Strategic Approach Towards Plastic Waste Valorization: Challenges and Promising Chemical Upcycling Possibilities

Roy, Pallabi Sinha; Garnier, Gil; Allais, Florent; Saito, Kei

doi:10.1002/cssc.202100904

Cited by 176Polymer crystallization and propertiesMicroplastics and Plastic PollutionWaste Management and Recycling

Strategic Approach Towards Plastic Waste Valorization: Challenges and Promising Chemical Upcycling Possibilities

Roy, Pallabi Sinha, Garnier, Gil, Allais, Florent, Saito, Kei·2021·ChemSusChem

DOI 10.1002/cssc.202100904

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Abstract

Plastic waste, which is one of the major sources of pollution in the landfills and oceans, has raised global concern, primarily due to the huge production rate, high durability, and the lack of utilization of the available waste management techniques. Recycling methods are preferable to reduce the impact of plastic pollution to some extent. However, most of the recycling techniques are associated with different drawbacks, high cost and downgrading of product quality being among the notable ones. The sustainable option here is to upcycle the plastic waste to create high‐value materials to compensate for the cost of production. Several upcycling techniques are constantly being investigated and explored, which is currently the only economical option to resolve the plastic waste issue. This Review provides a comprehensive insight on the promising chemical routes available for upcycling of the most widely used plastic and mixed plastic wastes. The challenges inherent to these processes, the recent advances, and the significant role of the science and research community in resolving these issues are further emphasized.

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The type, microstructure, surface chemistry, and performance characteristics of the carbon material affect its efficacy in subsequent environmental and energy applications.
“These, in turn, affect the material's efficacy in subsequent environmental and energy applications [63] .”
From Functional carbon materials from waste plastics: synthesis and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [63]

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Self-citation
Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications
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Self-citation
Electron beam surface modifications in reinforcing and recycling of polymers
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Chemical Recycling of Consumer-Grade Black Plastic into Electrically Conductive Carbon Nanotubes
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15 of the 237 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

