Zhang, L., & Nelson, B. J. (2013) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c2nr32554c · Cited by 820
Self-citationThree-dimensional ultrasound imaging
Fenster, A., Downey, D. B., & Cardinal, H. N. (2001) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/0031-9155/46/5/201 · Cited by 812
Reconfigurable magnetic microrobot swarm: Multimode transformation, locomotion, and manipulation
Xie, H., Sun, M., Fan, X., Lin, Z., Chen, W., Wang, L., Dong, L., & He, Q. (2019) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aav8006 · Cited by 772
Tay, Z. W., Chandrasekharan, P., Chiu-Lam, A., Hensley, D. W., Dhavalikar, R., Zhou, X. Y., Yu, E. Y., Goodwill, P. W., Zheng, B., Rinaldi, C., et al. (2018) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b00893 · Cited by 459
Magnetically actuated microrobots as a platform for stem cell transplantation
Jeon, S., Kim, S., Ha, S., Lee, S., Kim, E., Kim, S. Y., Park, S. H., Jeon, J. H., Kim, S. W., Moon, C., et al. (2019) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aav4317 · Cited by 412
Bioinspired Helical Microswimmers Based on Vascular Plants
Gao, W., Feng, X., Pei, A., Kane, C. R., Tam, R., Hennessy, C., & Wang, J. (2014) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl404044d · Cited by 380
Catalytic antimicrobial robots for biofilm eradication
Hwang, G., Paula, A. J., Hunter, E. E., Liu, Y., Babeer, A., Karabucak, B., Stebe, K., Kumar, V., Steager, E., & Koo, H. (2019) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aaw2388 · Cited by 286
Evaluation of Cell-Disruption Effects of Pulsed-Electric-Field Treatment of Synechocystis PCC 6803
Sheng, J., Vannela, R., & Rittmann, B. E. (2011) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es103339x · Cited by 144
Molecular Cargo Delivery Using Multicellular Magnetic Microswimmers
Yan, X., Xu, J., Zhou, Q., Jin, D., Vong, C. I., Feng, Q., Ng, D. H. L., Bian, L., & Zhang, L. (2019) · Applied Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2019.02.006 · Cited by 94
Self-citation
Cited by
Peng, Q., Wang, S., Han, J., Huang, C., Yu, H., Li, D., Qiu, M., Cheng, S., Wu, C., Cai, M., et al. (2024) · Research · doi:10.34133/research.0339 · Cited by 89
Recent progress of micro/nanomotors to overcome physiological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract
Zhang, S., Zhu, C., Huang, W., Liu, H., Yang, M., Zeng, X., Zhang, Z., Liu, J., Shi, J., Hu, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.005 · Cited by 59
Enzyme-Powered Hollow Nanorobots for Active Microsampling Enabled by Thermoresponsive Polymer Gating
Liu, X., Chen, W., Zhao, D., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., & Ma, X. (2022) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c00401 · Cited by 50
Yoo, J., Chung, G., & Park, Y. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202419504 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhou, H., Mayorga-Martinez, C. C., Pané, S., Zhang, L., & Pumera, M.
- Venue
- Chemical Reviews
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2021-03-31
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 4999-5041
- ISSN
- 0009-2665 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6890
- OpenAlex
- W3144873095
- Cited by
- 889
- References
- 12
- FWCI
- 4.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
