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Virus-Mimetic Extracellular-Vesicle Vaccine Boosts Systemic and Mucosal Immunity via Immune Recruitment
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines can prevent viruses from infecting the respiratory mucosa, rather than only curtailing infection and protecting against the development of disease symptoms. The SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a compelling vaccine target but is undermined by suboptimal mucosal immunogenicity. Here, we report a SARS-CoV-2-mimetic extracellular-vesicle vaccine developed using genetic engineering and dendritic cell membrane budding. After mucosal immunization, the vaccine recruits antigen-presenting cells rapidly initiating a strong innate immune response. Notably, it obviates the need for adjuvants and can induce germinal center formation through both intramuscular and intratracheal vaccination. It not only elicits high levels of RBD-specific antibodies but also stimulates extensive cellular immunity in the respiratory mucosa. A sequential immunization strategy, starting with an intramuscular injection followed by an intratracheal booster, significantly bolsters mucosal immunity with high levels of IgA and tissue-resident memory T cell responses, thereby establishing a formidable defense against pseudovirus infection.
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“In the realm of prevention, exosomes are being explored for their role in immunomodulation. They have the potential to stimulate immune responses or regulate immune functions, which is particularly relevant in the context of vaccines and immune-based therapies.”
From Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: progress and challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [291]
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“For instance, exosome-based vaccines are being investigated for their ability to present antigens to immune cells, potentially enhancing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy and infectious disease prevention [291].”
From Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: progress and challenges (2025) · cites this paper as [291]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: progress and challenges
Li, J., Wang, J., & Chen, Z. (2025) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-024-02215-4 · Cited by 297
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Li, J., Xing, H., Meng, F., Liu, T., Hong, X., Han, X., Dong, Y., Li, M., Wang, Z., Zhang, S., Cui, C., & Zheng, A.
- Venue
- ACS Nano
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2024-07-16
- ISSN
- 1936-0851
- 1936-086X
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 7
- Language
- en
- Licence
- Funders
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC2605000)
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M693966)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (32101157, 32371440, 81573357)
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Virus-Mimetic Extracellular-Vesicle Vaccine Boosts Systemic and Mucosal Immunity via Immune Recruitment. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1021/acsnano.4c01277
- The paper
- Li, J., Xing, H., Meng, F., Liu, T., Hong, X., Han, X., Dong, Y., Li, M., Wang, Z., Zhang, S., Cui, C., & Zheng, A. (2024). Virus-Mimetic Extracellular-Vesicle Vaccine Boosts Systemic and Mucosal Immunity via Immune Recruitment. ACS Nano. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c01277