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Enzymes’ Power for Plastics Degradation
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How to Build a Microplastics‐Free Environment: Strategies for Microplastics Degradation and Plastics Recycling
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“Chemical upcycling of waste plastics is considered a promising strategy for waste plastic due to the enormous possibilities, sustainability and circular flow of materials 5–8 .”
Thermochemical Conversion of Plastic Waste into Fuels, Chemicals, and Value‐Added Materials: A Critical Review and Outlooks
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Upcycling of Plastic Waste Using Photo-, Electro-, and Photoelectrocatalytic Approaches: A Way toward Circular Economy
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Closed‐Loop Recycling of Poly(Imine‐Carbonate) Derived from Plastic Waste and Bio‐based Resources
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Self-citation
Solar-driven photocatalysis for recycling and upcycling plastics
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Sustainable synthesis of metal-organic frameworks and their derived materials from organic and inorganic wastes
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Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy
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Recent developments on the zeolites catalyzed polyolefin plastics pyrolysis
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Catalytic hydroconversion processes for upcycling plastic waste to fuels and chemicals
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Selective Upcycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate towards High‐valued Oxygenated Chemical Methyl p‐Methyl Benzoate using a Cu/ZrO2 Catalyst
Cheng, J., Xie, J., Xi, Y., Wu, X., Zhang, R., Mao, Z., Yang, H., Li, Z., & Li, C. (2024) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202319896 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
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Versatile Chemical Recycling Strategies: Value‐Added Chemicals from Polyester and Polycarbonate Waste
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Retrieving back plastic wastes for conversion to value added petrochemicals: opportunities, challenges and outlooks
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Mechanochemistry Milling of Waste Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) into Metal–Organic Frameworks
He, P., Hu, Z., Dai, Z., Bai, H., Fan, Z., Niu, R., Gong, J., Zhao, Q., & Tang, T. (2022) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.202201935 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A review on value-addition to plastic waste towards achieving a circular economy
Kumar, M., Bhujbal, S. K., Kohli, K., Prajapati, R., Sharma, B. K., Sawarkar, A. D., Abhishek, K., Bolan, S. S., Ghosh, P., Kirkham, M. B., et al. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171106 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Selective deconstruction of mixed plastics by a tailored organocatalyst
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Innovations Toward the Valorization of Plastics Waste
Hinton, Z. R., Talley, M. R., Kots, P. A., Le, A. V., Zhang, T., Mackay, M. E., Kunjapur, A. M., Bai, P., Vlachos, D. G., Watson, M. P., et al. (2022) · Annual Review of Materials Research · doi:10.1146/annurev-matsci-081320-032344 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Versatile levulinic acid-derived dynamic covalent thermosets enabled by in situ generated imine and multiple hydrogen bonds
Liu, Y., Yu, Z., Lu, G., Chen, W., Ye, Z., He, Y., Tang, Z., & Zhu, J. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.139053 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Use of different kinds of waste in the construction of new polymer composites: review
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ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometric Methods for the Classification of Polyethylene Residues Containing Different Contaminants
da Silva, D. J., & Wiebeck, H. (2022) · Journal of Polymers and the Environment · doi:10.1007/s10924-022-02396-3 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A review on sustainable PET recycling: Strategies and trends
Bharadwaj, C., Purbey, R., Bora, D., Chetia, P., Uma Maheswari, R., Duarah, R., Dutta, K. N., Sadiku, E. R., Varaprasad, K., & Jayaramudu, J. (2024) · Materials Today Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.100936 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic wastes into carbon-based nanomaterials: Current status and future perspectives
Soni, V., Dinh, D. A., Poonia, K., Kumar, R., Singh, P., Ponnusamy, V. K., Selvasembian, R., Singh, A., Chaudhary, V., Thakur, S., et al. (2024) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2024.113249 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sustainable catalytic strategies for the transformation of plastic wastes into valued products
Li, X., Wang, J., Zhang, T., Yang, S., Sun, M., Qian, X., Wang, T., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2023.118729 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Rational design of photo− /electro−catalytic systems for the transformation of plastic wastes
Wang, J., Li, X., Zhang, T., Qian, X., Wang, T., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.122744 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Enabling resource circularity through thermo-catalytic and solvent-based conversion of waste plastics
Borkar, S. S., Helmer, R., Mahnaz, F., Majzoub, W. N., Mahmoud, W., Al‐Rawashdeh, M., & Shetty, M. (2022) · Chem Catalysis · doi:10.1016/j.checat.2022.09.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Multi-modal sorting in plastic and wood waste streams
