Toward High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Upcycling of LDPE Plastic into Sulfonated Carbon Scaffold via Microwave-Promoted Sulfonation
Abstract
Lithium–sulfur batteries were intensively explored during the last few decades as next-generation batteries owing to their high energy density (2600 Wh kg –1 ) and effective cost benefit. However, systemic challenges, mainly associated with polysulfide shuttling effect and low Coulombic efficiency, plague the practical utilization of sulfur cathode electrodes in the battery market. To address the aforementioned issues, many approaches have been investigated by tailoring the surface characteristics and porosities of carbon scaffold. In this study, we first present an effective strategy of preparing porous sulfonated carbon (PSC) from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic via microwave-promoted sulfonation. Microwave process not only boosts the sulfonation reaction of LDPE but also induces huge amounts of pores within the sulfonated LDPE plastic. When a PSC layer was utilized as an interlayer in lithium–sulfur batteries, the sulfur cathode delivered an improved capacity of 776 mAh g –1 at 0.5C and an excellent cycle retention of 79% over 200 cycles. These are mainly attributed to two materialistic benefits of PSC: (a) porous structure with high surface area and (b) negatively charged conductive scaffold. These two characteristics not only facilitate the improved electrochemical kinetics but also effectively block the diffusion of polysulfides via Coulomb interaction.
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Microwave promoted the sulfonation reaction of low-density polyethylene, and induced a large number of pores in the sulfonated low-density polyethylene plastic.
“In addition, it was found that microwave promoted the sulfonation reaction of low-density polyethylene, and induced a large number of pores in the sulfonated low-density polyethylene plastic (Fig. 4c).”
From Conversion of waste plastics into value-added carbon materials (2023) · cites this paper as Kim et al. 2018
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Polydopamine-Modified Carboxymethyl Cellulose as Advanced Polysulfide Trapping Binder
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Murphy, K. A., Forde, R., Mushtaq, M., Ahad, S. A., Mulligan-Clarke, B. S., Leite, M., Bowman, D., Singh, S., Morris, M. A., Kennedy, T., et al. (2026) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d6nr01596d
- Authors
- Kim, P. J., Fontecha, H. D., Kim, K., & Pol, V. G.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pol, Vilas G.
- Venue
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2018-04-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 14827-14834
- ISSN
- 1944-8244 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-8252
- OpenAlex
- W2796633857
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Naval Research (N00014-15-1-2833)
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Structural mechanics and materials
- Keywords
- lithium-sulfur batteries, low-density polyethylene, plastic waste upcycling, sulfonated carbon, sulfur cathode, polysulfide shuttle suppression, Coulombic efficiency, carbon interlayer
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