Konstantinidis, F. K., Sifnaios, S., Arvanitakis, G., Tsimiklis, G., Mouroutsos, S. G., Amditis, A., & Gasteratos, A. C. (2023) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107244 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Dual dynamic network structures of recyclable epoxy resins with high strength and toughness via sacrificial hydrogen-bonding clusters and imine bonds: surpassing the strength-toughness trade-off
Shi, C., Li, X.-D., Zhang, X., & Zou, M. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.152361 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Mechanical and Durability Assessment of Recycled Waste Plastic (Resin8 & PET) Eco-Aggregate Concrete
Babafemi, A. J., Sirba, N., Paul, S. C., & Miah, M. J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14095725 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Microbial and Enzymatic Biodegradation of Plastic Waste for a Circular Economy
Akram, M. A., Savitha, R., Kinsella, G. K., Nolan, K. J. M., Ryan, B. J., & HENEHAN, G. T. M. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142411942 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Characterization of solid and liquid carbonization products of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and investigation of the PVC-derived adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds from water
Yao, N., Wang, X., Yang, Z., Zhao, P., & Meng, X. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131687 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Review on the preparation and application of lignin-based carbon aerogels
Wu, C.-W., Li, P.-H., Wei, Y.-M., Yang, C., & Wu, W.-J. (2022) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d2ra01402e · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Polymeric Dynamic Crosslinker for Upcycling of Fragile Low-Molecular-Weight Polypropylene
Sadri, M., Patil, S., Perkins, J., Gunter, Z., Cheng, S., & Qiang, Z. (2023) · ACS Applied Polymer Materials · doi:10.1021/acsapm.3c00289 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Photothermal Catalysis: An Emerging Green Approach to Upcycling Plastic Waste
Xing, C., Cai, H., Kang, D., & Sun, W. L. (2023) · Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research · doi:10.1002/aesr.202300015 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Thermochemical Valorization of Waste Plastic for Production of Synthetic Fuels, Fine Chemicals, and Carbon Nanotubes
Tang, K. Y., Chan, C. Y., Chai, C. H. T., Low, B. Q. L., Toh, Z. Y., Wong, B. W. L., Heng, J. Z. X., Li, Z., Lee, C.-L. K., Loh, X. J., et al. (2024) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06276 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Two-stage thermal pyrolysis of plastic solid waste: Set-up and operative conditions investigation for gaseous fuel production
Marchetti, L., Guastaferro, M., Annunzi, F., Tognotti, L., Nicolella, C., & Vaccari, M. (2024) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.011 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Oxidative Fast Pyrolysis of High-Density Polyethylene on a Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst in a Fountain Confined Conical Spouted Bed Reactor
Orozco, S., López, G., Suarez, M. A., Artetxe, M., Álvarez, J., Bilbao, J., & Olazar, M. (2022) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04552 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Supercritical Water Liquefaction of Mixed Waste Polystyrene, Polypropylene, and Polyethylene for Production of High Yield Oils
Mathew, M., Nahil, M. A., Ross, A. B., & Williams, P. T. (2024) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c01819 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Characterization and evaluation of resource recovery potential of beach plastic wastes using analytical Py-GC/MS
Pal, S. K., Garcés-Sánchez, G., Kranert, M., & Vinu, R. (2023) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2023.105996 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sustainably Recycling and Upcycling of Single-Use Plastic Wastes through Heterogeneous Catalysis
Zhang, X., Xu, S., Tang, J., Fu, L., & Karimi‐Maleh, H. (2022) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal12080818 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The organic chemistry behind the recycling of poly(bisphenol‐A carbonate) for the preparation of chemical precursors: A review
Gilbert, E. A., Polo, M. L., Maffi, J. M., Guastavino, J. F., Vaillard, S. E., & Estenoz, D. A. (2022) · Journal of Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/pol.20220119 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
On Fractioning the Tire Pyrolysis Oil in a Pilot-Scale Distillation Plant under Industrially Relevant Conditions
Martínez, J. D., Veses, A., Callén, M. S., López, J. M., García, T., & Murillo, R. (2023) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c03850 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Metal–organic framework applications for microplastic remediation: exploring pathways and future potential
Zuhra, Z., Sharafat, S., Ahmad, M., Ali, S., & Zhaowei, Z. (2025) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d4ta07876d · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Efficient Depolymerization of Polyester and Polycarbonate Plastic Waste Catalyzed by Commercially Available Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Manganese Catalysts
Lourenço, D. L., Oliveira, D. F., & Fernandes, A. C. (2023) · Advanced Sustainable Systems · doi:10.1002/adsu.202300381 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
From waste to wealth: upcycling of plastic and lignocellulosic wastes to PHAs
Abu-Thabit, N. Y., Pérez‐Rivero, C., Uwaezuoke, O. J., & Ngwuluka, N. C. (2021) · Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1002/jctb.6966 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Controlling Product Distribution of Polyethylene Hydrogenolysis Using Bimetallic RuM3 (M = Fe, Co, Ni) Catalysts
Yuan, Y., Xie, Z., Turaczy, K. K., Hwang, S., Zhou, J., & Chen, J. G. (2024) · Chem & Bio Engineering · doi:10.1021/cbe.3c00007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Recycling and reusing potential of disposable low-density polyethylene plastic waste for flexible paver tile construction for outdoor application
Debele, A. D., Demeke, S., Bekele, T., & Malimo, M. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29381 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In addition to the primary materials, plastics often incorporate additives such as plasticizers, stabilizers, colorants, and fillers to enhance their properties for specific applications [10,33].”
Background
Transforming the Process Industries through Electrification: Challenges and Opportunities
Bâldea, M., Endler, E. E., Hale, E. T., Maravelias, C. T., Barolo, M., Harjunkoski, I., Mercangöz, M., Shah, S. L., Soroush, M., Young, B. R., et al. (2025) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.5c01256 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Electrochemical Upgrading Plastic to Organosulfurs Through Fe‐N 3 Single Atom Catalyst Under Ambient Conditions
Xia, Q., Gong, S., Wu, J., Zhai, Y., Li, W., Zhou, Y., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202507901 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A silica-supported organocatalyst for polycarbonate methanolysis under mild and economic conditions
Fehér, Z., Réka, N., Johanna, K., Balterer, B., Verebélyi, K., Iván, B., & Kupai, J. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.149832 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Upcycling plastic polymers into single-walled carbon nanotubes from a magnesia supported iron catalyst
Wu, Q., Lv, X., Xu, N., Xin, L., Lin, G., Chen, K., & He, M. (2023) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118492 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Waste plastic-derived carbon materials for supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries
Shen, Y. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116206 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Evaluating the Economic and Environmental Benefits of Deploying a National-Scale, Thermo-Chemical Plastic Waste Upcycling Infrastructure in the United States
Erickson, E. D., Tominac, P., Ma, J., Aguirre‐Villegas, H. A., & Zavala, V. M. (2023) · Computers & Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2024.108800 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Energy-environment-economic (3E) hub for sustainable plastic management – Upgraded recycling, chemical valorization, and bioplastics
Patria, R. D., Rehman, S., Yuen, C. B., Lee, D., Vuppaladadiyam, A. K., & Leu, S. (2023) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122543 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Recycling Polyvinyl Chloride ( PVC ) Pipe Wastes into PVC / ZnO Nanofiber‐Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Yavari, S., Sembay, M., Bushanov, Y., Bakenov, Z., Shafiee, M., & Kalimuldina, G. (2025) · Energy & environment materials · doi:10.1002/eem2.12884 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Templating of catalytic gold and silver nanoparticles by waste plastic PET-derived hydrogel playing a dual role of a reductant and a matrix
Chan, K., & Zinchenko, A. A. (2023) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.037 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Depolymerization of Polyester and Polycarbonate Waste using HBpin and Cheap Zinc Catalysts
Branco, T. A. H., & Fernandes, A. C. (2023) · Advanced Sustainable Systems · doi:10.1002/adsu.202300217 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Current State of Chemical Recycling of Plastic Waste: A Focus on the Italian Experience
Cafiero, L., Angelis, D. D., Tuccinardi, L., & Tuffi, R. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17031293 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The current progress of tandem chemical and biological plastic upcycling
Hu, Y., Tian, Y., Zou, C., & Moon, T. S. (2024) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108462 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
High-Performance Elastomer from Trans-1,4 Copolymerization of Ethylene and Butadiene
Zhang, K., Dou, Y., Jiang, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, S., & Cui, D. (2021) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01384 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Turning plastic trash into Energy: Converted MOFs and carbon for energy storage
Wang, L., Fu, R., Ouyang, M., Li, C., Cui, Z., Wu, H., Zhang, C., & Wang, K. (2025) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237156 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Authors: Roy, P. S., Garnier, G., Allais, F., & Saito, K.
Affiliations: Monash University (AU)
AgroParisTech (FR)
Kyoto University (JP)
Corresponding author: Garnier, Gil
Allais, Florent
Saito, Kei
ORCID: Garnier, Gil
Allais, Florent
Saito, Kei
Venue: ChemSusChem
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2021-07-08
Volume: 14
Issue: 19
Pages: 4007-4027
ISSN: 1864-5631 (ISSN-L)
1864-564X
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100904
OpenAlex: W3171109141
Cited by: 176
References: 237
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 4
FWCI: 1.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: ChemSusChem (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Funders: Monash University
Topics: Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer crystallization and properties
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
Keywords: plastic waste, chemical upcycling, plastic recycling, mixed plastic waste, plastic pollution, waste valorization, plastic waste management

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Strategic Approach Towards Plastic Waste Valorization: Challenges and Promising Chemical Upcycling Possibilities

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